The DOI matches its Crossref record; 65 of the 65 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Enterococcus faecalis Inhibits Hyphal Morphogenesis and Virulence of Candida albicans
Open accessAbstract
The Gram-positive bacterium Enterococcus faecalis and the fungus Candida albicans are both found as commensals in many of the same niches of the human body, such as the oral cavity and gastrointestinal (GI) tract. However, both are opportunistic pathogens and have frequently been found to be coconstituents of polymicrobial infections. Despite these features in common, there has been little investigation into whether these microbes affect one another in a biologically significant manner. Using a Caenorhabditis elegans model of polymicrobial infection, we discovered that E. faecalis and C. albicans negatively impact each other's virulence. Much of the negative effect of E. faecalis on C. albicans was due to the inhibition of C. albicans hyphal morphogenesis, a developmental program crucial to C. albicans pathogenicity. We discovered that the inhibition was partially dependent on the Fsr quorum-sensing system, a major regulator of virulence in E. faecalis . Specifically, two proteases regulated by Fsr, GelE and SerE, were partially required. Further characterization of the inhibitory signal revealed that it is secreted into the supernatant, is heat resistant, and is between 3 and 10 kDa. The substance was also shown to inhibit C. albicans filamentation in the context of an in vitro biofilm. Finally, a screen of an E. faecalis transposon mutant library identified other genes required for suppression of C. albicans hyphal formation. Overall, we demonstrate a biologically relevant interaction between two clinically important microbes that could affect treatment strategies as well as impact our understanding of interkingdom signaling and sensing in the human-associated microbiome.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This is exemplified by a series of articles in the last few years by the Lorenz and Garsin groups, who initially reported on the interactions between Enterococcus faecalis and C. albicans, whereby the bacterium can inhibit C. albicans morphogenesis, biofilm formation, and overall virulence [59].”
From Antifungal therapy of Candida biofilms: Past, present and future (2023) · cites this paper as [59]
In the citing paper
“C. albicans also interacts with several bacterial species found in the gut, such as Enterococcus and Escherichia species; those found in the vagina, such as Lactobacillus species; and those found in the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13, 34, 54, 78).”
From Candida albicans Biofilms and Human Disease (2015) · cites this paper as [34]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Wisplinghoff, H., Bischoff, T., Tallent, S. M., Seifert, H., Wenzel, R. P., & Edmond, M. B. (2004) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/421946 · Cited by 4,496
Sherman, F. (1991) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/0076-6879(91)94004-v · Cited by 4,078
Hidron, A. I., Edwards, J. R., Patel, J., Horan, T. C., Sievert, D. M., Pollock, D. A., Fridkin, S. K., & National Healthcare Safety Network Team and Participating National Healthcare Safety Network Facilities (2008) · Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology · doi:10.1086/591861 · Cited by 3,724
Isogenic strain construction and gene mapping in Candida albicans.
Fonzi, W. A., & Irwin, M. Y. (1993) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/134.3.717 · Cited by 1,695
Gillum, A. M., Tsay, E. Y. H., & Kirsch, D. R. (1984) · Molecular and General Genetics MGG · doi:10.1007/bf00328721 · Cited by 1,253
Role of Mobile DNA in the Evolution of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis
Paulsen, I. T., Banerjei, L., Myers, G. S. A., Nelson, W. C., Seshadri, R., Read, T. D., Fouts, D. E., Eisen, J. A., Gill, S. R., Heidelberg, J. F., et al. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1080613 · Cited by 930
Overview of manual and automated DNA sequencing by the dideoxy chain termination method
CHEN, E., KUANG, W., & Lee, A. L. (1991) · Methods · doi:10.1016/s1046-2023(05)80158-6 · Cited by 834
A Recently Evolved Transcriptional Network Controls Biofilm Development in Candida albicans
Nobile, C. J., Fox, E. P., Nett, J. E., Sorrells, T. R., Mitrovich, Q. M., Hernday, A. D., Tuch, B. B., Andes, D. R., & Johnson, A. D. (2012) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.10.048 · Cited by 711
Brandt, M. E. (2002) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid0808.020059 · Cited by 646
Medically important bacterial-fungal interactions
Peleg, A. Y., Hogan, D. A., & Mylonakis, E. (2010) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro2313 · Cited by 619
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Candida albicans Biofilms and Human Disease
Nobile, C. J., & Johnson, A. D. (2015) · Annual Review of Microbiology · doi:10.1146/annurev-micro-091014-104330 · Cited by 1,057
Candida albicans biofilms: development, regulation, and molecular mechanisms
Gulati, M., & Nobile, C. J. (2016) · Microbes and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2016.01.002 · Cited by 738
Biofilm-associated infection by enterococci
Ch’ng, J.-H., Chong, K. K. L., Lam, L. N., Wong, J. J., & Kline, K. A. (2018) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41579-018-0107-z · Cited by 459
Richard, M. L., & Sokol, H. (2019) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/s41575-019-0121-2 · Cited by 428
Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) as therapeutic and prophylactic agent
de Oliveira, J. R., Camargo, S. E. A., & de Oliveira, L. D. (2019) · Journal of Biomedical Science · doi:10.1186/s12929-019-0499-8 · Cited by 385
Metadata
- Authors
- Cruz, M. R., Graham, C. E., Gagliano, B. C., Lorenz, M. C., & Garsin, D. A.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (US)
- Venue
- Infection and Immunity
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2013-01
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 189-200
- ISSN
- 0019-9567 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-5522
- PMC
- PMC3536143
- OpenAlex
- W2165496886
- Cited by
- 188
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 7
- FWCI
- 6.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Infection and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI075091, R01AI076406, R56AI093699)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
- Keywords
- Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, hyphal morphogenesis, fungal virulence, co-infection, interkingdom signaling, Caenorhabditis elegans model, biofilm, transposon mutant screen, opportunistic pathogens, human microbiome
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Bacterial Proteins, Candida albicans, Candidiasis, Morphogenesis, Enterococcus faecalis, Virulence, Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections, Caenorhabditis elegans, Biofilms, Hyphae, Quorum Sensing, Coinfection
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
