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Identification and Characterization of Novel Human Endogenous Retrovirus Families by Phylogenetic Screening of the Human Genome Mapping Project Database
Open accessAbstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) were first identified almost 20 years ago, and since then numerous families have been described. It has, however, been difficult to obtain a good estimate of both the total number of independently derived families and their relationship to each other as well as to other members of the family Retroviridae . In this study, I used sequence data derived from over 150 novel HERVs, obtained from the Human Genome Mapping Project database, and a variety of recently identified nonhuman retroviruses to classify the HERVs into 22 independently acquired families. Of these, 17 families were loosely assigned to the class I HERVs, 3 to the class II HERVs and 2 to the class III HERVs. Many of these families have been identified previously, but six are described here for the first time and another four, for which only partial sequence information was previously available, were further characterized. Members of each of the 10 families are defective, and calculation of their integration dates suggested that most of them are likely to have been present within the human lineage since it diverged from the Old World monkeys more than 25 million years ago.
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“In the case of endogenous retroviruses (embedded in the genome of their host), dates of origin can be estimated without a calibration date by comparing the two long terminal repeats (LTRs) that flank the viral genome - a method that has helped uncover the history of viral DNA in the human genome 60,61 .”
From The modern molecular clock (2003) · cites this paper as [61]
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Functional Characterization of Syncytin-A, a Newly Murine Endogenous Virus Envelope Protein
Peng, X., Pan, J., Gong, R., Liu, Y., Kang, S., Feng, H., Qiu, G., Guo, D., Tien, P., & Xiao, G. (2006) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m606353200 · Cited by 16
Kulski, J. K., Shigenari, A., Shiina, T., Ota, M., Hosomichi, K., James, I., & Inoko, H. (2008) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.108.090340 · Cited by 13
Blanco-Melo, D., Campbell, M. A., Zhu, H., Dennis, T. P. W., Modha, S., Lytras, S., Hughes, J., Gatseva, A., & Gifford, R. J. (2024) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-024-03258-y · Cited by 15
“The RT gene can be used to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships across the entire Retroviridae and hence provides the lynchpin for unraveling the evolutionary history and origins of ERV loci [51, 52].”
MethodActivation of intestinal endogenous retroviruses by alcohol exacerbates liver disease
Cabré, N., Fondevila, M. F., Wei, W., Yamazaki, T., Tonetti, F. R., Eguileor, Á., Garcia‐Carbonell, R., Meijnikman, A. S., Miyamoto, Y., Mayo, S. L., et al. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci188541 · Cited by 15
“Many human ERVs (HERVs), such as HERV-H and HERV-P (both gammaretrovirus-like), integrated into the genome over 30 million years ago, while some HERVs, such as HERV-K (betaretro-virus-like), entered the genome more recently (8–10).”
Expression of the human endogenous retroviruse-W envelope gene syncytin in endometriosis lesions
Oppelt, P., Strick, R., Strissel, P. L., Winzierl, K., Beckmann, M. W., & Renner, S. P. (2009) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.3109/09513590903184142 · Cited by 15
“Overall, 22 different families of HERV are known of in the human genome today [4].”
BackgroundPhylogeny, recombination and expression of porcine endogenous retrovirus γ2 nucleotide sequences
Klymiuk, N., Müller, M. M., Brem, G., & Aigner, B. (2006) · Journal of General Virology · doi:10.1099/vir.0.81552-0 · Cited by 15
“This method may also help our understanding of the evolution of other multi-copy ERV families, such as the HERV families, which are present in the human genome at up to 1000 copies each (de Parseval et al., 2003; Tristem, 2000).”
MethodJones, R. B., John, V. M., Hunter, D. V., Martin, E., Mujib, S., Mihajlovic, V., Burgers, P. C., Luider, T. M., Gyenes, G. T., Sheppard, N. C., et al. (2011) · Clinical and Vaccine Immunology · doi:10.1128/cvi.05583-11 · Cited by 15
Automated characterization of potentially active retroid agents in the human genome
McClure, M. A., Richardson, H. S., Clinton, R. A., Hepp, C. M., Crowther, B. A., & Donaldson, E. (2005) · Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2004.12.006 · Cited by 15
“We used 11 different HERVs representing the major lineages [40], all of which have the recognizable genome, 5VLTR/GAG/Pr/RT/RH/IN/ENV/ 3VLTR (see legend to Fig.”
