Cited by 151HIV Research and TreatmentImmunotherapy and Immune ResponsesHIV/AIDS Research and Interventions

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Infection of Dendritic Cells (DCs), Not DC-SIGN-Mediated Internalization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Is Required for Long-Term Transfer of Virus to T Cells

Open access

Burleigh, Laura, Lozach, Pierre-Yves, Schiffer, Cécile, Staropoli, Isabelle, Pezo, Valérie, Porrot, Françoise, Canque, Bruno, Virelizier, Jean-Louis, Arenzana-Seisdedos, Fernando, Amara, Ali·2006·Journal of Virology

DOI 10.1128/jvi.80.6.2949-2957.2006PMC PMC1395470

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The C-type lectin DC-SIGN expressed on immature dendritic cells (DCs) captures human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) particles and enhances the infection of CD4 + T cells. This process, known as trans -enhancement of T-cell infection, has been related to HIV endocytosis. It has been proposed that DC-SIGN targets HIV to a nondegradative compartment within DCs and DC-SIGN-expressing cells, allowing incoming virus to persist for several days before infecting target cells. In this study, we provide several lines of evidence suggesting that intracellular storage of intact virions does not contribute to HIV transmission. We show that endocytosis-defective DC-SIGN molecules enhance T-cell infection as efficiently as their wild-type counterparts, indicating that DC-SIGN-mediated HIV internalization is dispensable for trans -enhancement. Furthermore, using immature DCs that are genetically resistant to infection, we demonstrate that several days after viral uptake, HIV transfer from DCs to T cells requires viral fusion and occurs exclusively through DC infection and transmission of newly synthesized viral particles. Importantly, our results suggest that DC-SIGN participates in this process by cooperating with the HIV entry receptors to facilitate cis -infection of immature DCs and subsequent viral transfer to T cells. We suggest that such a mechanism, rather than intracellular storage of incoming virus, accounts for the long-term transfer of HIV to CD4 + T cells and may contribute to the spread of infection by DCs.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1128/jvi.80.6.2949-2957.2006

Cites

0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Recruitment of HIV and Its Receptors to Dendritic Cell-T Cell Junctions
McDonald, D., Wu, L., Bohks, S. M., KewalRamani, V. N., Unutmaz, D., & Hope, T. J. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1084238 · Cited by 707
DC-SIGN-mediated internalization of HIV is required for trans-enhancement of T cell infection
Kwon, D. S., Gregorio, G., Bitton, N., Hendrickson, W. A., & Littman, D. R. (2002) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(02)00259-5 · Cited by 523 · cited 7×
“ments within immature DCs and DC-SIGN-expressing cells (13).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Expression and function of CCR5 and CXCR4 on human Langerhans cells and macrophages: implications for HIV primary infection
Zaitseva, M., Blauvelt, A., Lee, S., Lapham, C. K., Kiaus-Kovrun, V., Mostowski, H., Manischewitz, J., & Golding, H. (1997) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1297-1369 · Cited by 389

Show all 0 references

Research works printed but not linked: 35

10.1128/JVI.77.4.2550-2558.2003 · DOI
10.1182/blood.V93.11.3866 · DOI
10.1073/pnas.89.17.8356 · DOI
10.1038/40894 · DOI
10.4049/jimmunol.168.5.2118 · DOI
10.1111/j.1600-0854.2005.00293.x · DOI
10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80694-7 · DOI · Paper page
10.1128/JVI.72.4.2733-2737.1998 · DOI
10.1016/S1074-7613(02)00447-8 · DOI
10.1128/JVI.74.13.6087-6095.2000 · DOI
10.1073/pnas.1432450100 · DOI
10.1016/j.immuni.2005.04.004 · DOI
10.1126/science.1099288 · DOI
10.1128/JVI.75.24.12028-12038.2001 · DOI
10.1084/jem.20042413 · DOI
10.1074/jbc.M504337200 · DOI
10.1074/jbc.M301284200 · DOI
10.1016/j.virol.2005.05.023 · DOI
10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00449-4 · DOI
10.1182/blood-2003-07-2532 · DOI
10.1128/JVI.79.9.5386-5399.2005 · DOI · Paper page
10.1006/viro.2001.0984 · DOI
10.1128/JVI.78.2.798-810.2004 · DOI
10.1128/JVI.75.10.4664-4672.2001 · DOI
10.1016/0092-8674(94)90418-9 · DOI
10.1038/382722a0 · DOI
10.1016/S1074-7613(02)00260-1 · DOI
10.1084/jem.183.1.215 · DOI
10.1074/jbc.M003868200 · DOI
10.1093/intimm/dxg030 · DOI
10.1038/ni841 · DOI
10.1182/blood-2003-09-3129 · DOI · Paper page
10.1038/nri1182 · DOI
10.1038/nature04055 · DOI
10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80828-4 · DOI

