Identification and Validation of Small Molecules That Enhance Recombinant Adeno-associated Virus Transduction following High-Throughput Screens
Open accessAbstract
While the recent success of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene therapy in clinical trials is promising, challenges still face the widespread applicability of recombinant AAV(rAAV). A major goal is to enhance the transduction efficiency of vectors in order to achieve therapeutic levels of gene expression at a vector dose that is below the immunological response threshold. In an attempt to identify novel compounds that enhance rAAV transduction, we performed two high-throughput screens comprising 2,396 compounds. We identified 13 compounds that were capable of enhancing transduction, of which 12 demonstrated vector-specific effects and 1 could also enhance vector-independent transgene expression. Many of these compounds had similar properties and could be categorized into five groups: epipodophyllotoxins (group 1), inducers of DNA damage (group 2), effectors of epigenetic modification (group 3), anthracyclines (group 4), and proteasome inhibitors (group 5). We optimized dosing for the identified compounds in several immortalized human cell lines as well as normal diploid cells. We found that the group 1 epipodophyllotoxins (teniposide and etoposide) consistently produced the greatest transduction enhancement. We also explored transduction enhancement among single-stranded, self-complementary, and fragment vectors and found that the compounds could impact fragmented rAAV2 transduction to an even greater extent than single-stranded vectors. In vivo analysis of rAAV2 and all of the clinically relevant compounds revealed that, consistent with our in vitro results, teniposide exhibited the greatest level of transduction enhancement. Finally, we explored the capability of teniposide to enhance transduction of fragment vectors in vivo using an AAV8 capsid that is known to exhibit robust liver tropism. Consistent with our in vitro results, teniposide coadministration greatly enhanced fragmented rAAV8 transduction at 48 h and 8 days. This study provides a foundation based on the rAAV small-molecule screen methodology, which is ideally used for more-diverse libraries of compounds that can be tested for potentiating rAAV transduction. IMPORTANCE This study seeks to enhance the capability of adeno-associated viral vectors for therapeutic gene delivery applicable to the treatment of diverse diseases. To do this, a comprehensive panel of FDA-approved drugs were tested in human cells and in animal models to determine if they increased adeno-associated virus gene delivery. The results demonstrate that particular groups of drugs enhance adeno-associated virus gene delivery by unknown mechanisms. In particular, the enhancement of gene delivery was approximately 50 to 100 times better with than without teniposide, a compound that is also used as chemotherapy for cancer. Collectively, these results highlight the potential for FDA-approved drug enhancement of adeno-associated virus gene therapy, which could result in safe and effective treatments for diverse acquired or genetic diseases.
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The difference in bioluminescence reduced to ~1 log at 8 days post-administration (study endpoint).
“This difference reduced to ~1 log at 8 days post-administration (study endpoint).”
From Immunomodulation in Administration of RAAV: Preclinical and Clinical Adjuvant Pharmacotherapies (2021) · cites this paper as [94]
Tail vein injection of rAAV2-Luc with teniposide (at doses of 1×10^11vg and 20mg/kg respectively) resulted in bioluminescence 2-log higher 48 hours post-administration without hepatotoxicity.
“Tail vein injection of rAAV2-Luc with teniposide (at doses of 1×1011vg and 20mg/kg respectively) resulted in bioluminescence 2-log higher 48 hours post-administration without hepatotoxicity.”
From Immunomodulation in Administration of RAAV: Preclinical and Clinical Adjuvant Pharmacotherapies (2021) · cites this paper as [94]
A high throughput screening study identified teniposide, a type II topoisomerase inhibitor pharmacologically similar to etoposide, as a potent transduction enhancer.
“Several chemotherapy agents were evaluated previously (91, 93) and a high throughput screening study identified teniposide, a type II topoisomerase inhibitor pharmacologically similar to etoposide, as a potent transduction enhancer (94).”
From Immunomodulation in Administration of RAAV: Preclinical and Clinical Adjuvant Pharmacotherapies (2021) · cites this paper as [94]
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Self-citation
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- Authors
- Nicolson, S. C., Li, C., Hirsch, M. L., Setola, V., & Samulski, R. J.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- West Virginia University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Virology
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2016-08-15
- Volume
- 90
- Issue
- 16
- Pages
- 7019-7031
- ISSN
- 0022-538X (ISSN-L)
- 1098-5514
- PMC
- PMC4984620
- OpenAlex
- W2345720602
- Cited by
- 48
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6
- FWCI
- 4.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Virology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (RO1AI072176-06A1)
- Research to Prevent Blindness
- HHS | NIH | National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01AR064369)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Virus-based gene therapy research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
- Keywords
- recombinant adeno-associated virus, small molecule enhancers, teniposide, etoposide, epipodophyllotoxins, high-throughput compound screening, self-complementary AAV vectors, AAV2, gene therapy, epigenetic regulators, proteasome inhibitors
- MeSH terms
- Dependovirus, Animals, Cells, Cultured, Female, Fibroblasts, Genetic Vectors, HeLa Cells, Humans, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Transduction, Genetic, Genetic Therapy, Gene Transfer Techniques, Transgenes, Mice, Small Molecule Libraries, High-Throughput Screening Assays
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