BackgroundMethodLaderoute, M., Larocque, L., Giulivi, A., & Diaz-Mitoma, F. (2015) · Open AIDS Journal · doi:10.2174/1874613601509010112 · Cited by 14
“21 Sequence: clustering away from most retroviruses using env or pol YES (distinguishes spuma viruses, infectious HIV/HTLV and HERV-K HML-2 from all other retroviruses; env and pol analyses, see [15, 22, 23]) YES (distinguishes HERV-K HML-2 from all the other HERVs, [15, 22-24])”
Bogerd, H. P., Wiegand, H. L., Yang, J., & Cullen, B. R. (2000) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.74.20.9353-9361.2000 · Cited by 15
“The HERV-K family of endogenous retroviruses is present at between 50 and 100 copies per haploid human genome and entered the human germ line over a ;25 million-year period starting ;30 million years ago (1, 39).”
BackgroundKim, H., Kim, D., Huh, J., Ahn, K., Yi, J., Lee, J.-R., & Hirai, H. (2008) · Molecules and Cells · doi:10.1016/s1016-8478(23)13963-x · Cited by 14
Quantitative multiplex degenerate PCR for human endogenous retrovirus expression profiling
Pichon, J.-P., Bonnaud, B., & Mallet, F. (2006) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2006.475 · Cited by 15
“, their sequence homology with infectious retroviruses (HML-5) (see ref”
Jones, R. B., Leal, F. E., Hasenkrug, A. M., Segurado, A. A. C., Nixon, D. F., Ostrowski, M., & Kallas, E. G. (2013) · Journal of Negative Results in BioMedicine · doi:10.1186/1477-5751-12-3 · Cited by 14
“This complement of HERVs is diverse, with all three major branches of the retroviral tree represented: gamma-epsilon, spuma and delta-lenti-alpha-beta retroviruses [10].”
BackgroundClustering of Human Endogenous Retrovirus Sequences with Median Self-Organizing Map
Oja, M., Somervuo, P. J., Samuel Kaski, A., & Kohonen, T. (2003) · Cited by 14
Using Retroviruses To Study the Nuclear Export of mRNA
Cullen, B. R. (2002) · Results and problems in cell differentiation · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-44603-3_8 · Cited by 14
Cipriani, C., Giudice, M., Petrone, V., Fanelli, M., Minutolo, A., Miele, M. T., Toschi, N., Maracchioni, C., Siracusano, M., Benvenuto, A., et al. (2022) · Retrovirology · doi:10.1186/s12977-022-00603-6 · Cited by 14
Katoh, H., & Honda, T. (2023) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom13121706 · Cited by 13
“HERV-H is an abundant HERV subfamily in the human genome, with more than 1000 copies, including full-length and truncated forms, and solitary LTRs [62,63].”
BackgroundDistribution, Diversity, and Evolution of Endogenous Retroviruses in Perissodactyl Genomes
Zhu, H., Gifford, R. J., & Murcia, P. R. (2018) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00927-18 · Cited by 14
“Where these lineages were robustly separated from one another by RT sequences derived from ERVs or exogenous retroviruses found in nonmammalian hosts, we assumed that they had arisen in independent germ line invasion events (3).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSystemic lupus erythematosus and human endogenous retroviruses
Sekigawa, I., Ogasawara, H., Naito, T., Kaneko, H., Hishikawa, T., & Hashimoto, H. (2003) · Modern Rheumatology · doi:10.3109/s10165-002-0208-3 · Cited by 13
“Recent studies on human sequence data banks have shown that there are approximately 85 copies of clone 4-1 at 7 to 11 integration sites in the human chromosomes.(13,18,19) Clone 4-1 transcripts and gene products have been detected in syncytiotrophoblasts and in the vascular endothelium of some human placentas.”