Sorted by citations

Dendritic-cell interactions with HIV: infection and viral dissemination
Wu, L. J., & KewalRamani, V. N. (2006) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri1960 · Cited by 615
Setting the stage: host invasion by HIV
Hladik, F., & McElrath, M. J. (2008) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2302 · Cited by 611
Cellular Reservoirs of HIV-1 and their Role in Viral Persistence
Alexaki, A., Liu, Y., & Wigdahl, B. L. (2008) · Current HIV Research · doi:10.2174/157016208785861195 · Cited by 357
“Recent results have suggested that infection of DCs is required for transfer of the virus to CD4+ T cells and this capability is maintained for periods of time greater than 3 days [116,117].”
HIV-1 exploits innate signaling by TLR8 and DC-SIGN for productive infection of dendritic cells
Gringhuis, S. I., van der Vlist, M., Berg, L., den Dunnen, J., Litjens, M., & Geijtenbeek, T. B. H. (2010) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.1858 · Cited by 279
“On DCs, HIV-1 interacts with CD4 and CCR5, which is essential for virus entry, and DC-SIGN, which functions as an attachment receptor to enhance the binding of HIV-1 to CD4 (refs”
Background
HIV interactions with monocytes and dendritic cells: viral latency and reservoirs
Coleman, C. M., & Wu, L. J. (2009) · Retrovirology · doi:10.1186/1742-4690-6-51 · Cited by 257
“DCs are capable of transmitting HIV-1 to T cells over a period of several days, and the viral transmission is dependent on viral replication [99-101].”
The interaction of HIV with dendritic cells: outcomes and pathways
Piguet, V., & Steinman, R. M. (2007) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2007.07.010 · Cited by 236
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Nef: Adapting to Intracellular Trafficking Pathways
Roeth, J., & Collins, K. (2006) · Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews · doi:10.1128/mmbr.00042-05 · Cited by 216
The C-type lectin surface receptor DCIR acts as a new attachment factor for HIV-1 in dendritic cells and contributes to trans- and cis-infection pathways.
Lambert, A. A., Gilbert, C., Richard, M., Beaulieu, A., & Tremblay, M. (2008) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2008-01-136473 · Cited by 214
HIV and Mature Dendritic Cells: Trojan Exosomes Riding the Trojan Horse?
Izquierdo‐Useros, N., Naranjo‐Gómez, M., Erkizia, I., Puertas, M. C., Borràs, F. E., Blanco, J., & Martínez‐Picado, J. (2010) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000740 · Cited by 189
Microbicide drug candidates to prevent HIV infection.
Balzarini, J., & Damme, L. V. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60202-5 · Cited by 192
Syndecan-3 is a dendritic cell-specific attachment receptor for HIV-1
de Witte, L. D., Bobardt, M. D., Chatterji, U., Degeest, G., David, G., Geijtenbeek, T. B. H., & Gallay, P. A. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0703747104 · Cited by 182
Interferon-Inducible Mechanism of Dendritic Cell-Mediated HIV-1 Dissemination Is Dependent on Siglec-1/CD169
Puryear, W. B., Akiyama, H., Geer, S. D., Ramirez, N. P., Yu, X., Reinhard, B. M., & Gummuluru, S. (2013) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003291 · Cited by 181
“In contrast to trans infection, DC-SIGN has also been thought to enhance productive infection of DCs [51,57,58,59].”
Background
DC/L-SIGN recognition of spike glycoprotein promotes SARS-CoV-2 trans-infection and can be inhibited by a glycomimetic antagonist
Thépaut, M., Luczkowiak, J., Vivès, C., Labiod, N., Bally, I., Lasala, F., Grimoire, Y., Fenel, D., Sattin, S., Thielens, N. M., et al. (2021) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1009576 · Cited by 222
Sialoadhesin Expressed on IFN-Induced Monocytes Binds HIV-1 and Enhances Infectivity
Rempel, H., Calosing, C., Sun, B., & Pulliam, L. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001967 · Cited by 169
“Moreover, it has been shown that DC-SIGN-mediated internalization is not required for trans-enhancement but instead DC-SIGN facilitates productive cis-infection of immature DCs and subsequent infection of T cells [38].”
Background
Mechanisms for Cell-to-Cell Transmission of HIV-1
Bracq, L., Xie, M., Bénichou, S., & Bouchet, J. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00260 · Cited by 215
Host factors influencing susceptibility to HIV infection and AIDS progression
Lama, J., & Planelles, V. (2007) · Retrovirology · doi:10.1186/1742-4690-4-52 · Cited by 154
Bitter-sweet symphony: glycan–lectin interactions in virus biology
Van Breedam, W., Pöhlmann, S., Favoreel, H. W., de Groot, R. J., & Nauwynck, H. J. (2014) · FEMS Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1111/1574-6976.12052 · Cited by 141
“Intriguingly however, in cells that co-express CD4 and CCR5/ CXCR4 (HIV-1 receptor and co-receptors, respectively), DC-SIGN expression also facilitates HIV-1 fusion: DC-SIGN efficiently captures and concentrates viral particles at the cell surface, and binding of this lectin to the HIV-1 envelope protein appears to in…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Cell-to-cell HIV-1 spread and its implications for immune evasion
Martin, N., & Sattentau, Q. J. (2009) · Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS · doi:10.1097/coh.0b013e328322f94a · Cited by 149
In Vitro Derived Dendritic Cells trans-Infect CD4 T Cells Primarily with Surface-Bound HIV-1 Virions
Cavrois, M., Neidleman, J., Kreisberg, J. F., & Greene, W. C. (2007) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0030004 · Cited by 141
“Since the immature MDDCs used in that study are highly susceptible to fusion with the R5-tropic BaL envelopes [12] and efficiently replicate CCR5-tropic HIV-1 [15,22], the luciferase activity may have derived from infected immature MDDCs, not T cells, in the coculture.”
ResultInfluential
Pathways of cell-cell transmission of HTLV-1
Pique, C., & Jones, K. S. (2012) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2012.00378 · Cited by 166
“HIV, like HTLV1, can be transmitted to CD4+ T cells via DCs either in trans following the capture of virus by uninfected DCs (McDonald et al., 2003) or in cis during cell–cell transmission from infected DCs to uninfected CD4+ T cells (Burleigh et al., 2006).”
