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Identification and Characterization of Novel Human Endogenous Retrovirus Families by Phylogenetic Screening of the Human Genome Mapping Project Database
Open accessAbstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) were first identified almost 20 years ago, and since then numerous families have been described. It has, however, been difficult to obtain a good estimate of both the total number of independently derived families and their relationship to each other as well as to other members of the family Retroviridae . In this study, I used sequence data derived from over 150 novel HERVs, obtained from the Human Genome Mapping Project database, and a variety of recently identified nonhuman retroviruses to classify the HERVs into 22 independently acquired families. Of these, 17 families were loosely assigned to the class I HERVs, 3 to the class II HERVs and 2 to the class III HERVs. Many of these families have been identified previously, but six are described here for the first time and another four, for which only partial sequence information was previously available, were further characterized. Members of each of the 10 families are defective, and calculation of their integration dates suggested that most of them are likely to have been present within the human lineage since it diverged from the Old World monkeys more than 25 million years ago.
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“In the case of endogenous retroviruses (embedded in the genome of their host), dates of origin can be estimated without a calibration date by comparing the two long terminal repeats (LTRs) that flank the viral genome - a method that has helped uncover the history of viral DNA in the human genome 60,61 .”
From The modern molecular clock (2003) · cites this paper as [61]
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“Syncytin-1 is the env gene of ERVWE1, a replication-incompetent HERV-W member, located on chromosome 7q21–22 (Blaise et al., 2003; Blond et al., 1999; Dolei, 2006; Tristem, 2000), in a candidate region for genetic susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (Wei et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialEndogenous retroviruses and human evolution
Khodosevich, K. V., Lebedev, Y. B., & Sverdlov, E. D. (2002) · Comparative and Functional Genomics · doi:10.1002/cfg.216 · Cited by 66
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“HERVs are represented by 40 distinct families (Tristem, 2000) that comprise mostly transpositionally deficient and transcriptionally silent members (Lower et al.”
BackgroundIdentification of diverse full-length endogenous betaretroviruses in megabats and microbats
Hayward, J. A., Tachedjian, M., Cui, J., Field, H. E., Holmes, E. C., Wang, L., & Tachedjian, G. (2013) · Retrovirology · doi:10.1186/1742-4690-10-35 · Cited by 66
“Tristem [49] reported on the identification and classification of the highly diverse endogenous retroviruses present in the human genome (HERVs) and suggested that tRNA PBS specificity, in addition to the polymerase phylogeny of endogenous retroviruses, should inform their classification.”
BackgroundA genome-wide association study in progressive multiple sclerosis
Boneschi, F. M., Esposito, F., Brambilla, P., Lindström, E., Lavorgna, G., Stankovich, J. M., Rodegher, M., Capra, R., Ghezzi, A., Coniglio, G., et al. (2012) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458512439118 · Cited by 65
HERV-K(OLD): Ancestor Sequences of the Human Endogenous Retrovirus Family HERV-K(HML-2)
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“Recently, Tristem (34) described another proviral element in the entry AL023753, belonging to the highly defective HERV.”
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“Such Endogenous Retroviruses (ERVs) can be grouped into families [2], each one representing the subsequent proliferation of an independent infection of the host genome.”
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Self-citationStructural and Quantitative Expression Analyses of HERV Gene Family in Human Tissues
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“HERVs are commonly categorized by their unique PBS, which is similar to that of one of the human tRNA complement sequences ( Tristem, 2000 ).”
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Perl, A., Nagy, G., Koncz, A., Gergely, P., Fernandez, D., Doherty, E., Telarico, T., Bonilla, E., & Phillips, P. E. (2008) · Autoimmunity · doi:10.1080/08916930802024764 · Cited by 58
Lee, A., Nolan, A., Watson, J., & Tristem, M. (2013) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0503 · Cited by 56
Self-citationSotgiu, S., Arru, G., Mameli, G., Serra, C., Pugliatti, M., Rosati, G., & Dolei, A. (2006) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/1352458506070773 · Cited by 60
“The MSRV retroviral element of the HERV-W family has been epidemiologically associated with MS in populations of different ethnicity [8 13].”