BackgroundInfluentialMartin, J. L., Kabát, P., Herniou, E. A., & Tristem, M. (2002) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.76.9.4651-4654.2002 · Cited by 13
“HSV, one of the most divergent retroviruses described to date, shows a higher level of identity than CnEVI to -III in every comparison, and this is also generally the case for gypsy itself (which is not even a member of the Retroviridae).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationSelfishness, warfare, and economics; or integration, cooperation, and biology
Salvucci, E. (2012) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2012.00054 · Cited by 14
Regulation of endogenous retroviruses in murine embryonic stem cells and early embryos
Lu, X. (2023) · Journal of Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1093/jmcb/mjad052 · Cited by 14
“Based on their resemblance to retroviruses ( Tristem, 2000 ) , ERVs are divided into three classes: ERV I ( gamma-and epsilon-retroviruses) , ERV II ( lentivirus, alpha-, beta-, and delta-retroviruses) , and ERV III( spuma-retrovirus-like) ( Table 1 ;Benit et al., 1999 ;Gifford et al., 2005 ; Jern…”
BackgroundKwon, D.-N., Lee, Y.-K., Greenhalgh, D. G., & Cho, K. (2010) · Journal of General Virology · doi:10.1099/vir.0.023416-0 · Cited by 13
“S3), their estimated integration age was arbitrarily recorded as ,1 Myr.”
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“Human endogenous retroviruses (HERV), which are genomic remnants of ancient infections, have been divided into three major classes (Tristem, 2000).”
BackgroundZwolińska, K., Knysz, B., Gąsiorowski, J., Pazgan−Simon, M., Gładysz, A., Sobczyński, M., & Piasecki, E. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077820 · Cited by 13
Alonso‐González, L., Domínguez, A., & Albornoz, J. (2006) · Genetica · doi:10.1007/s10709-005-2480-6 · Cited by 12
“In contrast to what has been observed in plants and vertebrates (San Miguel et al., 1998; Tristem, 2000), the TEs of the Drosophila genome are submitted to a rapid turnover that eliminates TE copies as soon as they become inactive (Bowen & McDonald, 2001; Kaminker et al.”
ResultHuman endogenous retrovirus-H insertion screening
Guliyev, M., Yılmaz, S., Sahin, K., Maraklı, S., & Gözükırmızı, N. (2013) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2013.1295 · Cited by 11
Chang, T.-C., Goud, S., Torcivia-Rodriguez, J., Hu, Y., Pan, Q., Kahsay, R., Blomberg, J., & Mazumder, R. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213770 · Cited by 11
Yi, J., & Kim, H. (2007) · Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10038-007-0115-8 · Cited by 11
“Despite previous characterization, PBS data were not available for the HERV-S71 family due to the absence of a 5¢ LTR (Tristem 2000).”
MethodBiodiversity measurement determines stability of ecosystems
Yadav, S. K., & Mishra, G. (2013) · Cited by 11
Endogenous retrovirus HERV-I LTR family in primates: sequences, phylogeny, and evolution
Lee, J.-W., & Kim, H.-S. (2006) · Archives of Virology · doi:10.1007/s00705-006-0733-z · Cited by 12
“By BLAST search, the HERV-I family has been shown to have multiple copies and has been found on human chromosomes 4, 6, 9, 16, 22, and X [23].”
MethodSequence and Phylogeny of HERV-W pol Fragments
Kim, H. (2001) · AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses · doi:10.1089/088922201753342086 · Cited by 11
Human Endogenous Retrovirus K in Astrocytes Is Altered in Parkinson's Disease
Fu, Y., Adler, G. L., Youssef, P., Phan, K., Halliday, G. M., Dzamko, N. L., & Kim, W. S. (2025) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.30128 · Cited by 10
“3 It is thought that HERV-K was derived from an independent infection by an exogenous retrovirus, 33 and that the mechanism of its propagation appears to be either reinfection or replication of an existing provirus.”
Evolutionary implication of human endogenous retrovirus HERV-H family
Yi, J., & Kim, H. (2004) · Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10038-004-0132-9 · Cited by 10
“At least 22 distinct HERV families were identified in the human genome (Tristem 2000).”
