Experimental evolution as a high-throughput screen for genetic adaptations
Open accessAbstract
Experimental evolution is a method in which populations of organisms, often microbes, are founded by one or more ancestors of known genotype and then propagated under controlled conditions to study the evolutionary process. These evolving populations are influenced by all population genetic forces, including selection, mutation, drift, and recombination, and the relative contributions of these forces may be seen as mysterious. Here, I describe why the outcomes of experimental evolution should be viewed with greater certainty because the force of selection typically dominates. Importantly, any mutant rising rapidly to high frequency in large populations must have acquired adaptive traits in the selective environment. Sequencing the genomes of these mutants can identify genes or pathways that contribute to an adaptation. I review the logic and simple mathematics why this evolve-and-resequence approach is a powerful way to find the mutations or mutation combinations that best increase fitness in any new environment.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Laboratory evolution of microbes at high population sizes is a particularly powerful way to examine parallelism and constraint in evolution at genomic and phenotypic levels.
“Laboratory evolution of microbes at high population sizes (at times termed “experimental evolution” or “adaptive laboratory evolution”) is a particularly powerful way to examine parallelism and constraint in evolution at genomic and phenotypic levels (Cooper 2018; Gerstein and Sharp 2021).”
From Acquisition of cross-azole tolerance and aneuploidy in <i>Candida albicans</i> strains evolved to posaconazole (2022) · cites this paper as Cooper 2018
Experimental laboratory evolution has been an effective method to study pathways of adaptation in a variety of biological contexts.
“Experimental laboratory evolution has been an effective method to study pathways of adaptation in a variety of biological contexts (Kawecki et al. 2012; Cooper 2018).”
From Acquisition of cross-azole tolerance and aneuploidy in <i>Candida albicans</i> strains evolved to posaconazole (2022) · cites this paper as Cooper 2018
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Mutations of bacteria from virus sensitivity to virus resistance
Luria, S. E., & Delbrück, M. (1943) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/28.6.491 · Cited by 3,894 · see citing works
The effect of linkage on limits to artificial selection
Hill, W. G., & Robertson, A. (1966) · Genetical Research · doi:10.1017/s0016672300010156 · Cited by 1,823 · see citing works
Lenski, R. E., Rose, M. R., Simpson, S. C., & Tadler, S. C. (1991) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/285289 · Cited by 1,582 · see citing works
The effect of linkage on limits to artificial selection
Hill, W. G., & Robertson, A. (2007) · Genetics Research · doi:10.1017/s001667230800949x · Cited by 1,562 · see citing works
Phase and Antigenic Variation in Bacteria
van der Woude, M. W., & Bäumler, A. J. (2004) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.17.3.581-611.2004 · Cited by 766 · see citing works
Evolutionary paths to antibiotic resistance under dynamically sustained drug selection
Toprak, E., Veres, A., Michel, J.-B., Chait, R., Hartl, D. L., & Kishony, R. (2012) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.1034 · Cited by 764 · see citing works
The dynamics of molecular evolution over 60,000 generations
Good, B. H., McDonald, M. J., Barrick, J. E., Lenski, R. E., & Desai, M. M. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature24287 · Cited by 733 · see citing works
The fate of competing beneficial mutations in an asexual population
Gerrish, P. J., & Lenski, R. E. (1998) · Contemporary issues in genetics and evolution · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-5210-5_12 · Cited by 721 · see citing works
Lee, H., Popodi, E., Tang, H., & Foster, P. L. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1210309109 · Cited by 681 · see citing works
Beneficial Mutation–Selection Balance and the Effect of Linkage on Positive Selection
Desai, M. M., & Fisher, D. S. (2007) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.106.067678 · Cited by 590 · see citing works
The fate of competing beneficial mutations in an asexual population.
Gerrish, P. J., & Lenski, R. E. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 520 · see citing works
Quantitative evolutionary dynamics using high-resolution lineage tracking
Levy, S. F., Blundell, J. R., Venkataram, S., Petrov, D. A., Fisher, D. S., & Sherlock, G. J. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14279 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
Cooper, T. F., Rozen, D. E., & Lenski, R. E. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0334340100 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Experimental evolution and the dynamics of adaptation and genome evolution in microbial populations
Lenski, R. E. (2017) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/ismej.2017.69 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Cooper, V. S., Schneider, D., Blot, M., & Lenski, R. E. (2001) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.183.9.2834-2841.2001 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Self-citationRapid evolution of stability and productivity at the origin of a microbial mutualism
Hillesland, K. L., & Stahl, D. A. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0908456107 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
The fixation probability of beneficial mutations
Patwa, Z., & Wahl, L. M. (2008) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2008.0248 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Rapid evolution of microbe-mediated protection against pathogens in a worm host
King, K. C., Brockhurst, M. A., Vasieva, O., Paterson, S., Betts, A., Ford, S. A., Frost, C. L., Horsburgh, M. J., Haldenby, S. T., & Hurst, G. D. D. (2016) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/ismej.2015.259 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Experimental Evolution of a Plant Pathogen into a Legume Symbiont
Marchetti, M., Capela, D., Glew, M. D., Cruveiller, S., Chane-Woon-Ming, B., Gris-Liebe, C., Timmers, T., Poinsot, V., Gilbert, L. B., Heeb, P., et al. (2010) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000280 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
O’Connor, J. R., Kuwada, N. J., Huangyutitham, V., Wiggins, P. A., & Harwood, C. S. (2012) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/mmi.12013 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Alternative Evolutionary Paths to Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance Cause Distinct Collateral Effects
Barbosa, C., Trebosc, V., Kemmer, C., Rosenstiel, P. C., Beardmore, R., Hinrich Schulenburg, Y., & Jansen, G. (2017) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msx158 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Experimental evolution reveals hidden diversity in evolutionary pathways
Lind, P. A., Farr, A. D., & Rainey, P. B. (2015) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.07074 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
McDonald, M. J., Gehrig, S. M., Meintjes, P., Zhang, X., & Rainey, P. B. (2009) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.109.107110 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Schneider, D., Duperchy, E., Coursange, E., Lenski, R. E., & Blot, M. (2000) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/156.2.477 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Martín, P., van de Ven, T., Mouchel, N. A. P., Jeffries, A. C., Hood, D. W., & Moxon, E. R. (2003) · Molecular Microbiology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03678.x · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Guidot, A., Jiang, W., Ferdy, J., Thébaud, C., Barberis, P. A., Gouzy, J., & Genin, S. (2014) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msu229 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Rapid radiation in bacteria leads to a division of labour
Kim, W., Levy, S. B., & Foster, K. R. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms10508 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Laboratory Evolution of Microbial Interactions in Bacterial Biofilms
Martin, M., Hölscher, T., Dragoš, A., Cooper, V. S., & Kovács, Á. T. (2016) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.01018-15 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationEvolutionary reversion of live viral vaccines: Can genetic engineering subdue it?