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“At least 22 distinct HERV families have been reported (Tristem, 2000).”
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Bolze, P., Mommert, M., & Mallet, F. (2017) · Progress in molecular biology and translational science · doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.12.005 · Cited by 58
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“The nomenclature of HERVs mainly refers to the first-letter amino acid code of the tRNA of the primary binding site during reverse transcription process (eg, HERV-K for lysine, HERV-H for histidine, and HERV-F for phenylalanine).(7,8) Some HERVs may be described using the name of a neighboring gene (HERV-ADP), clone n…”
BackgroundBénit, L., Calteau, A., & Heidmann, T. (2003) · Virology · doi:10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00163-6 · Cited by 55
“, the HERV-F, HERV-FXA, and HERV-Fb families (Kjellman et al., 1999; Tristem, 2000; Widegren et al., 1996).”
BackgroundRole of endogenous retroviruses in autoimmune diseases
Perl, A. (2003) · Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0889-857x(02)00098-4 · Cited by 55
Multiple sclerosis complexity in selected populations: the challenge of Sardinia, insular Italy1
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“W family (Tristem, 2000), able to produce extracellular virions in plasma and CSF of MS patients (Perron et al., 1997; Garson et al., 1998), has been linked to MS aetiology.”
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“8% of human chromosomal sequences and comprise about 22 families independently acquired 21 during evolution from exogenous retroviruses via an infection of germ line cells.(12,13) In particular 22 conditions of activation, a production of endogenous proteins of retroviral origin with pathogenic 23 effects may generate…”
Jha, A. R., Nixon, D. F., Rosenberg, M. G., Martin, J. N., Deeks, S. G., Hudson, R. R., Garrison, K. E., & Pillai, S. K. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020234 · Cited by 48
“The most ancient HERVs are 60–70 million years old [1,13].”
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“Over 20 HERV families have been identified in the human genome during the past two decades [2].”
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“Copies often accumulate mutations or become fragmented over time [21], and frequently, solitary LTRs remain at an integration site following recombination between adjacent LTR regions [22].”
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Betaretroviral Envelope Subunits Are Noncovalently Associated and Restricted to the Mammalian Class
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“To gain insight into how far back in evolutionary time that these two envelope types have been conserved, we examined the cysteine motifs of the various groups of HERVs in the human genome, which represent infections going back 60 to 70 mya (58), corresponding with the time of emergence of primates (59).”
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“Interestingly, all the HML-6 Gag consensus sequences grouped together outside the HML clade, suggesting that HML-6 may represent an intermediate group between the HERV-K and the other MMTV-related clades, in agreement with what has been reported in other works (22, 27, 28).”
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Sekigawa, I., Ogasawara, H., Kaneko, H., Hishikawa, T., & Hashimoto, H. (2001) · Internal Medicine · doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.40.80 · Cited by 47
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“Very few complete HERV sequences with open reading frames for all encoded proteins have been identified in current human genomes so far (Turner et al., 2001; Belshaw et al., 2005a) as most HERV sequences have been mutated or recombined to solo-LTRs during hominoid evolution.”
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Portis, J. L. (2002) · Virology · doi:10.1006/viro.2002.1388 · Cited by 46
Factors regulating endogenous retroviral sequences in human and mouse
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“HERV families are identified by names (HERV-E, HERV-K, etc.) according to the tRNA normally used to prime reverse transcription (for nomenclature and classification, see 352 Cytogenet Genome Res 105:351–362 (2004) Tristem, 2000; Gifford and Tristem, 2003).”
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The role of human endogenous retroviruses in melanoma
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“, HERV-E clone 4-1) [12,15,16].”
Endogenous retroviruses and human disease
Dolei, A. (2006) · Expert Review of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1586/1744666x.2.1.149 · Cited by 42
Endogenous Retroviruses Activity as a Molecular Signature of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
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Maternal effector T cells within decidua: The adaptive immune response to pregnancy?
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Chromatin, gene silencing and HIV latency
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“The oldest endogenous retroviruses in the human genome entered the genomes of our mammalian ancestors at around the time of the extinction of the dinosaurs [ 74 ].”
