A deep root for the Cambrian explosion: Implications of new bio- and chemostratigraphy from the Siberian Platform
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Much uncertainty remains as to the temporal relationship between the Ediacaran and Cambrian biotas, yet this is critical to our understanding of the rise of metazoans. Here we present new high resolution carbon isotope chemostratigraphy and biostratigraphy for a terminal Ediacaran to Cambrian succession on the eastern Siberian Platform, Russia, which shows the presence of a succession of diverse fossil assemblages before the start of the basal Cambrian negative carbon isotope excursion (BACE). Softbodied Ediacaran biota (Beltanelliformis) occur before the start of the late Ediacaran positive carbon isotope plateau (EPIP), a mixed Ediacaran and Cambrian skeletal biota (Cloudina, Anabarities, Cambrotubulus) appear within the EPIP, and diverse Cambrian-type small shelly fossils including Protohertzina and other protocondonts, halkieriids, chancelloriids, hyoliths, hyolithelminthes and the burrowing trace fossil (Diplocraterion) appear at the beginning of the BACE. These integrated data show that taxa attributed to so-called Ediacaran and earliest Cambrian skeletal biotas in fact overlap without notable biotic turnover, and thus refute the presence of a large isotope excursion coincident with mass extinction of all Ediacaran biota. We propose a new biozone, the Cloudina-Namacalathus-Sinotubulites Assemblage Zone, to precede the known small shelly fossil (SSF) zones. These observations raise doubts as to whether there is any true separation between the Ediacaran and Cambrian skeletal biotas, and suggest that there is a deep root for the Cambrian Explosion of metazoans.
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The worldwide ECN or N1 negative δ13Ccarb excursion, named BACE, is consistent with the first appearance of small shelly fossils of Anabarites trisulcatus zone, which was calibrated as the beginning of Cambrian.
“The worldwide ECN or N1 negative δ13Ccarb excursion, named the BACE5,45, is consistent with the first appearance of small shelly fossils of Anabarites trisulcatus zone33, which was calibrated as the beginning of Cambrian61.”
From Enhanced weathering as a trigger for the rise of atmospheric O2 level from the late Ediacaran to the early Cambrian (2019) · cites this paper as [5]
Citation 61 is attached to the claim that the first appearance of the Anabarites trisulcatus zone was calibrated as the beginning of the Cambrian. The Introduction instead says the first appearance of Treptichnus pedum defines the Precambrian–Cambrian boundary. The Discussion also says an Anabarites-bearing assemblage can be interpreted as uppermost Ediacaran, rather than fixing the boundary. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe BACE was followed by the rapid appearance and diversification of bilaterian animals in the early Cambrian.
“The BACE, on the other hand, was followed by the rapid appearance and diversification of bilaterian animals in the early Cambrian according to a combined study of lithology, fossils and geochemical data5,47.”
From Enhanced weathering as a trigger for the rise of atmospheric O2 level from the late Ediacaran to the early Cambrian (2019) · cites this paper as [5]
The Introduction says the BACE was followed by the rapid appearance and diversification of bilaterian animals, but presents this as prior understanding. The paper’s own data and Discussion instead report considerable diversification of Cambrian-type skeletal taxa before the BACE and no notable turnover across it. Thus the claim repeats the introductory account but overstates what the combined study found. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThere is a transitional small shelly fossil biota in SE Siberia.
“Transitional small shelly fossil biota, SE Siberia (from (6)).”
From Integrated records of environmental change and evolution challenge the Cambrian Explosion (2019) · cites this paper as [6]
High-resolution carbon isotope chemostratigraphy and biostratigraphy for a terminal Ediacaran to Cambrian succession on the eastern Siberian Platform show the presence of a succession of diverse fossil assemblages before the start of the BACE.
“Secondly, high-resolution carbon isotope chemostratigraphy and biostratigraphy for a terminal Ediacaran to Cambrian succession on the eastern Siberian Platform show the presence of a succession of diverse fossil assemblages before the start of the BACE (6).”
From Integrated records of environmental change and evolution challenge the Cambrian Explosion (2019) · cites this paper as [6]
There is possibly no true separation between Ediacaran and Cambrian skeletal biotas.
“some authors indicated that the roots of the Cambrian 'Explosion ' lie in the Precambrian, and considered that there is possibly no true separation between Ediacaran and Cambrian skeletal biotas (e.g., Zhu et al., 2017).”