BackgroundFormation of a New Solo-LTR of the Human Endogenous Retrovirus H Family in Human Chromosome 21
Huh, J., Kim, D.-S., Ha, H., Kim, T.-H., Kim, W., & Kim, H. (2006) · Molecules and Cells · doi:10.1016/s1016-8478(23)17432-2 · Cited by 10
Zhang, Y., Shi, J., & Liu, S. (2015) · Virologica Sinica · doi:10.1007/s12250-015-3617-0 · Cited by 9
“Phylogenetic analyses have classified all known retroviruses into three broad groups (Tristem, 2000; Gifford and Tristem, 2003; Henzy and Johnson, 2013).”
Paleovirology: The Study of Endogenous Viral Elements
Aswad, A., & Katzourakis, A. (2016) · Caister Academic Press eBooks · doi:10.21775/9781910190234.10 · Cited by 9
The Knowledge that Human Tumor Virology can Gain from Studies on Avian Tumor Viruses
Davidson, I. (2009) · Advances in Tumor Virology · doi:10.4137/atv.s3519 · Cited by 9
Tanaka, S., Ikeda, H., Otsuka, N., Yamamoto, Y., Sugaya, T., & Yoshiki, T. (2003) · Transgenic Research · doi:10.1023/a:1023381819572 · Cited by 9
“cupy about 7% of the entire genome (Smit, 1999) and can be classified into 22 independently acquired families, containing various types from a single copy to thousands of copies (Tristem, 2000).”
Current and potential immune therapies and vaccines in the management of psoriasis
Kaffenberger, B. H., Lee, G. L., Tyler, K. H., Chan, D. V., Jarjour, W. N., Ariza, M. E., Williams, M. V., & Wong, H. K. (2014) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.4161/hv.27532 · Cited by 8
“Like other ERVs, it is named for the tRNA specificity of the primer binding site to initiate reverse transcription, hence HERV-K family uses lysine.(109) Virus transcription has been specifically detected among HERV-W, K, and E families in psoriatic skin while it is rarely detected in atopic dermatitis and normal skin…”
BackgroundLa capture d’enveloppe par les rétrovirus
Kim, F. J., Manel, N., Battini, J., & Sitbon, M. (2004) · médecine/sciences · doi:10.1051/medsci/20042010876 · Cited by 8
“Ces rétrotransposons sont abondants et participent directement au phénotype de l’hôte [2]: ils ont ainsi accompagné la spéciation de l’homme, chez lequel les séquences rétrovirales endogènes (HERV) représentent 5% à 8% du génome [3, 4].”
Fan, J., & Qin, Z. (2024) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v16040581 · Cited by 7
“HERVs are now classified into 22 independently acquired families based on the first-letter amino acid core of the tRNA of the primary binding site used by HERV to start reverse transcription [3].”
BackgroundQiu, G. (2016) · Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research · doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.01.001 · Cited by 7
“A typical ERV comprises three genes (gag, pol and env) that encode the necessary machinery for integration and two flanking non-coding long terminal repeats (LTRs) [68].”