BackgroundExpression of Human Endogenous Gammaretroviral Sequences in Endometriosis and Ovarian Cancer
Hu, L., Hornung, D., Kurek, R., Östman, H., Blomberg, J., & Bergqvist, A. (2006) · AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses · doi:10.1089/aid.2006.22.551 · Cited by 35
Genome-Wide Detection and Characterization of Endogenous Retroviruses inBos taurus
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“We used 16 representative sequences from human ERV families (40), 38 from chimpanzees (29), 27 from mice (2, 23), 7 from rats (2), 14 from sheep (17), 8 from pigs (27), and 24 from cows (our data).”
Shiroma, T., Sugimoto, J., Oda, T., Jinno, Y., & Kanaya, F. (2001) · Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s100380170012 · Cited by 34
“More than 50 copies of HERV-E have been estimated to exist in the human genome (Tristem 2000).”
BackgroundEscalera‐Zamudio, M., & Greenwood, A. D. (2016) · Apmis · doi:10.1111/apm.12489 · Cited by 36
“relatively quickly in response to host-switching (19).”
BackgroundInfluentialMechanisms of Maternal Immune Tolerance During Pregnancy
John, E., Jorge, M., Jonathan, W., Ea, V. L., & Smith, R. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/33541 · Cited by 32
“Tristem, M. (2000).”
HSV-1 and Endogenous Retroviruses as Risk Factors in Demyelination
Bello‐Morales, R., Andreu, S., Ripa, I., & López‐Guerrero, J. A. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22115738 · Cited by 31
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“All HERV loci identified to date possess at least one defective ORF and are therefore not infectious (Tristem, 2000).”
BackgroundHuman-Specific Endogenous Retroviruses
Buzdin, A. A. (2007) · The Scientific World JOURNAL · doi:10.1100/tsw.2007.270 · Cited by 30
“Human-specific elements constitute a rather small fraction (~7%) of the HERV-K (HML-2) group, which is one of at least 40 distinct human endogenous retroviral (HERV) families[64].”
BackgroundThe aliens inside human DNA: HERV-W/MSRV/syncytin-1 endogenous retroviruses and neurodegeneration
Dolei, A., Uleri, E., Ibba, G., Caocci, M., Piu, C., & Serra, C. (2015) · The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries · doi:10.3855/jidc.6916 · Cited by 29
SELF-ORGANIZING MAP-BASED DISCOVERY AND VISUALIZATION OF HUMAN ENDOGENOUS RETROVIRAL SEQUENCE GROUPS
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“Nine HERV families were selected according to their transcriptional activity in various physiopathological contexts (HML-2, HML-4, HERV-H, ERV-9, HERV-W, HERV-E4.1 and HERV-R) (32), their sequence homology with infectious retroviruses (HML-5) ( 33 ) or their genomic complexity (HERV-L) (34).”
Complete nucleotide sequence of an endogenous retrovirus from the amphibian, Xenopus laevis
Kambol, R., Kabát, P., & Tristem, M. (2003) · Virology · doi:10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00263-0 · Cited by 30
Self-citationApolipoprotein B mRNA‐editing, catalytic polypeptide cytidine deaminases and retroviral restriction
Koito, A., & Ikeda, T. (2012) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews - RNA · doi:10.1002/wrna.1117 · Cited by 28
A novel multiplex RT-PCR system detects human endogenous retrovirus-K in breast cancer
Ejthadi, H. D., Martin, J., Junying, J., Roden, D., Lahiri, M., Warren, P., Murray, P., & Nelson, P. N. (2004) · Archives of Virology · doi:10.1007/s00705-004-0378-8 · Cited by 33
“classified principally as Class I (type C related viruses) or Class II (types A, B and D) related viruses [26].”
BackgroundYang, J., Bogerd, H., Le, S., & Cullen, B. R. (2000) · RNA: A publication of the RNA Society · doi:10.1017/s135583820000100x · Cited by 29
“…at between 50 and 170 copies per haploid human genome, that first entered the human germ line ;30 million years ago (Medstrand & Mager, 1998; Tristem, 2000)+ The HERV-K are not closely related to any currently known exogenous retroviruses, and bear little similarity to either HIV-1 or…”
BackgroundYi, J., & Kim, H. (2007) · Genes & Genetic Systems · doi:10.1266/ggs.82.89 · Cited by 28
“During the past two decades, over 20 HERV families have been categorized (Tristem, 2000), based on their putative tRNA primerbinding site specificity such as HERV-E for Glu-tRNA, HERV-W for Trp-tRNA and HERV-K for Lys-tRNA (Larsson et al., 1989).”