From No (Cambrian) explosion and no (Ordovician) event: A single long-term radiation in the early Palaeozoic (2023) · cites this paper as Zhu et al., 2017
The Ediacaran biotas of the latest Precambrian were already highly diverse.
“It is now clear that the Ediacaran biotas of the latest Pre cambrian were already highly diverse; some authors indicated that the roots of the Cambrian 'Explosion ' lie in the Precambrian, and considered that there is possibly no true separation between Ediacaran and Cambrian skeletal biotas (e.g., Zhu et al., 2017).”
From No (Cambrian) explosion and no (Ordovician) event: A single long-term radiation in the early Palaeozoic (2023) · cites this paper as Zhu et al., 2017
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Wu, C., Zhang, L., Zhang, T., Tuo, J., Song, D., Liu, Y., Zhang, M., & Xing, L. (2019) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.109457 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Biomineralization of the Cambrian chancelloriids
Yun, H., Zhang, X., Brock, G. A., Li, L., & Li, G. (2021) · Geology · doi:10.1130/g48428.1 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Liu, Z.-R. R., Zhou, M., & Wang, W. (2021) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2021.04.011 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Diverse Assemblage of Ediacaran fossils from Central Iran
Vaziri, S. H., Majidifard, M. R., & Laflamme, M. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-23442-y · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Luo, C., & Miao, L. (2020) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109635 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Marusin, V. V., Колесникова, А. А., Kochnev, B. B., Kuznetsov, N. B., Pokrovsky, B. G., Romanyuk, T. V., Karlova, G. A., Rud’ko, S. V., Shatsillo, A. V., Dubenskiy, А. S., et al. (2020) · Geological Magazine · doi:10.1017/s0016756820001132 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Taxonomic revision of Ediacaran tubular fossils: Cloudina, Sinotubulites and Conotubus
Yang, B., Warren, L. V., Steiner, M., Smith, E. F., & Liu, P. (2021) · Journal of Paleontology · doi:10.1017/jpa.2021.95 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“…of Huqf Group, Birba Area, Oman (Conway Morris et al., 1990); Ust’-Yudoma Formation, Uchur-Maya region, Southeast Siberia (Zhuravlev et al., 2012; Zhu et al., 2017); Tarzhul’ Formation in Kuznetsk Alatau (Terleev et al., 2011) and Raiga Formation in Tomsk Region (Kontorovich et al., 2008), West…”
BackgroundInfluentialFu, Y., Wang, F., Guo, C., Li, C., & Xia, P. (2022) · Journal of Earth Science · doi:10.1007/s12583-021-1473-4 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“In Yunnan Province (China), volcanic ash beds at the base of the BACE excursion from several E-C transitional intervals yield zircon ages of 540.7-539.6 Ma (Zhu et al., 2017), indicating that the ages of the E-C boundary should be younger than 539.6 Ma (Zhu et al., 2019).”
BackgroundInfluentialLiyuan, W., Qingjun, G., Changqiu, Z., Rongfei, W., Yinan, D., Han, X., Tian, L., Jing, K., & Yang, X. (2020) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2020.105942 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Zhang, L., Chang, S., Chen, C., Wang, X., Feng, Q., Steiner, M., Yang, B., Mason, R., She, Z., Yan, J., et al. (2022) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2021.106552 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Yi, Y., Chen, F., Algeo, T. J., & Feng, Q. (2022) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.110878 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
New and revised small shelly fossil record from the lower Cambrian of northern Iran
Devaere, L., Korn, D., Ghaderi, A., Struck, U., & Bavandpur, A. K. (2021) · Papers in Palaeontology · doi:10.1002/spp2.1391 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“In each sequence, anabaritids and protoconodonts are part of the first faunal assemblage (protoconodonts are slightly delayed compared with anabaritids for Li et al. 2007, Maloof et al. 2010, Kouchinsky et al. 2012 and Zhu et al. 2017).”