Background
Gap Junctions Mediate Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Bystander Killing in Astrocytes
Eugenín, E. A., & Berman, J. W. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4154-07.2007 · Cited by 130
“This mechanism of crossinfection is termed dissemination in trans (Geijtenbeek et al., 2000; Burleigh et al., 2006).”
Background
Distinct roles for DC-SIGN+-dendritic cells and Langerhans cells in HIV-1 transmission
de Witte, L. D., Nabatov, A. A., & Geijtenbeek, T. B. H. (2007) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2007.11.001 · Cited by 141
Functionally Distinct Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Mediated by Immature and Mature Dendritic Cells
Wang, J.-H., Janas, A. M., Olson, W. J., & Wu, L. (2007) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00878-07 · Cited by 125
“HIV entry in DCs can occur through endocytosis and viral receptor-mediated fusion, while productive HIV replication requires viral fusion (8, 23, 38).”
Background
Inhibition of DC-SIGN-mediated HIV infection by a linear trimannoside mimic in a tetravalent presentation.
Sattin, S., Daghetti, A., Thépaut, M., Berzi, A., Sánchez-Navarro, M., Tabarani, G., Rojo, J., Fieschi, F., Clerici, M., & Bernardi, A. (2010) · ACS Chemical Biology · doi:10.1021/cb900216e · Cited by 122
Mobilization of HIV Spread by Diaphanous 2 Dependent Filopodia in Infected Dendritic Cells
Aggarwal, A., Iemma, T. L., Shih, I., Newsome, T. P., McAllery, S., Cunningham, A. L., & Turville, S. G. (2012) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002762 · Cited by 115
“between 4 to 6 hours) independent of DC infection [4,8,11,12].”
Background
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects human arterial smooth muscle cells in vivo and in vitro: implications for the pathogenesis of HIV-mediated vascular disease.
Eugenin, E., Morgello, S., Klotman, M., Mosoian, A., Lento, P., Berman, J., & Schecter, A. (2008) · American Journal of Pathology · doi:10.2353/ajpath.2008.070457 · Cited by 109
“59,60 We propose that HIV-infected SMCs may participate in this trans process.”
Background
DC-SIGN Neck Domain Is a pH-sensor Controlling Oligomerization
Tabarani, G., Thépaut, M., Stroebel, D., Ebel, C., Vivès, C., Vachette, P., Durand, D., & Fieschi, F. (2009) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m109.021204 · Cited by 108
p21 Restricts HIV-1 in Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells through the Reduction of Deoxynucleoside Triphosphate Biosynthesis and Regulation of SAMHD1 Antiviral Activity
Valle‐Casuso, J. C., Allouch, A., David, A., Lenzi, G. M., Studdard, L. R., Barré‐Sinoussi, F., Müller-Trutwin, M. C., Kim, B., Pancino, G., & Sáez‐Cirión, A. (2017) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01324-17 · Cited by 41
Characterization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication in Immature and Mature Dendritic Cells Reveals Dissociablecis- andtrans-Infection
Dong, C., Janas, A. M., Wang, J., Olson, W. J., & Wu, L. J. (2007) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01081-07 · Cited by 104
“Cis-infection of DCs can lead to virus production and long-term transmission of HIV-1 (8, 19, 22, 23, 30, 37, 45, 46).”
Background
Human Dendritic Cell Subsets, Ontogeny, and Impact on HIV Infection
Rhodes, J. W., Tong, O., Harman, A. N., & Turville, S. G. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.01088 · Cited by 125
“Alternatively, second-phase transfer occurs over a longer phase (around 96 h) and is mediated by initial CD4/CCR5 mediated neutral fusion at the DC membrane and productive replication of HIV (158, 176, 177) (Figure 3b).”
Background
Are T cells the only HIV-1 reservoir?
Kandathil, A. J., Sugawara, S., & Balagopal, A. (2016) · Retrovirology · doi:10.1186/s12977-016-0323-4 · Cited by 109
Sialyllactose in Viral Membrane Gangliosides Is a Novel Molecular Recognition Pattern for Mature Dendritic Cell Capture of HIV-1
Izquierdo‐Useros, N., Lorizate, M., Contreras, F. ‐., Rodriguez-Plata, M. T., Glass, B., Erkizia, I., Prado, J. G., Casas, J., Fabriàs, G., Kräusslich, H., et al. (2012) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001315 · Cited by 100
“However, iDCs show rapid degradation of captured viral particles [13–15], and several lines of evidence suggest now that the long-term ability of iDCs to transfer HIV-1 relies on de novo production of viral particles after productive infection [14,16,17].”
Background
Dendritic cells mediate herpes simplex virus infection and transmission through the C-type lectin DC-SIGN.
de Jong, M. A. W. P., de Witte, L., Bolmstedt, A., van Kooyk, Y., & Geijtenbeek, T. (2008) · Journal of General Virology · doi:10.1099/vir.0.2008/003129-0 · Cited by 94
“DC-SIGN plays an important role in DC infection by different viruses as it enhances the infection of DCs in cis for various viruses, including HIV-1 and MV (4;6).”
BackgroundInfluential
Filoviruses: Interactions with the host cell
Dolnik, O., Kolesnikova, L., & Becker, S. (2007) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-007-7406-2 · Cited by 85
“As for HIV-1, it is suggested for EBOV that DC-SIGN can facilitate viral spread by the transfer of captured virions to neighboring permissive cells and enhance infection in trans [52, 56, 63 -65] .”
Background
Analysis of the Interaction of Ebola Virus Glycoprotein with DC-SIGN (Dendritic Cell—Specific Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 3—Grabbing Nonintegrin) and Its Homologue DC-SIGNR
Marzi, A., Möller, P., Hanna, S. L., Harrer, T., Eisemann, J., Steinkasserer, A., Becker, S., Baribaud, F., & Pöhlmann, S. (2007) · Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/520607 · Cited by 85
“cell lines were equally adept in transferring HIV-1 to T cells, although transmission was partly due to direct infection of the transmitting cells (figure 4B), as described elsewhere [30, 34, 35].”
Result
Algal Lectins as Potential HIV Microbicide Candidates
Huskens, D., & Schols, D. (2012) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md10071476 · Cited by 89