BackgroundInfluentialOrigin and Deep Evolution of Human Endogenous Retroviruses in Pan-Primates
Li, Y., Zhang, G., & Cui, J. (2022) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v14071370 · Cited by 28
“We estimated that the integration times of these F-HERVs, which ranged from 9.1 MYA to 29.4 MYA (Figure 1C and Supplementary Data S3) depended on the time of separation, and this result was consistent with previous reports [50,51].”
BackgroundInfluentialHuman endogenous retroviruses with transcriptional potential in the brain
Nakamura, A., Okazaki, Y., Sugimoto, J., Oda, T., & Jinno, Y. (2003) · Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10038-003-0081-8 · Cited by 29
“…the frequency (ratio of the number of clones with an identical sequence to that of total clones analyzed) was low, coincident detection of the same locus may indicate that the locus keeps a transcriptional activity among numerous defective proviruses of the largest HERV family (Tristem 2000).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNudivirus Remnants in the Genomes of Arthropods
Cheng, R., Li, X., & Zhang, C. (2020) · Genome Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/gbe/evaa074 · Cited by 27
“In animal genomes, the majority of EVEs are derived from retroviruses (Tristem 2000; Sperber et al. 2007); however, thorough screening of eukaryotic genomes has shown that any type of virus can become endogenous.”
BackgroundImpact of host genetics on HIV disease progression and treatment
Nolan, D. A., Gaudieri, S., John, M., & Mallal, S. A. (2004) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/00002030-200406180-00001 · Cited by 27
“Moreover, the more recent human endogenous retroviruses have been acquired in the period since human evolution diverged from our nearest primate ancestors [6].”
BackgroundEndogenous retrovirus expression in testis and epididymis
Crowell, R. C., & Kiessling, A. A. (2007) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst0350629 · Cited by 26
The dual lifestyle of genome‐integrating virophages in protists
Berjón‐Otero, M., Koslová, A., & Fischer, M. (2019) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.14118 · Cited by 26
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“Ten members of HERV-R including related sequences have been reported (Tristem, 2000).”
BackgroundThe rhizome of life: what about metazoa?
Ramulu, H. G., Raoult, D., & Pontarotti, P. (2012) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2012.00050 · Cited by 25
“The majority of them belong to endogenous viral elements, which integrate into the nuclear genome of the host germ line (Tristem, 2000; Lander et al., 2001).”
BackgroundDolei, A. (2005) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1080/13550280590952899 · Cited by 28
“HERV-W components infected our ancestors around 30 millions years ago (4) and have been transmitted along time through integration in the germ line.”
Presence of dUTPase in the Various Human Endogenous Retrovirus K (HERV-K) Families
Mayer, J., & Meese, E. (2003) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/s00239-003-2514-6 · Cited by 27
“Cryptic dUTPase motifs have been reported for proviral fragments of the HERV-K(HML-6)1 and HERV-K(HML-5) families (Tristem 2000; Yin et al. 1999).”