BackgroundThe terminal Ediacaran tubular fossil Cloudina in the Yangtze Gorges area of South China
Liang, D., Cai, Y., Nolan, M. R., & Xiao, S. (2020) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2020.105931 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Terreneuvian bio- and chemostratigraphy of the South Sichuan Region (South China)
Yang, B., & Steiner, M. (2021) · Journal of the Geological Society · doi:10.1144/jgs2020-167 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Anabarites was reported together with Ediacaran tubular fossils such as Cloudina, suggesting that this organism putatively appeared earlier than other Cambrian SSFs (Yang et al. 2016; Zhu et al. 2017; Cai et al. 2019).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEdiacaran Cordilleran-type mountain ice sheets and their erosion effects
Niu, Y.-Z., Shi, G. R., Zhang, Q., Jones, B. G., Wang, X., & Zhao, G. (2024) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104671 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Li, W.-P., Zhao, Y.-Y., Zhao, M.-Y., Zha, X.-P., & Zheng, Y.-F. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-47142-3 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Ye, Y., Shen, J., Feng, Q., & Lash, G. G. (2020) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109672 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Huang, K., Cheng, M., Algeo, T. J., Hu, J., Wang, H., Zhang, Z., Dodd, M. S., Wu, Y., Guo, W., & Li, C. (2022) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2022.106814 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Sun, H., Zhao, F., Steiner, M., Li, G., Na, L., Pan, B., Yin, Z., Zeng, H., Iten, H. V., & Zhu, M. (2020) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.109580 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationEnduring evolutionary embellishment of cloudinids in the Cambrian
Park, T. S., Jung, J., Lee, M., Lee, S., Zhen, Y. Y., Hua, H., Warren, L. V., & Hughes, N. C. (2021) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.210829 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Global sea-level fall triggered Ediacaran–Cambrian unconformity in North China craton
Sun, Y., Ouyang, Q., Lang, X., Pang, K., Wu, C., Chen, Z., & Zhou, C. (2023) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118411 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Yun, H., Zhang, X., Li, L., Pan, B., Li, G., & Brock, G. A. (2019) · Geobios · doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2019.02.001 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Neoproterozoic Earth-life system
Tang, Q., Cui, H., & Zhang, F. (2021) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2021.106486 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Zhao, K., Zhu, G., Zheng, W., Sun, G., Li, T., & Zhang, Z. (2023) · Global and Planetary Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2023.104214 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Low oxygen but dynamic marine redox conditions permitted the Cambrian Radiation
Alexander, R. D., Zhuravlev, A. Y., Bowyer, F. T., Pichevin, L., Poulton, S. W., Kouchinsky, A., & Wood, R. A. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.ads2846 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationEdiacaran diversity and paleoecology from central Iran
Vaziri, S. H., Majidifard, M. R., Darroch, S. A. F., & Laflamme, M. (2020) · Journal of Paleontology · doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.88 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Marine oxygenation, deoxygenation, and life during the Early Paleozoic: An overview
Zhang, J., Edwards, C. T., Diamond, C., Lyons, T. W., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110715 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Ediacaran Corumbella has a cataphract calcareous skeleton with controlled biomineralization
Osés, G. L., Wood, R. A., Romero, G. R., Prado, G., Bidola, P., Herzen, J., Pfeiffer, F., Stampar, S. N., & Pacheco, M. L. A. F. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.105676 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationPrecambrian Earth: Co-evolution of life and geodynamics
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Luo, C., & Maoyan, Z. (2025) · Geology · doi:10.1130/g52956.1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Zhang, T., Huang, D., Shao, D., & Luo, H. (2022) · Marine and Petroleum Geology · doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2022.105958 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Bowyer, F. T., Messori, F., Wood, R. A., Linnemann, U., Pérez, E. R., Hofmann, M., Zieger, J., Ndeunyema, J., Shipanga, M., Mataboge, B., et al. (2025) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105169 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationGeorge, B. G., Kumar, S., & Ray, J. S. (2021) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2021.106378 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Moore, J. L., Porter, S. M., Webster, M., & Maloof, A. C. (2019) · Papers in Palaeontology · doi:10.1002/spp2.1274 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Zhu et al. (2017) have recently recorded the presence of chancelloriids from what may be the latest Ediacaran of Siberia, but the published figure is not clearly diagnostic.”
BackgroundCauses and consequences of end-Ediacaran extinction – an update
Darroch, S. A. F., Smith, E. F., Nelson, L. L., Craffey, M., Schiffbauer, J. D., & Laflamme, M. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms: Extinction · doi:10.1017/ext.2023.12 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“For example, recent studies suggest that some Ediacaran-type biomineralizing taxa may persist into the early Cambrian (e.g., Zhu et al., 2017; Yang et al., 2021), albeit in limited localities and numbers (Cai et al., 2019).”