“Another mechanism involves the transmission of new virions from productively infected DCs across the infectious synapse to T cells [53,56,60,61].”
Background
Preventing mucosal HIV transmission with topical microbicides: Challenges and opportunities
Hladik, F., & Doncel, G. F. (2010) · Antiviral Research · doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.09.011 · Cited by 71
“[PubMed: 19874851] Burleigh L, Lozach PY, Schiffer C, Staropoli I, Pezo V, Porrot F, Canque B, Virelizier JL, ArenzanaSeisdedos F, Amara A. Infection of dendritic cells (DCs), not DC-SIGN-mediated internalization of Antiviral Res.”
BackgroundInfluential
A look behind closed doors: interaction of persistent viruses with dendritic cells
Lambotin, M., Raghuraman, S., Stoll‐Keller, F., Baumert, T. F., & Barth, H. (2010) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro2332 · Cited by 80
Carbohydrate-Binding Agents Efficiently Prevent Dendritic Cell-Specific Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-3-Grabbing Nonintegrin (DC-SIGN)-Directed HIV-1 Transmission to T Lymphocytes
Balzarini, J., Herrewege, Y. V., Vermeire, K., Vanham, G., & Schols, D. (2007) · Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1124/mol.106.030155 · Cited by 82
C-type Lectin CD209L/L-SIGN and CD209/DC-SIGN: Cell Adhesion Molecules Turned to Pathogen Recognition Receptors
Rahimi, N. (2020) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology10010001 · Cited by 88
“However, in cases which HIV-1 receptor and co-receptors (CD4 and CCR5/CXCR4) are present on the host cells, CD209 can facilitate infection by transferring the virus to immune cells [54,55].”
Background
Gram-positive bacteria enhance HIV-1 susceptibility in Langerhans cells, but not in dendritic cells, via Toll-like receptor activation
Ogawa, Y., Kawamura, T., Kimura, T., Ito, M., Blauvelt, A., & Shimada, S. (2009) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2008-10-185728 · Cited by 66
Langerin functions as an antiviral receptor on Langerhans cells
Vlist, M., & Geijtenbeek, T. (2010) · Immunology and Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/icb.2010.32 · Cited by 77
Leukocyte-specific protein 1 interacts with DC-SIGN and mediates transport of HIV to the proteasome in dendritic cells
Smith, A. L., Lakshmanan, G., Leung, K., Jongstra‐Bilen, J., Jongstra, J., & Nabel, G. J. (2007) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20061604 · Cited by 65
“(27) that point mutants in the tyrosine and dileucine motifs of the cytoplasmic domain of DC-SIGN do not aff ect gp120 binding, it is important to recognize that the latter study analyzed internalization with gp120 protein rather than virus (44), and the signifi cance of this assay for virus internalization and transf…”
Background
Galactosyl ceramide expressed on dendritic cells can mediate HIV-1 transfer from monocyte derived dendritic cells to autologous T cells.
Magerus-Chatinet, A., Yu, H.-F., Garcia, S., Ducloux, E., Terris, B., & Bomsel, M. (2007) · Virology · doi:10.1016/j.virol.2006.11.035 · Cited by 70
The Achilles Heel of the Trojan Horse Model of HIV-1 trans-Infection
Cavrois, M., Neidleman, J. A., & Greene, W. C. (2008) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000051 · Cited by 67
“However, more recent studies suggest that virions remain active for trans-infection for only a few hours after capture [30,36,48,59,60].”
Background
HIV-1 and HTLV-1 Transmission Modes: Mechanisms and Importance for Virus Spread
Kalinichenko, S., Komkov, D., & Mazurov, D. (2022) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v14010152 · Cited by 68
“Later, immature DCs become productively infected, and transmit viral particles produced de novo to T cells in the cis-infection process [66,67,69,70].”
Background
Differential Use of the C‐Type Lectins L‐SIGN and DC‐SIGN for Phlebovirus Endocytosis
Léger, P., Tétard, M., Youness, B., Cordes, N., Rouxel, R. N., Flamand, M., & Lozach, P. (2016) · Traffic : the International Journal of Intracellular Transport · doi:10.1111/tra.12393 · Cited by 68
“Raji cells expressing L-SIGN as well as Raji and HeLa cells expressing DC-SIGN or its endocytosis-defective form DC-SIGNLL have been already described (6, 21, 35, 44).”
Self-citation
Glycosphingolipid Composition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Particles Is a Crucial Determinant for Dendritic Cell-Mediated HIV-1 trans-Infection
Hatch, S., Archer, J., & Gummuluru, S. (2009) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.02249-08 · Cited by 66
“Productive or cis-infection of DCs, though feasible (10, 66), is ineffective for a myriad of reasons, including low CD4/coreceptor levels on the DC surface (40), as well as the presence of potent interferon-dependent (23, 48, 49, 52, 53, 68) and interferon-independent (23, 25) antiviral mechanisms, that restrict HIV-1…”
Background
CD4 Coexpression Regulates DC-SIGN-Mediated Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1
Wang, J., Janas, A. M., Olson, W. J., KewalRamani, V. N., & Wu, L. J. (2006) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01970-06 · Cited by 61
“and the retention of viral infectivity (6).”
Background
IgG Opsonization of HIV Impedes Provirus Formation in and Infection of Dendritic Cells and Subsequent Long-Term Transfer to T Cells
Wilflingseder, D., Bánki, Z., Garcia, E., Pruenster, M., Pfister, G., Müllauer, B., Nikolic, D. S., Gassner, C., Ammann, C. G., Dierich, M. P., et al. (2007) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.178.12.7840 · Cited by 57
“(44), who demonstrated that productive infection of DCs with HIV is a prerequisite for long-term transfer of the virus to T cells.”
Background
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type-1, HIV-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus Nef proteins
Laguette, N., Brégnard, C., Bénichou, S., & Basmaciogullari, S. (2010) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2010.05.003 · Cited by 72
Significant Virus Replication in Langerhans Cells following Application of HIV to Abraded Skin: Relevance to Occupational Transmission of HIV