BackgroundOmissions in the synthetic theory of evolution
Daniel Frías, L. (2010) · Biological Research · doi:10.4067/s0716-97602010000300006 · Cited by 9
Crosstalk between human endogenous retroviruses and exogenous viruses
Pizzioli, E., Minutolo, A., Balestrieri, E., Matteucci, C., Magiorkinis, G., & Horvat, B. (2024) · Microbes and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105427 · Cited by 6
Genomic environment and digital expression of bovine endogenous retroviruses
García‐Etxebarria, K., & Jugo, B. M. (2014) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2014.06.048 · Cited by 6
Perzova, R., Graziano, E. J., Sanghi, S., Welch, C., Benz, P. M., Abbott, L. Z., Lalone, D., Glaser, J. B., Loughran, T. P., Sheremata, W. A., et al. (2014) · AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses · doi:10.1089/aid.2014.0171 · Cited by 6
Yedavalli, V. R. K., Patil, A., Parrish, J., & Kozak, C. A. (2021) · Retrovirology · doi:10.1186/s12977-021-00564-2 · Cited by 6
“Class III ERVs most prominently include ERV-L, an envless ancient proviral lineage that entered mammalian genomes more than 100 mya [76] as well as divergent and generally degenerate subtypes like ERV-S [77], which has associated env sequences, but notably differs from ERV-L and XtERV-L in gag-pol, particularly in the…”
BackgroundEndogenous Retroviruses and Coevolution
Mourikis, T. P., Aswad, A., & Katzourakis, A. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800049-6.00192-x · Cited by 6
Eo, J., Cha, H., Imai, H., Hirai, H., & Kim, H. (2014) · AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses · doi:10.1089/aid.2014.0010 · Cited by 5
“Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) account for approximately 8% of the human genome; their numbers range from a single copy to 1,000 copies.(3,4) They are classified into 31 distinct types and are named according to their unique tRNA primerbinding sites (PBS), which are located between the 5¢-long terminal repeat (…”
Grouping and visualizing human endogenous retroviruses by bootstrapping median self-organizing maps
Oja, M., Sperber, G. O., Blomberg, J., & Samuel Kaski, A. (2005) · IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) · doi:10.1109/cibcb.2004.1393939 · Cited by 5
“The other widely used option is to classify HERVs to three classes according to their similarity to types of exogenous retroviruses, from which they presumably stem (see [2], [7],”
MethodUVI-induced endogenous retrovirus HERV-E λ 4-1 expression in blood mononuclear cells
Гольдина, И. А., Гайдуль, К. В., & Va, K. (2018) · Bulletin of Siberian Medicine · doi:10.20538/1682-0363-2018-1-36-44 · Cited by 5
Gim, J., Han, K., & Kim, H. (2015) · Archives of Virology · doi:10.1007/s00705-015-2486-z · Cited by 4
Functional analysis of the HERV-K LTR residing in the KIAA1245/NBPF subfamily genes
Abrarova, N., Stoukacheva, E. A., Pleshkan, V. V., Vinogradova, T. V., & Sverdlov, E. D. (2010) · Molecular Biology · doi:10.1134/s0026893310040084 · Cited by 4
Fukuda, K. (2023) · Genes & Genetic Systems · doi:10.1266/ggs.23-00140 · Cited by 5
Sharpey‐Schafer Lecture 2019: From retroviruses to human birth
Smith, R., Paúl, J., & Tolosa, J. M. (2019) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep088155 · Cited by 4
“The vast majority of humanERVelements are defective by virtue of deletions or stop codons in the gap, pol or env genes (Tristem, 2000), andmost ERVs are considered fossilised relics that can no longer replicate or encode functional viruses.”
BackgroundCell–Cell Fusions and Human Endogenous Retroviruses in Cancer
Strick, R., Beckmann, M. W., & Strissel, P. L. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9772-9_17 · Cited by 4
Chong, A. Y.-Y., Atkinson, S. J., Isberg, S. R., & Gongora, J. (2012) · Mobile DNA · doi:10.1186/1759-8753-3-20 · Cited by 4
“Regardless of the method by which this is achieved, replication of elements results in the expansion of the population and the creation of autonomous, but related lineages that are capable of replicating and evolving independently [17].”
BackgroundMethodEndogenous Retroviral RNA Expression in Humans
Hu, L. (2007) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 4
Newly Identified Families of Human Endogenous Retroviruses
Polavarapu, N., Bowen, N. J., & McDonald, J. F. (2006) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.80.9.4640-4642.2006 · Cited by 6
“All are lowabundance families, being composed of only one to seven fulllength members with low homology to previously identified HERVs.”
BackgroundInfluentialDiversity, evolution, and transcription of endogenous retroviruses in Chiroptera genomes
Zhou, Z., Xiao, Y., Fang, J., Yao, Y., Yang, C., Dacheux, L., Luo, D., Qiu, Y., & Ge, X. (2025) · DNA Research · doi:10.1093/dnares/dsaf021 · Cited by 3
“6, 31 For these bat-ERVs/bat-ERVLEs with typical RT domain, the RT phylogenetic tree was used for classification.”
