α 4 Coordinates Small Intestinal Epithelium Homeostasis by Regulating Stability of HuR
Open accessAbstract
The mammalian intestinal epithelium is a rapidly self-renewing tissue in the body, and its homeostasis depends on a dynamic balance among proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). The protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A)-associated protein α4 controls the activity and specificity of serine/threonine phosphatases and is thus implicated in many cellular processes. Here, using a genetic approach, we investigated the mechanisms whereby α4 controls the homeostasis of the intestinal epithelium. In mice with ablated α4, the small intestinal mucosa exhibited crypt hyperplasia, villus shrinkage, defective differentiation of Paneth cells, and reduced IEC migration along the crypt-villus axis. The α4-deficient intestinal epithelium also displayed decreased expression of different intercellular junction proteins and abnormal epithelial permeability. In addition, α4 deficiency decreased the levels of the RNA-binding protein HuR in the mucosal tissue. In cultured IECs, ectopic overexpression of HuR in α4-deficient cells rescued the production of these intercellular junction proteins and restored the epithelial barrier function to a nearly normal level. Mechanistically, α4 silencing destabilized HuR through a process involving HuR phosphorylation by IκB kinase α, leading to ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of HuR. These findings indicate that the critical impact of α4 upon the barrier function and homeostasis of the intestinal epithelium depends largely on its ability to regulate the stability of HuR.
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In α4 knockout mice, an increased phospho-IKKα/total IKKα ratio leads to increased IKKα-mediated phosphorylation and degradation of HuR.
“Mechanistically, an increased phospho-IKKα/total IKKα ratio was detected, resulting in increased IKKα-mediated phosphorylation and degradation of the RNA-binding protein HuR.”
From Physiologic functions of PP2A: Lessons from genetically modified mice (2019) · cites this paper as [99]
In α4 knockout mice, crypt cell proliferation is enhanced, crypt-to-villus migration rates are decreased, and apoptosis in the mucosal epithelium is increased.
“Overall, proliferation of crypt cells was enhanced, crypt-to-villus migration rates were decreased, and apoptosis in the mucosal epithelium was increased.”
From Physiologic functions of PP2A: Lessons from genetically modified mice (2019) · cites this paper as [99]
α4 knockout mice are smaller, weigh less, and have a shorter and thinner gastrointestinal tract.
“The α4 KO mice were smaller, weighed less, and contained a shorter and thinner gastrointestinal tract.”
From Physiologic functions of PP2A: Lessons from genetically modified mice (2019) · cites this paper as [99]
Forced overexpression of HuR rescues the epithelial barrier function defects in α4 knockout mice.
“The latter was causally involved, since forced overexpression of HuR could rescue the observed epithelial barrier function defects [99].”
From Physiologic functions of PP2A: Lessons from genetically modified mice (2019) · cites this paper as [99]
A role for PP2A in intestinal development and regulation of intestinal epithelial barrier function is inferred from mice with conditional knockout of α4 in the intestinal epithelium.
“Finally, a role for PP2A in intestinal development and the regulation of intestinal epithelial barrier function was inferred from mice with a conditional KO of α4 in the intestinal epithelium [99].”
From Physiologic functions of PP2A: Lessons from genetically modified mice (2019) · cites this paper as [99]
α4 knockout mice have impaired epithelial barrier function, with increased gut permeability and decreased expression of junction proteins claudin-1/3, ZO-1, and E-cadherin.
“An impaired epithelial barrier function was also apparent, characterized by increased gut permeability and decreased expression of several epithelial junction proteins (e.g.claudin-1/3, ZO-1 and E-cadherin).”
From Physiologic functions of PP2A: Lessons from genetically modified mice (2019) · cites this paper as [99]
The small intestinal mucosal epithelium of α4 knockout mice is abnormally structured, with inhibited mucosal maturation, villous shrinkages, crypt hyperplasia, and displacement of Paneth cells.
“The mucosal epithelium of the small intestine was abnormally structured, showing inhibited mucosal maturation, villous shrinkages, crypt hyperplasia and displacement of the Paneth cells from the bases to the tops of the crypts or the villous areas.”
From Physiologic functions of PP2A: Lessons from genetically modified mice (2019) · cites this paper as [99]
In α4 knockout intestinal mucosa, α4 mRNA and protein are undetectable, correlating with 40% decreased PP2A-C levels.
“Alpha4 mRNA and protein levels in the intestinal mucosa were undetectable, and this correlated with 40% decreased levels of PP2A-C, consistent with several other α4 KO models.”
From Physiologic functions of PP2A: Lessons from genetically modified mice (2019) · cites this paper as [99]
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- Authors
- Chung, H. K., Wang, S. R., Xiao, L., Rathor, N., Turner, D. J., Yang, P., Gorospe, M., Rao, J. N., & Wang, J.-Y.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rao, Jaladanki N.
- Wang, Jian-Ying
- ORCID
- Venue
- Molecular and Cellular Biology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2018-06-01
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 11
- ISSN
- 0270-7306 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-5549
- PMC
- PMC5954190
- OpenAlex
- W2804520871
- Cited by
- 26
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 1.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Molecular and Cellular Biology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Health (DK57819, DK61972, DK68491)
- Department of Veterans Affairs
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Research and Splicing
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Digestive system and related health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
- Keywords
- HuR, small intestine, crypt-villus axis, Paneth cell differentiation, epithelial barrier function, epithelial permeability, IkappaB kinase alpha, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, crypt hyperplasia
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Differentiation, Cells, Cultured, Epithelial Cells, Homeostasis, Intestinal Mucosa, RNA-Binding Proteins, Apoptosis, Mice, Knockout, Cell Proliferation
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