Kawamura, T., Koyanagi, Y., Nakamura, Y., Ogawa, Y., Yamashita, A., Iwamoto, T., Ito, M., Blauvelt, A., & Shimada, S. (2008) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.180.5.3297 · Cited by 57
“HIV from MDDC to T cells (18, 19), DC-SIGN may be involved”
Background
The lectins griffithsin, cyanovirin-N and scytovirin inhibit HIV-1 binding to the DC-SIGN receptor and transfer to CD4+ cells
Alexandre, K. B., Gray, E. S., Mufhandu, H. T., McMahon, J. B., Chakauya, E., O’Keefe, B. R., Chikwamba, R. K., & Morris, L. (2011) · Virology · doi:10.1016/j.virol.2011.12.001 · Cited by 52
“Nonetheless, in addition to HIV-1 infection in trans (virus transfer to target cells), it has been shown that DC-SIGN can also promote the infection in cis (infection of the cell expressing the receptor) of immature DC and macrophages (Burleigh et al., 2006; Pohlmann et al., 2001).”
Background
Current concepts of HIV transmission
Morrow, G., Vachot, L., Vagenas, P., & Robbiani, M. (2007) · Current HIV/AIDS Reports · doi:10.1007/s11904-007-0005-x · Cited by 44
Biology of HIV mucosal transmission
Wu, L. J. (2008) · Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS · doi:10.1097/coh.0b013e32830634c6 · Cited by 57
The C Type Lectins DC-SIGN and L-SIGN
Lozach, P., Burleigh, L. M., Staropoli, I., & Amara, A. (2007) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-393-6_4 · Cited by 58
Self-citation
HIV-1 Trans Infection of CD4 + T Cells by Professional Antigen Presenting Cells
Rinaldo, C. R. (2013) · Scientifica · doi:10.1155/2013/164203 · Cited by 49
“Thus, the Raji B cell line engineered to express endocytosis-defective DC-SIGN is as effective at mediating trans infection as cells expressing wildtype DC-SIGN [205].”
Background
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Immune Cell Receptors, Coreceptors, and Cofactors: Implications for Prevention and Treatment
Woodham, A. W., Skeate, J. G., Sanna, A. M., Taylor, J. R., Silva, D. M. D., Cannon, P. M., & Kast, W. M. (2016) · AIDS Patient Care and STDs · doi:10.1089/apc.2016.0100 · Cited by 66
“demonstrated that DC-SIGN-mediated HIV internalization was dispensable for trans-enhancement through the use endocytosis-defective DC-SIGN, and the authors further suggested that DC-SIGN cooperates with HIV entry receptors to facilitate cis-infection by which new viral progeny from DC contribute to HIV dissemination t…”
Background
Dendritic Cells Are Less Susceptible to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 (HIV-2) Infection than to HIV-1 Infection
Duvall, M. G., Loré, K., Blaak, H., Ambrozak, D. R., Adams, W. C. T., Santos, K., Geldmacher, C., Mascola, J. R., McMichael, A. J., Jaye, A., et al. (2007) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00976-07 · Cited by 48
“, by becoming productively infected and passing virus to T cells (11, 35, 38, 47, 66), by transmitting virus through an infectious synapse of DCs and T cells (1, 45), or by capturing virions in the absence of productive infection and transferring the virus to CD4 T cells in trans (3, 26, 27, 29, 30, 65, 68, 70, 71).”
Background
HMGB1-Dependent Triggering of HIV-1 Replication and Persistence in Dendritic Cells as a Consequence of NK-DC Cross-Talk
Saïdi, H., Melki, M., & Gougeon, M. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003601 · Cited by 51
Pathways utilized by dendritic cells for binding, uptake, processing and presentation of antigens derived from HIV‐1
Sabado, R., Babcock, E., Kavanagh, D., Tjomsland, V., Walker, B., Lifson, J., Bhardwaj, N., & Larsson, M. (2007) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.200636981 · Cited by 48
Identification of the Optimal DC-SIGN Binding Site on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120
Hong, P. W.-P., Nguyen, S., Young, S., Su, S. V., & Lee, B. (2007) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01765-06 · Cited by 45
“DC-SIGN can also markedly enhance the efficiency of HIV infection in cis when DC-SIGN is present on cells that express limiting levels of CD4 and a coreceptor (11, 28, 36).”
Background
DC-SIGN Increases the Affinity of HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Interaction with CD4
Hijazi, K., Wang, Y., Scala, C., Jeffs, S. A., Longstaff, C., Stieh, D. J., Haggarty, B., Vanham, G., Schols, D., Balzarini, J. M., et al. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028307 · Cited by 44
“DC-SIGN binding to HIV may also enhance DC infection directly and so contribute to the second longer-term mechanism of DC-mediated infection that involves transfer of progeny virus to CD4 T cells [17,23].”
Background
Tetherin does not significantly restrict dendritic cell-mediated HIV-1 transmission and its expression is upregulated by newly synthesized HIV-1 Nef
Coleman, C. M., Spearman, P. W., & Wu, L. J. (2011) · Retrovirology · doi:10.1186/1742-4690-8-26 · Cited by 44
“Immature DCs allow productive HIV-1 replication and long-term viral dissemination [6-8].”
Background
Immune Responses to Retroviruses
Sáez‐Cirión, A., & Manel, N. (2018) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-051116-052155 · Cited by 66
“In HIV-1 infection, the first infected cells that may reach the lymph nodes from tissues can also be DCs (73).”
Background
Mutation in the DC-SIGN cytoplasmic triacidic cluster motif markedly attenuates receptor activity for phagocytosis and endocytosis of mannose-containing ligands by human myeloid cells
Azad, A. K., Torrelles, J. B., & Schlesinger, L. S. (2008) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.0308192 · Cited by 35
“The LL sequence was demonstrated previously to be an internalization or endocytic motif for DC-SIGN [12, 13, 17].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Adenosine signaling and adenosine deaminase regulation of immune responses: impact on the immunopathogenesis of HIV infection
Passos, D. F., Bernardes, V. M., da Silva, J. L. G., Schetinger, M. R. C., & Leal, D. B. R. (2018) · Purinergic Signalling · doi:10.1007/s11302-018-9619-2 · Cited by 43
CD169-Dependent Cell-Associated HIV-1 Transmission: A Driver of Virus Dissemination
Gummuluru, S., Ramirez, N.-G. P., & Akiyama, H. (2014) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiu442 · Cited by 42