Bull, J. J. (2015) · Virus Evolution · doi:10.1093/ve/vev005 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Dillon, M. M., Sung, W., Sebra, R., Lynch, M., & Cooper, V. S. (2016) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msw224 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationDe novo evolved interference competition promotes the spread of biofilm defectors
Martin, M., Dragoš, A., Hölscher, T., Maróti, G., Bálint, B., Westermann, M., & Kovács, Á. T. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms15127 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Host coevolution alters the adaptive landscape of a virus
Burmeister, A. R., Lenski, R. E., & Meyer, J. R. (2016) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.1528 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Evolutionary convergence in experimental Pseudomonas populations
Lind, P. A., Farr, A. D., & Rainey, P. B. (2016) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/ismej.2016.157 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Parallel evolution of small colony variants in Burkholderia cenocepacia biofilms
Cooper, V. S., Staples, R. K., Traverse, C. C., et al. (2014) · Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2014.09.007 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationGallie, J., Libby, E., Bertels, F., Remigi, P., Jendresen, C. B., Ferguson, G. C., Desprat, N., Buffing, M. F., Sauer, U., Beaumont, H. J. E., et al. (2015) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002109 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Evolution of mutualism from parasitism in experimental virus populations
Shapiro, J. W., & Turner, P. E. (2018) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/evo.13440 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Pankey, M. S., Foxall, R. L., Ster, I. M., Perry, L. A., Schuster, B. M., Donner, R. A., Coyle, M., Cooper, V. S., & Whistler, C. A. (2017) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.24414 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationFFPopSim: an efficient forward simulation package for the evolution of large populations
Zanini, F., & Neher, R. A. (2012) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bts633 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
McCully, L. M., Bitzer, A. S., Seaton, S. C., et al. (2019) · mSphere · doi:10.1128/msphere.00696-18 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Lineage Tracking for Probing Heritable Phenotypes at Single-Cell Resolution
Cottinet, D., Condamine, F., Brémond, N., Griffiths, A. D., Rainey, P. B., de Visser, J. A. G. M., Baudry, J., & Bibette, J. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0152395 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
There and back again: consequences of biofilm specialization under selection for dispersal
O’Rourke, D., FitzGerald, C., Traverse, C. C., et al. (2015) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2015.00018 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Peng, F., Widmann, S., Wünsche, A., Duan, K., Donovan, K. A., Dobson, R. C. J., Lenski, R. E., & Cooper, T. F. (2017) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msx279 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Dillon, M. M., Rouillard, N. P., van Dam, B., Gallet, R., & Cooper, V. S. (2016) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/evo.12868 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationDillon, M. M., & Cooper, V. S. (2016) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.116.193060 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationHow Do Microbial Populations and Communities Function as Model Systems?
O’Malley, M. A., Travisano, M., Velicer, G. J., & Bolker, J. A. (2015) · The Quarterly Review of Biology · doi:10.1086/682588 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Zhou, A., Lau, R., Baran, R., Ma, J., von Netzer, F., Shi, W., Gorman‐Lewis, D., Kempher, M. L., He, Z., Qin, Y., et al. (2017) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.01780-17 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
McCully, L. M., Bitzer, A. S., Seaton, S. C., et al. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/296814 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Kukurudz, R. J., Chapel, M., Wonitowy, Q., Adamu Bukari, A.-R., Sidney, B., Sierhuis, R., & Gerstein, A. C. (2022) · G3 · doi:10.1093/g3journal/jkac156 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Evolutionary rescue of phosphomannomutase deficiency in yeast models of human disease
Vignogna, R. C., Allocca, M., Monticelli, M., Norris, J. W., Steet, R., Perlstein, E. O., Andreotti, G., & Lang, G. I. (2022) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.79346 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cooper, V. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cooper, Vaughn S.
- ORCID
- Cooper, Vaughn S.
- Venue
- mSphere
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2018-06-27
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 3
- ISSN
- 2379-5042 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5956144
- OpenAlex
- W2801802352
- Cited by
- 126
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 7.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- mSphere (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U01 AI124302-01)
- HHS | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM110444)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NAI CAN-7 NNA15BB04A)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Language and cultural evolution
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
- Keywords
- experimental evolution, genetic adaptation, evolve-and-resequence, high-throughput screening, selection, genetic mutations, genetic drift, recombination, fitness, adaptive mutation, population genetics, microbial evolution
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Biological, Genetics, Microbial, Genetics, Population, Models, Biological, Selection, Genetic, Evolution, Molecular
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review