Kabouri, J. E., Errami, E., Bowyer, F. T., Becker-Kerber, B., & Belkacim, S. (2024) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105010 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
A problematic animal fossil from the early Cambrian Hetang Formation, South China
Tang, Q., Hu, J., Xie, G., Yuan, X., Wan, B., Zhou, C., Dong, X., Cao, G., Lieberman, B. S., Leys, S. P., et al. (2019) · Journal of Paleontology · doi:10.1017/jpa.2019.26 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Agić, H., Högström, A. E. S., Jensen, S., Ebbestad, J. O. R., Vickers-Rich, P., Hall, M., Matthews, J. J., Meinhold, G., Høyberget, M., & Taylor, W. L. (2021) · Geological Magazine · doi:10.1017/s0016756821001096 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“2016; Zhu et al .”
The Ediacaran‐Cambrian Transition
Kaufman, A. J. (2018) · Geophysical monograph · doi:10.1002/9781119382508.ch7 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Dawn of diverse shelled and carbonaceous animal microfossils at ~ 571 Ma
Morais, L., Freitas, B. T., Fairchild, T. R., Arcos, R. E. C., Guillong, M., Vance, D., de Campos, M. D. R., Babinski, M., Pereira, L. G., Leme, J. D. M., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-65671-4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“This reinforces previous suggestions that the Ediacaran and the Cambrian skeletal biota represents a continuum in the evolution of biomineralization, thus undermining the hypothesis of an Ediacaran-Cambrian extinction of skeletal organisms 20,87 .”
Zheng, W., Wang, X., Wan, B., Pang, K., & Tang, Q. (2022) · Journal of Asian Earth Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2022.105489 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
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Mtonda, M., le Roux, P., Taylor, W. L., Wilton, A., & Tostevin, R. (2024) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2024.107339 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Luo, M., Brock, G. A., Liang, Y., Song, B., Hu, Y., Liu, F., & Zhang, Z. (2024) · Journal of the Geological Society · doi:10.1144/jgs2023-231 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Discovery of White Sea assemblage fossils from Laurentia
Evans, S. D., Sperling, E. A., Lau, K., & Strauss, J. V. (2026) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aed9916 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Ansari, A. H., & Pandey, S. K. (2021) · Journal of the Geological Society of India · doi:10.1007/s12594-021-1736-9 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Ediacaran-Cambrian (E-C) transition that has been well known for the Ediacaran biota, extinction and emergencediversification of biomineralising fauna (Darroch et al., 2018; Laflamme et al., 2013; Marshall, 2006; Na and Kiessling, 2015; Wood et al., 2019; Marshall, 2006), has also displayed presence of prominent carbo…”
Background黄, 建., 刘, 晓., 何, 永., 沈, 树., 侯, 增., 李, 曙., 李, 昶., 姚, 丽., & 黄, 季. (2021) · SCIENTIA SINICA Terrae · doi:10.1360/n072020-0399 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Chang, S., Feng, Q., & Zheng, S. (2023) · Journal of Earth Science · doi:10.1007/s12583-021-1485-0 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Psarras, C., Donoghue, P. C. J., Garwood, R. J., Grazhdankin, D. V., Parry, L. A., Rogov, V. I., & Liu, A. (2023) · Papers in Palaeontology · doi:10.1002/spp2.1531 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“2017; Zhu et al .”
Deep-water dissolved iron cycling and reservoir size across the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition
Xiang, L., Schoepfer, S. D., Zhang, H., Chen, Z., Cao, C., & Shen, S. (2020) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.119575 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“While the astonishing expansion of animal diversity known as the Cambrian explosion was rooted in the Ediacaran, it did not reach its peak until Stage 3 of Cambrian Series 2 (Erwin et al., 2011; Zhu et al., 2017).”
Background
- Authors
- Zhu, M., Zhuravlev, A. Y., Wood, R. A., Zhao, F., & Sukhov, S. S.
- Affiliations
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Lomonosov Moscow State University (RU)
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology (CN)
- Siberian Research Institute of Geology, Geophysics and Mineral Resources (RU)
- Corresponding author
- Zhu, M.
- Venue
- Geology
- Publisher
- Geological Society of America
- Published
- 2017-03-16
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 459-462
- ISSN
- 0091-7613 (ISSN-L)
- 1943-2682
- OpenAlex
- W2595726824
- Cited by
- 176
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 5
- FWCI
- 10.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Geology (publishedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (2013CB835006)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (2013CB835006, XDB18030304)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Evolutionary Biology
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Keywords
- Cambrian explosion, Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary, carbon isotope stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, small shelly fossils, Cloudina, chancelloriids, hyoliths, Diplocraterion, negative carbon isotope excursion, Ediacaran biota, Siberian Platform, biozones
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