The immunoregulatory effects of HIV‐1 Nef on dendritic cells and the pathogenesis of AIDS
Quaranta, M. G., Mattioli, B., Giordani, L., & Viora, M. (2006) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.06-6260rev · Cited by 36
“mucosal surfaces or in lymphnodes (28).”
Leishmania infantum Amastigotes Enhance HIV-1 Production in Cocultures of Human Dendritic Cells and CD4+ T Cells by Inducing Secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α
Garg, R., Barat, C., Ouellet, M., Lodge, R., & Tremblay, M. J. (2009) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000441 · Cited by 33
“Trans-infection mediated by DCs can occur across infectious synapses [8,9,11] and via exocytosis of virusassociated exosomes [36], whereas the cis-infection route relies on de novo virus infection of DCs and long-term transmission of HIV-1 [7,9,37,38].”
Background
Virion-Associated Vpr Alleviates a Postintegration Block to HIV-1 Infection of Dendritic Cells
Miller, C. M., Akiyama, H., Agosto, L. M., Emery, A., Ettinger, C. R., Swanstrom, R. I., Henderson, A. J., & Gummuluru, S. (2017) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00051-17 · Cited by 35
The Microvesicle Component of HIV-1 Inocula Modulates Dendritic Cell Infection and Maturation and Enhances Adhesion to and Activation of T Lymphocytes
Mercier, S. K., Donaghy, H., Botting, R. A., Turville, S. G., Harman, A. N., Nasr, N., Ji, H. L., Kusebauch, U., Mendoza, L., Shteynberg, D. D., et al. (2013) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003700 · Cited by 35
“Both immature and mature DCs are able to transfer HIV-1 to T lymphocytes by different mechanisms during 2 sequential phases of uptake, the first following vesicular uptake and the second after de novo infection of DCs transfer [18–21].”
Background
The multiple facets of HIV attachment to dendritic cell lectins
Tsegaye, T. S., & Pöhlmann, S. (2010) · Cellular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01519.x · Cited by 38
“Irrespective of the route of HIV trafficking, there is ample evidence that HIV capture does not preserve viral infectivity (Turville et al., 2004; Nobile et al., 2005; Burleigh et al., 2006; Wang et al., 2007a) , with the initially postulated conservation of viral infectivity likely being due to productive infection o…”
Background
Saquinavir Inhibits Early Events Associated with Establishment of HIV-1 Infection: Potential Role for Protease Inhibitors in Prevention
Stefanidou, M., Herrera, C., Armanasco, N., & Shattock, R. J. (2012) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.00399-12 · Cited by 24
Productive infection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in dendritic cells requires fusion-mediated viral entry
Janas, A. M., Dong, C., Wang, J.-H., & Wu, L. J. (2008) · Virology · doi:10.1016/j.virol.2008.01.044 · Cited by 35
“HIV-1 infection of DCs can lead to virus production and long-term viral transmission (Burleigh et al., 2006; Dong et al., 2007; Ganesh et al., 2004; Granelli-Piperno et al., 1998; Lore et al., 2005; Nobile et al., 2005; Smed-Sorensen et al., 2005; Turville et al., 2004), suggesting that…”
BackgroundInfluential
HIV endocytosis after dendritic cell to T cell viral transfer leads to productive virus infection.
Clotet-Codina, I., Bosch, B., Senserrich, J., Férnandez-Figueras, M., Peña, R., Ballana, E., Bofill, M., Clotet, B., & Esté, J. (2009) · Antiviral Research · doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.03.009 · Cited by 31
Role of macrophages in HIV infection and persistence
Venzke, S., & Keppler, O. (2006) · Expert Review of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1586/1744666x.2.4.613 · Cited by 30
Cellular and molecular actors of myeloid cell fusion: podosomes and tunneling nanotubes call the tune
Dufrançais, O., Mascarau, R., Poincloux, R., Maridonneau‐Parini, I., Raynaud‐Messina, B., & Vérollet, C. (2021) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-021-03875-x · Cited by 40
HIV-1 Nef Enhances Dendritic Cell-Mediated Viral Transmission to CD4+ T Cells and Promotes T-Cell Activation
Gelais, C. S., Coleman, C. M., Wang, J., & Wu, L. J. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034521 · Cited by 29
“Immature DCs allow productive HIV-1 replication and long-term viral dissemination [5,6,7,8,9].”
Background
Extracellular ATP reduces HIV-1 transfer from immature dendritic cells to CD4+T lymphocytes
Barat, C., Gilbert, C., Imbeault, M., & Tremblay, M. J. (2008) · Retrovirology · doi:10.1186/1742-4690-5-30 · Cited by 27
“In Raji-DC-SIGN cells, viruses are transferred exclusively through DC-SIGN binding and only DC-bound viruses are transferred, whereas several studies suggest that in human primary iDCs internalized viruses are transferred [7-11] and not exclusively through DC-SIGN binding [5, 16 ].”
BackgroundInfluential
HIV-1 Replication in Langerhans and Interstitial Dendritic Cells Is Inhibited by Neutralizing and Fc-Mediated Inhibitory Antibodies
Peressin, M., Holl, V., Schmidt, S., Decoville, T., Mirisky, D., Lederle, A., Delaporte, M., Xu, K., Aubertin, A., & Moog, C. (2010) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01619-10 · Cited by 26
“DC-SIGN efficiently binds HIV particles; this binding may favor close proximity between HIV and neighboring CD4 receptors and, in this way, trigger virus fusion (5).”
Background
A Fusion Inhibitor Prevents Spread of Immunodeficiency Viruses, but Not Activation of Virus-Specific T Cells, by Dendritic Cells
Frank, I., Stössel, H., Gettie, A., Turville, S. G., Bess, J. W., Lifson, J. D., Sivin, I., Romani, N., & Robbiani, M. (2008) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01987-07 · Cited by 25
“The second phase involves de novo replication of CCR5-tropic viruses (R5 viruses) in infected immature DCs and probably serves as a longer lasting source of infectious virus (7, 42, 63).”
Background
Peering into the HIV reservoir
García, M., Buzón, M. J., Benito, J. M., & Rallón, N. I. (2018) · Reviews in Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/rmv.1981 · Cited by 32
SDF-1/CXCL12 Production by Mature Dendritic Cells Inhibits the Propagation of X4-Tropic HIV-1 Isolates at the Dendritic Cell-T-Cell Infectious Synapse
