The Immediate-Early Growth Response in Regenerating Liver and Insulin-Stimulated H-35 Cells: Comparison with Serum-Stimulated 3T3 Cells and Identification of 41 Novel Immediate-Early Genes

Abstract

Liver regeneration provides a unique system for analysis of mitogenesis in intact, fully developed animals. Cellular immediate-early genes likely play an important role in cell cycle regulation and have been extensively studied in mitogen-stimulated fibroblasts lymphocytes but not in liver. We have begun to characterize the immediate-early growth response genes of mitogen-stimulated liver cells, specifically, regenerating liver and insulin-stimulated Reuber H-35 hepatoma cells, and to address differences in growth response between different cell types. Through subtraction and differential screening of cDNA libraries from regenerating liver and insulin-treated H-35 cells, we have extensively characterized 341 differentially expressed clones and identified 52 immediate-early genes. These genes have been partially sequenced and subjected to Northern (RNA) blot analysis, and 41 appear to be novel. Surprisingly, two-thirds of these genes are also expressed in BALB/c 3T3 cells, but only 10 were identified in previous studies of 3T3 cells, and of these, 6 include well-known genes like jun and fos, and only 4 are novel. Approximately one-third of the immediate-early genes identified in mitogen-stimulated liver cells or serum-stimulated NIH 3T3 cells are expressed in a tissue-specific fashion, indicating that cell type-specific regulation of the proliferative response occurs during the immediate-early period. Our findings indicate that the immediate-early response is unusually complex for the first step in a regulatory cascade, suggesting that multiple pathways must be activated. The abundance of immediate-early genes and the highly varied pattern of their expression in different cell types suggest that the tissue specificity of the proliferative response arises from the particular set of these genes expressed in a given tissue.