BackgroundInhibition of Human Endogenous Retrovirus-K10 Protease in Cell-free and Cell-based Assays
Kuhelj, R., Rizzo, C. J., Chang, C., Jadhav, P. K., Towler, E. M., & Korant, B. D. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m008763200 · Cited by 23
The Relative Abundance of Dinucleotides in Transposable Elements in Five Species
Lerat, E., Capy, P., & Biémont, C. (2002) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004154 · Cited by 21
Buslei, R., Strissel, P. L., Henke, C., Schey, R., Lang, N. R., Ruebner, M., Stolt, C. C., Fabry, B., Buchfelder, M., & Strick, R. (2014) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1111/nan.12136 · Cited by 23
Expression-analysis of the human endogenous retrovirus HERV-K in human astrocytic tumors
Kessler, A. F., Wiesner, M., Denner, J., Kämmerer, U., Vince, G. H., Linsenmann, T., Löhr, M., Ernestus, R., & Hagemann, C. (2014) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/1756-0500-7-159 · Cited by 23
Genomic analysis of mouse VL30 retrotransposons
Markopoulos, G. S., Noutsopoulos, D., Mantziou, S., Gerogiannis, D. P., Thrasyvoulou, S., Vartholomatos, G., Kolettas, E., & Tzavaras, T. (2016) · Mobile DNA · doi:10.1186/s13100-016-0066-8 · Cited by 21
“Nucleotide substitution analysis was performed according to a previous study [63] to calculate the divergence between paired 5′ and 3′ LTRs, as described for HERV retrotransposons [45].”
MethodPaleogenomic Record of the Extinction of Human Endogenous Retrovirus ERV9
López-Sánchez, P., Costas, J., & Naveira, H. (2005) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.79.11.6997-7004.2005 · Cited by 21
“These fall into three classes, each comprising many families that originated independently from ancient infections of the germ line by different kinds of exogenous retroviruses (25, 41), which have integrated into their chromosomes and then persisted as stable Mendelian factors for multiple generations.”
BackgroundHigh prevalence of an IgG response against murine leukemia virus (MLV) in patients with psoriasis
Molès, J., Hadi, J.-C., & Guilhou, J. (2003) · Virus Research · doi:10.1016/s0168-1702(03)00137-0 · Cited by 21
Multiple Groups of Endogenous Epsilon-Like Retroviruses Conserved across Primates
Brown, K. A., Emes, R. D., & Tarlinton, R. E. (2014) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00966-14 · Cited by 20
“We identified a total of 81 insertions in the human genome, consistent with the 70 ERVs clustering with nonmammalian ERVs identified by Tristem (14).”
BackgroundInfluentialLatifi, T., Zebardast, A., & Marashi, S. M. (2021) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2021.103318 · Cited by 20
Nellåker, C., Li, F., Uhrzander, F., Tyrcha, J., & Karlsson, H. (2009) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/1471-2164-10-532 · Cited by 20
“The sheer number of members in the different HERV families [26] makes it a prohibitively expensive and sample consuming to determine expression patterns of more than a few elements within the different HERV families.”
BackgroundTaruscio, D., Floridia, G., Zoraqi, G., Mantovani, A., & Falbo, V. (2002) · Mammalian Genome · doi:10.1007/s00335-001-2118-7 · Cited by 20
“The HERVs are named and organized into families based on their putative tRNA primerbinding site specificity: HERV-E for Glu-tRNA, HERV-I for IletRNA, and HERV-K for Lys-tRNA (reviewed in Urnovitz and Murphy 1996 and Tristem 2000 ).”
BackgroundYano, S. T., Panbehi, B., Das, A., & Laten, H. M. (2005) · BMC Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1186/1471-2148-5-30 · Cited by 20
“Although the env genes of most human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) families are marked by frameshifts, nonsense mutations, and deletions [37], in only one family, HERV-L, are all vestiges of the env gene lost [37].”
BackgroundRetroviruses of Bats: a Threat Waiting in the Wings?
Hayward, J. A., & Tachedjian, G. (2021) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.01941-21 · Cited by 19
“ERVs are frequently ancient, and their sequences often contain deleterious mutations such as indels and frameshifts within the viral protein-coding sequences (13, 21).”
BackgroundEpigenetic Mechanisms Underlying Melanoma Resistance to Immune and Targeted Therapies
Rubanov, A., Berico, P., & Hernando, E. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14235858 · Cited by 23
Molecular Evolution of the Periphilin Gene in Relation to Human Endogenous Retrovirus M Element
Huh, J.-W., Kim, T. H., Yi, J.-M., Park, E., Kim, W.-Y., Sin, H., Kim, D.-S., Min, D., Kim, S., Kim, C.-B., et al. (2006) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/s00239-005-0109-0 · Cited by 19
“Until now, few elements have had coding regions of the viral genome that are intact and could be translated to viral protein (Kim et al. 1999; Tristem 2000; Kim et al. 2004; Yi and Kim, 2004).”