Gonzàlez, N., Bermejo, M., Calonge, E., Jolly, C. L., Arenzana‐Seisdedos, F., Pablos, J. L., Sattentau, Q. J., & Alcamı́, J. (2010) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.02449-09 · Cited by 30
“A two-phase transfer of HIV-1 from MDDCs to lymphocytes has been previously described elsewhere as follows: an early short-term phase of viral transfer in trans, caused by the direct binding of viral particles to DC-SIGN or other molecules at the surfaces of the MDDCs, and then a later long-term transfer phase (from 4…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
HIV microbicides: state-of-the-art and new perspectives on the development of entry inhibitors.
Reina, J., Bernardi, A., Clerici, M., & Rojo, J. (2010) · Future Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.4155/fmc.10.203 · Cited by 24
Modulation of HIV and SIV neutralization sensitivity by DC-SIGN and mannose-binding lectin.
Marzi, A., Mitchell, D., Chaipan, C., Fisch, T., Doms, R., Carrington, M., Desrosiers, R., & Pöhlmann, S. (2007) · Virology · doi:10.1016/j.virol.2007.07.004 · Cited by 24
“Moreover, it should be noted that DC-SIGN can augment cisand trans-infection (Burleigh et al., 2006; Lee et al., 2001; Nobile et al., 2005; Turville et al., 2004) and it can not be excluded that a minor part of the transmission activity of the BTHP cell lines examined here was due to progeny virus released from infect…”
Background
Role of Glycosphingolipids in Dendritic Cell-Mediated HIV-1 Trans-infection
Puryear, W. B., & Gummuluru, S. (2012) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4433-6_5 · Cited by 26
“Productive or cis-infection of DCs, though feasible (Burleigh et al. 2006; Turville et al. 2004; Cameron et al. 2007), is ineffective for a myriad of reasons, including low CD4/CCR5 levels on the DC surface (Lee et al. 1999), as well as the presence of potent interferondependent (Granelli-Piperno…”
Background
Correction: Listeria monocytogenes Traffics from Maternal Organs to the Placenta and Back
Bakardjiev, A., Theriot, J., & Portnoy, D. (2006) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.0020080 · Cited by 19
“Recent evidence suggests that infection of DC cells is required for efficient transfer of HIV-1 to other cells [122].”
Regulatory T Cells Diminish HIV Infection in Dendritic Cells – Conventional CD4+ T Cell Clusters
Moreno-Fernandez, M. E., Joedicke, J. J., & Chougnet, C. (2014) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2014.00199 · Cited by 18
“Additionally, DCs can transmit virus to CD4 T cells, without being themselves productively infected, through a process called trans-infection (4).”
Genetically modified hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for HIV-1-infected patients: can we achieve a cure?
Younan, P., Kowalski, J. P., & Kiem, H. (2014) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1038/mt.2013.264 · Cited by 18
HIV-1 Envelope Glycan Composition as a Key Determinant of Efficient Virus Transmission via DC-SIGN and Resistance to Inhibitory Lectins
Jan, M., Upadhyay, C., & Hioe, C. E. (2019) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2019.10.030 · Cited by 18
Protective role of DC-SIGN (CD209) neck-region alleles with <5 repeat units in HIV-1 transmission.
Zhang, J., Zhang, X.-S., Fu, J.-H., Bi, Z., Arheart, K., Barreiro, L. B., Quintana-Murci, L., Pahwa, S., & Liu, H.-L. (2008) · Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/588710 · Cited by 17
“to HIV-1 dissemination and persistence of infection in vivo [3].”
Background
Pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection – chosen aspects
Knysz, B., Szetela, B., & Gładysz, A. (2007) · HIV & AIDS Review · doi:10.1016/s1730-1270(10)60035-5 · Cited by 16
PolyICLC Exerts Pro- and Anti-HIV Effects on the DC-T Cell Milieu In Vitro and In Vivo
Aravantinou, M., Frank, I., Hallor, M., Singer, R., Tharinger, H., Kenney, J., Gettie, A., Grasperge, B. F., Blanchard, J., Salazar, A., et al. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161730 · Cited by 15
“Cis transfer is thought to contribute especially to long-term viral transmission [11, 12, 14, 15].”
Background
Development of human dendritic cells and their role in HIV infection: antiviral immunity versus HIV transmission
Tsunetsugu‐Yokota, Y., & Muhsen, M. (2013) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2013.00178 · Cited by 23
“…2013 | Volume 4 | Article 178 | 4 “fmicb-04-00178” — 2013/7/5 — 20:51 — page 5 — #5 On the other hand, HIV-1 replication in DCs, but not DCSIGN, is required for long-term transfer of HIV from DCs to CD4+ T cells (Lore et al., 2005; Nobile et al., 2005; Burleigh et al., 2006; Wang et al., 2007).”
Background
Impact of Human Immune Deficiency Virus Infection on Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Replication
Parodi, C. M., Belmonte, L., Baré, P., de Bracco, M. E., & Ruibal-Ares, B. (2006) · Current HIV Research · doi:10.2174/157016207779316341 · Cited by 13
Milk Transmission of Mammalian Retroviruses
Kemeter, L. M., Birzer, A., Heym, S., & Thoma‐Kress, A. K. (2023) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms11071777 · Cited by 13
Interplay between HIV-1 innate sensing and restriction in mucosal dendritic cells: balancing defense and viral transmission
Hertoghs, N., Geijtenbeek, T. B. H., & Ribeiro, C. M. S. (2017) · Current Opinion in Virology · doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2017.01.001 · Cited by 15
Dendritic Cells in HIV-1 and HCV Infection: Can They Help Win the Battle?
Sehgal, M., Khan, Z. K., Talal, A. H., & Jain, P. (2013) · Virology Research and Treatment · doi:10.4137/vrt.s11046 · Cited by 12
Efficient Replication of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Resting CD4+T Lymphocytes Is Induced by Coculture with Autologous Dendritic Cells in the Absence of Foreign Antigens
Barat, C., Gilbert, C., & Tremblay, M. J. (2008) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01420-08 · Cited by 7
“In fact, CD4 T-cell infection through transfer from DC leads to a more robust replication than direct infection of such cells (4, 12, 13).”
Background