da Costa, A. L., Prieto-Oliveira, P., Duarte-Barbosa, M., Andreata‐Santos, R., Peter, C. M., Prolo, T., Antoneli, F., Durães‐Carvalho, R., Briones, M. R. S., Maricato, J. T., et al. (2024) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells13171491 · Cited by 3
Retrovirus endógenos humanos: Significado biológico e implicaciones evolutivas
Sentís, C. (2002) · Arbor · doi:10.3989/arbor.2002.i677.1073 · Cited by 3
Identification and Expression Analyses of Equine Endogenous Retroviruses in Horses
Gim, J., & Kim, H. (2017) · Molecules and Cells · doi:10.14348/molcells.2017.0141 · Cited by 6
“The phylogenetic tree was generated by the neighborjoining method, with the EqERV RT regions, because the same families of ERV have similar RT regions (Tristem, 2000).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHERVs Role in the Pathogenesis, Diagnosis or Prognosis of Aging Diseases: A Systematic Review
Prieto-Oliveira, P. (2022) · Current Molecular Medicine · doi:10.2174/1566524022666220525144135 · Cited by 3
Molecular characterization and phylogenetic relationship of HERV-W family in the Macaca fuscata
Yi, J. M., Takenaka, O., & Kim, H. (2003) · Archives of Virology · doi:10.1007/s00705-003-0127-4 · Cited by 3
Užameckis, D., Čapenko, S., Logina, I., Murovska, M., & Blomberg, J. (2016) · Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences Section B Natural Exact and Applied Sciences · doi:10.1515/prolas-2016-0029 · Cited by 2
The role of HERV envelope protein in ovarian cancer
Zhang, J., Sun, D., Zhan, Y., Gao, Q., Bao, C., Xiang, H., Shen, Y., Gao, Q., Zhang, M., Wang, J., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2025.1618542 · Cited by 2
Expression and Identification of HERV-W Family in Japanese Monkeys (Macaca fuscata)
Yi, J., Takenaka, O., & Kim, H. (2004) · ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE · doi:10.2108/zsj.21.649 · Cited by 2
“To date, at least 22 independent HERV families within human genome were identified (Tristem, 2000).”
BackgroundThe taxonomy of vertebrate viruses
Pringle, C. R. (2006) · Biodiversity · doi:10.1080/14888386.2006.9712791 · Cited by 2
“Calculation of the integration dates of some of the numerous families of defective human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) identified recently indicates that most of them are likely to have been part of the human lineage since it diverged from that of the old World monkeys more than 25 million years ago (Tristem 2000).”
BackgroundJi, Y., Marra, N. J., & DeWoody, J. A. (2015) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2015.02.058 · Cited by 2
Minchev, D. S., Popov, N. T., Naimov, S., Minkov, I., & Vachev, T. I. (2019) · Balkan Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.2478/bjmg-2019-0014 · Cited by 2
“This terminology is not related to the chronology of their discovery or their functions in the human genome [10,14-16].”
BackgroundHuman Endogenous Retroviruses; Evolutionary Dynamics, Chromosomal Location and Host Benefit
Nelson, P., Freimanis, G., & Roden, D. (2008) · Encyclopedia of Life Sciences · doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0020831 · Cited by 2
Yi, J. M., Takenaka, O., & Kim, H. (2005) · Archives of Virology · doi:10.1007/s00705-004-0480-y · Cited by 2
“The full-length structure is present in approximately 35–50 copies per human haploid genome [36].”
BackgroundAvian Oncogenic and Immunosuppressive Viruses
Davidson, I. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2493-6_1091-1 · Cited by 2
Blanco-Melo, D., Campbell, M. A., Zhu, H., Dennis, T. P. W., Modha, S., Lytras, S., Hughes, J., Gatseva, A., & Gifford, R. J. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.10.17.562709 · Cited by 2
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“Often, studies utilize two mutation rates to delineate a range of estimated integration times (Bénit et al. 2003; Ikeda et al. 2018; Jha et al. 2009; Tristem 2000; van der Kuyl 2022; Wildschutte et al. 2016).”
