Multilaboratory Survey To Evaluate Salmonella Prevalence in Diarrheic and Nondiarrheic Dogs and Cats in the United States between 2012 and 2014
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Eleven laboratories collaborated to determine the periodic prevalence of Salmonella in a population of dogs and cats in the United States visiting veterinary clinics. Fecal samples (2,965) solicited from 11 geographically dispersed veterinary testing laboratories were collected in 36 states between January 2012 and April 2014 and tested using a harmonized method. The overall study prevalence of Salmonella in cats (3 of 542) was <1%. The prevalence in dogs (60 of 2,422) was 2.5%. Diarrhea was present in only 55% of positive dogs; however, 3.8% of the all diarrheic dogs were positive, compared with 1.8% of the nondiarrheic dogs.Salmonella-positive dogs were significantly more likely to have consumed raw food (P= 0.01), to have consumed probiotics (P= 0.002), or to have been given antibiotics (P= 0.01). Rural dogs were also more likely to be Salmonella positive than urban (P= 0.002) or suburban (P= 0.001) dogs. In the 67 isolates, 27 unique serovars were identified, with three dogs having two serovars present. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 66 isolates revealed that only four of the isolates were resistant to one or more antibiotics. Additional characterization of the 66 isolates was done using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Sequence data compared well to resistance phenotypic data and were submitted to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). This study suggests an overall decline in prevalence of Salmonella-positive dogs and cats over the last decades and identifies consumption of raw food as a major risk factor for Salmonella infection. Of note is that almost half of the Salmonella-positive animals were clinically nondiarrheic.
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Diarrhoea does not appear to be a typical feature of Salmonella-shedding dogs.
“Diarrhoea does not appear to be a typical feature of Salmonella‐shedding dogs (Brisdon et al. 2006, Finley et al. 2007, Reimschuessel et al. 2017), although clinical salmonellosis has been reported in association with raw feeding (Morley et al. 2006).”
From Raw diets for dogs and cats: a review, with particular reference to microbiological hazards. (2019) · cites this paper as Reimschuessel et al. 2017
The Discussion (Diarrhea) says nearly half of Salmonella-positive dogs were nondiarrheic, supporting the point that shedding can occur without diarrhea. But the Results (Prevalence and risk factors) report diarrhea in 31 of 60 positive dogs and find diarrheic dogs more than twice as likely to test positive. Calling diarrhea atypical overstates what this study shows. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredStudies in dogs have identified raw feeding as a major risk factor for Salmonella shedding.
“Indeed, studies in dogs have identified raw feeding as a major risk factor for Salmonella shedding (Leonard et al. 2011, Reimschuessel et al. 2017).”
From Raw diets for dogs and cats: a review, with particular reference to microbiological hazards. (2019) · cites this paper as Reimschuessel et al. 2017
Human-associated Salmonella serovars have commonly been isolated from the faeces of dogs.
“Furthermore, such human‐associated serovars have commonly been isolated from the faeces of dogs (Reimschuessel et al. 2017), including raw‐fed dogs (Lefebvre et al. 2008, Lenz et al. 2009, Leonard et al. 2011).”
From Raw diets for dogs and cats: a review, with particular reference to microbiological hazards. (2019) · cites this paper as Reimschuessel et al. 2017
Dogs and cats can shed Salmonella without exhibiting any clinical signs of disease.
“dogs and cats can shed Salmonella without exhibiting any clinical signs of disease.97,102,103”
From 2021 AAHA Nutrition and Weight Management Guidelines for Dogs and Cats (2021) · cites this paper as [102]
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Islam, T., Wickramasinghe, D., Haq, U. U., & Alam, K. I. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.93577
- Authors
- Reimschuessel, R., Grabenstein, M., Guag, J., Nemser, S. M., Song, K., Qiu, J., Clothier, K. A., Byrne, B. A., Marks, S. L., Cadmus, K., Pabilonia, K., Sanchez, S., Rajeev, S., Ensley, S., Frana, T. S., Jergens, A. E., Chappell, K. H., Thakur, S., Byrum, B., Cui, J., Zhang, Y., Erdman, M. M., Rankin, S. C., Daly, R., Das, S., Ruesch, L., Lawhon, S. D., Zhang, S., Baszler, T., Diaz-Campos, D., Hartmann, F., & Okwumabua, O.
- Affiliations
- Center for Veterinary Medicine (US)
- United States Food and Drug Administration (US)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Colorado State University (US)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease, Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- University of Georgia (US)
- Iowa State University (US)
- North Carolina State University (US)
- Ohio Department of Agriculture (US)
- United States Department of Agriculture (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- South Dakota State University (US)
- Texas A&M University (US)
- Washington State University (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Reimschuessel, Renate
- ORCID
- Reimschuessel, Renate
- Guag, Jake
- Nemser, Sarah M.
- Qiu, Junshan
- Clothier, Kristin A.
- Byrne, Barbara A.
- Marks, Stanley L.
- Cadmus, Kyran
- Pabilonia, Kristy
- Rajeev, Sreekumari
- Jergens, Albert E.
- Thakur, Siddhartha
- Cui, Jing
- Zhang, Yan
- Rankin, Shelley C.
- Daly, Russell
- Das, Seema
- Ruesch, Laura
- Lawhon, Sara D.
- Zhang, Shuping
- Baszler, Timothy
- Diaz-Campos, Dubraska
- Hartmann, Faye
- Okwumabua, Ogi
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Microbiology
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2017-05
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1350-1368
- ISSN
- 0095-1137 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-660X
- PMC
- PMC5405253
- OpenAlex
- W2589107924
- Cited by
- 105
- References
- 107
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 9.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Microbiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- OakTrust (Texas A&M University Libraries) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- HHS | U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biotechnology › Listeria monocytogenes in Food Safety
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Bacterial Identification and Susceptibility Testing
- Keywords
- Salmonella, dogs, cats, prevalence, diarrhea, raw food diet, probiotics, antibiotic use, serotypes, antimicrobial resistance, whole genome sequencing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, risk factors, urban-rural differences
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animal Feed, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Cats, Cross-Sectional Studies, Dogs, Feces, Female, Foodborne Diseases, Male, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Salmonella, Salmonella Infections, Animal, United States
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