Authors: Burleigh, L., Lozach, P.-Y., Schiffer, C., Staropoli, I., Pezo, V., Porrot, F., Canque, B., Virelizier, J.-L., Arenzana-Seisdedos, F., & Amara, A.
Affiliations: Unité d'Immunologie Virale
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
CNRS UMR 7151 IUH, Centre Hayem, Hôpital Saint Louis, 1 avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France
Institut Curie INSERM U520, 12 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
Groupe Virus et Immunité, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris, France
Corresponding author: Amara, Ali
ORCID: Burleigh, Laura
Lozach, Pierre-Yves
Staropoli, Isabelle
Canque, Bruno
Amara, Ali
Venue: Journal of Virology
Publisher: American Society for Microbiology
Published: 2006-03-15
Volume: 80
Issue: 6
Pages: 2949-2957
ISSN: 0022-538X (ISSN-L)
1098-5514
DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.6.2949-2957.2006
PMC: PMC1395470
OpenAlex: W1983080372
Cited by: 151
References: 0
Citations by year: 2025: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 12
FWCI: 8.10
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
europepmc.org
Licence: journals.asm.org/non-commercial-tdm-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Virology (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
HAL (submittedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › HIV Research and Treatment
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
Keywords: HIV, dendritic cells, DC-SIGN, endocytosis, viral internalization, viral fusion, CD4+ T cells, HIV transmission, C-type lectin
MeSH terms: DC-Specific ICAM-3 Grabbing Nonintegrin, Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Cell Line, Dendritic Cells, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Receptors, Cell Surface, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, HIV-1, HIV Infections, Cell Adhesion Molecules, Lectins, C-Type

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Infection of Dendritic Cells (DCs), Not DC-SIGN-Mediated Internalization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Is Required for Long-Term Transfer of Virus to T Cells

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Metadata

Record

About these checks