BackgroundBrown, K. A., Moreton, J., Malla, S., Aboobaker, A. A., Emes, R. D., & Tarlinton, R. E. (2012) · Virology · doi:10.1016/j.virol.2012.07.010 · Cited by 18
Beyond pathogens: the intriguing genetic legacy of endogenous retroviruses in host physiology
da Silva, A. L., Guedes, B. L. M., Santos, S. N., Correa, G. F., Nardy, A., Nali, L. H. D. S., Bachi, A. L. L., & Romano, C. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2024.1379962 · Cited by 19
“The HERV-W, a gammaretrovirus-like also integrated into the host genome after the divergence of the New and Old-World primates, though fewer complete proviruses (LTR-gag-pro-pol-env-LTR) remained in our genome in comparison to HERV-K (Tristem, 2000; Grandi et al., 2016).”
BackgroundAncient retroviral insertions among human populations
Herrera, R. J., Lowery, R. K., Alfonso, A., McDonald, J. F., & Luis, J. R. (2006) · Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10038-006-0370-0 · Cited by 17
“At least 22 distinct HERV families have been identified (Tristem 2000) occupying approximately 7% of the human genome (Smit 1996; Bock and Stoye 2000).”
BackgroundTalotta, R., Atzeni, F., & Laska, M. J. (2020) · Apmis · doi:10.1111/apm.13039 · Cited by 17
From Viruses to Genes: Syncytins
Pérot, P., Bolze, P., & Mallet, F. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4899-6_17 · Cited by 18
Yi, J., & Kim, H. (2004) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2004.01.026 · Cited by 17
“At least, 22 independent HERV families have been acquired recently by the human genome [6].”
BackgroundYi, J.-M., Schuebel, K. E., & Kim, H. (2006) · Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2006.08.010 · Cited by 17
Hon, G. M., Erasmus, R. T., & Matsha, T. E. (2013) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.08.005 · Cited by 17
“MSRV has been hypothesized to be an exogenous member of the HERV-W family (Perron et al., 2000; Tristem, 2000; Serra et al., 2001) and in this regard, HERVs have been reported to show resemblance to exogenous retroviruses (Ruprecht et al.”
BackgroundThe Population History of Endogenous Retroviruses in Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus)
Kamath, P. L., Elleder, D., Bao, L., Cross, P. C., Powell, J., & Poss, M. L. (2013) · Journal of Heredity · doi:10.1093/jhered/est088 · Cited by 17
“The time to most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) for all CrERVs was estimated as 0.74 MYA and the divergence between CrERV-in1and all other segregating CrERVs in mule deer was estimated as 0.65MYA (Figure 2).”
BackgroundInfluentialMammalian Endogenous Retroviruses
Mager, D. L., & Stoye, J. P. (2015) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555819217.ch47 · Cited by 16
The distribution of pol containing human endogenous retroviruses in non-human primates
Greenwood, A. D., Stengel, A., Erfle, V., Seifarth, W., & Leib‐Mösch, C. (2005) · Virology · doi:10.1016/j.virol.2005.01.045 · Cited by 16
“HERV-T is more closely related to mammalian g-retroviruses such as MLV, GaLV, and FeLV than to other class I HERVs (Tristem, 2000; Werner et al., 1990) suggesting that HERV-T may have been acquired by cross-species transmission, that is, horizontal transfer during the diversification of the OWM lineage.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Tristem, M.
- Affiliations
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Tristem, Michael
- ORCID
- Tristem, Michael
- Venue
- Journal of Virology
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2000-04-15
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 3715-3730
- ISSN
- 0022-538X (ISSN-L)
- 1098-5514
- PMC
- PMC111881
- OpenAlex
- W2082918825
- Cited by
- 330
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 34.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Virology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Royal Society
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infectious Diseases and Mycology
- Keywords
- human endogenous retroviruses, phylogenetic analysis, human evolution, Old World monkeys, retroviral evolution
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Base Sequence, Chromosome Mapping, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Terminology as Topic, Phylogeny, Human Genome Project, Databases, Factual, Sequence Alignment, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Endogenous Retroviruses
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