Multiple Sclerosis and Microbes
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Gynecomammary and Prostate Tumors: Epidemiology and Viral Etiology
Abumsimir, B., Abualala, K., Jroundi, C., Tiabi, I., Kasmi, Y., Bessi, H., Benchekroun, M. N., Mbenza, L., Tshimpi, A. W., Massamba, B. L., et al. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819400-3.00047-8 · Cited by 1
Modulation of cell apoptosis by AIR
Turco, M. C., Lamberti, A., Bisogni, R., Romano, M. F., Petrella, A., Ammirante, M., Rosati, A., d’Avenia, M., Arra, C., Spugnini, E. P., et al. (2007) · Leukemia · doi:10.1038/sj.leu.2404837 · Cited by 1
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Genetics of Vertebrate Viruses
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Avian Oncogenic and Immunosuppressive Viruses
Davidson, I. (2023) · Encyclopedia of sustainability science and technology series · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-2463-0_1091 · Cited by 1
Changes in HERVs Expression and Interleukins mRNAs Levels in Trophoblastic Cells Infected by ZIKVPreprint
da Costa, A. L., Prieto-Oliveira, P., Duarte-Barbosa, M., Andreata‐Santos, R., Peter, C. M., Prolo, T., Antoneli, F., Carvalho, M., Durães‐Carvalho, R., Briones, M. R. S., et al. (2024) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202404.0232.v1 · Cited by 1
Noncoding RNAs in Retrovirus Replication
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“…al. (2002) Squirrel Monkey Saimirinae tRNALys1,2 Chiu and Skuntz (1986) Jaagsiekte sheep Ovis aries tRNALys1,2 Cann (2001) HERV H. sapiens tRNALysb Tristem (2000) AKV AKR mice tRNAGlu Nikbakht et al. (1985) KoRV Phascolarctos tRNAPro Hanger et al. (2000) MINERVa Miniopteridae tRNAPro Farkasova et…”
BackgroundGenomic Features of Retroelements and Implications for Human Disease
Heui-Soo, K. (2005) · Genomics & Informatics
The detection and role of human endogenous retrovirus K (HML-2) in rheumatoid arthritis
Freimanis, G. (2008) · Wolverhampton Intellectual Repository and E-Theses (University of Wolverhampton)
A web-based comparative visualization system for human endogenous RetroVirus(HERV) on whole genomes
Chung, W.-K., Kim, H.-J., & Cho, H.-G. (2009) · Data and Text Mining in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1145/1651318.1651333
Spontaneous Neoplasia: A Destiny of Viviparous Mammal
Mingomataj, E., & Shyri, R. M. (2013)
COMPARATIVE AND FUNCTIONAL GENOMIC ANALYSIS OF
Thomas, J. W., & Choi, J. K. (2007)
Accounting for Regions of High and Low G+C Content Found in Human Genomic DNA
Rouchka, E. C. (2014)
Tubío, C., & Manuel, J. (2009) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
LTR_STRUC, a novel data-mining tool, and its application to the rice and mouse genomes
McCarthy, E. M. (2003)
Comparative and functional genomic analysis of human and chimpanzee retrotransposon sequences
Polavarapu, N. (2007) · SMARTech Repository (Georgia Institute of Technology)
Reconstitution and Characterization of Human Endogenous Retrovirus-K
Lee, Y. N. (2025) · Digital Commons - RU (Rockefeller University) · doi:10.48496/38w4-yp24
Provirus Silencing in Stem Cells: The Forbidden Regulators of Cell Fate
Satapathy, S. (2016) · Signal Transduction Insights · doi:10.4137/sti.s12311
Metadata
- Authors
- Tristem, M.
- Affiliations
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Tristem, Michael
- ORCID
- Tristem, Michael
- Venue
- Journal of Virology
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2000-04-15
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 3715-3730
- ISSN
- 0022-538X (ISSN-L)
- 1098-5514
- PMC
- PMC111881
- OpenAlex
- W2082918825
- Cited by
- 330
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 34.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Virology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Royal Society
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infectious Diseases and Mycology
- Keywords
- human endogenous retroviruses, phylogenetic analysis, human evolution, Old World monkeys, retroviral evolution
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Base Sequence, Chromosome Mapping, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Terminology as Topic, Phylogeny, Human Genome Project, Databases, Factual, Sequence Alignment, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Endogenous Retroviruses
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