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A deep root for the Cambrian explosion: Implications of new bio- and chemostratigraphy from the Siberian Platform
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Much uncertainty remains as to the temporal relationship between the Ediacaran and Cambrian biotas, yet this is critical to our understanding of the rise of metazoans. Here we present new high resolution carbon isotope chemostratigraphy and biostratigraphy for a terminal Ediacaran to Cambrian succession on the eastern Siberian Platform, Russia, which shows the presence of a succession of diverse fossil assemblages before the start of the basal Cambrian negative carbon isotope excursion (BACE). Softbodied Ediacaran biota (Beltanelliformis) occur before the start of the late Ediacaran positive carbon isotope plateau (EPIP), a mixed Ediacaran and Cambrian skeletal biota (Cloudina, Anabarities, Cambrotubulus) appear within the EPIP, and diverse Cambrian-type small shelly fossils including Protohertzina and other protocondonts, halkieriids, chancelloriids, hyoliths, hyolithelminthes and the burrowing trace fossil (Diplocraterion) appear at the beginning of the BACE. These integrated data show that taxa attributed to so-called Ediacaran and earliest Cambrian skeletal biotas in fact overlap without notable biotic turnover, and thus refute the presence of a large isotope excursion coincident with mass extinction of all Ediacaran biota. We propose a new biozone, the Cloudina-Namacalathus-Sinotubulites Assemblage Zone, to precede the known small shelly fossil (SSF) zones. These observations raise doubts as to whether there is any true separation between the Ediacaran and Cambrian skeletal biotas, and suggest that there is a deep root for the Cambrian Explosion of metazoans.
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“The worldwide ECN or N1 negative δ13Ccarb excursion, named the BACE5,45, is consistent with the first appearance of small shelly fossils of Anabarites trisulcatus zone33, which was calibrated as the beginning of Cambrian61.”
From Enhanced weathering as a trigger for the rise of atmospheric O2 level from the late Ediacaran to the early Cambrian (2019) · cites this paper as [5]
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“The BACE, on the other hand, was followed by the rapid appearance and diversification of bilaterian animals in the early Cambrian according to a combined study of lithology, fossils and geochemical data5,47.”
From Enhanced weathering as a trigger for the rise of atmospheric O2 level from the late Ediacaran to the early Cambrian (2019) · cites this paper as [5]
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“Transitional small shelly fossil biota, SE Siberia (from (6)).”
From Integrated records of environmental change and evolution challenge the Cambrian Explosion (2019) · cites this paper as [6]
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“Secondly, high-resolution carbon isotope chemostratigraphy and biostratigraphy for a terminal Ediacaran to Cambrian succession on the eastern Siberian Platform show the presence of a succession of diverse fossil assemblages before the start of the BACE (6).”
From Integrated records of environmental change and evolution challenge the Cambrian Explosion (2019) · cites this paper as [6]
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“some authors indicated that the roots of the Cambrian 'Explosion ' lie in the Precambrian, and considered that there is possibly no true separation between Ediacaran and Cambrian skeletal biotas (e.g., Zhu et al., 2017).”
From No (Cambrian) explosion and no (Ordovician) event: A single long-term radiation in the early Palaeozoic (2023) · cites this paper as Zhu et al., 2017
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“It is now clear that the Ediacaran biotas of the latest Pre cambrian were already highly diverse; some authors indicated that the roots of the Cambrian 'Explosion ' lie in the Precambrian, and considered that there is possibly no true separation between Ediacaran and Cambrian skeletal biotas (e.g., Zhu et al., 2017).”
From No (Cambrian) explosion and no (Ordovician) event: A single long-term radiation in the early Palaeozoic (2023) · cites this paper as Zhu et al., 2017
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Climatic-oceanic destabilization facilitated the euxinic expansion in the early Cambrian oceans
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“These fossils are prominently different from those of the early Cambrian, and majority of them became extinct by the end of the Ediacaran, although some of them persisted into the early Cambrian (Yang et al., 2016; Zhu et al., 2017; Cai et al., 2019) (Figure 4).”
Self-citationTerminal Ediacaran–Terreneuvian revolutions in Siberia
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These bizarre ancient species are rewriting animal evolution
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“Despite these uncertainties, the Kyra-Ytyga section does record the co-occurrence of cloudinomorphs and anabaritids at the same level (Zhu et al., 2017).”
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Rehman, J. U., Fu, S.-S., Luo, C., Zhang, L., Lang, X.-G., & Yang, C. (2026) · Palaeoworld · doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2026.201182
An updated strontium isotope curve for early Cambrian seawater
Xu, A., He, T., Shields, G., von Strandmann, P. A. E. P., Zhuravlev, A. Y., Zhou, Y., THIRLWALL, M. F., Manning, C., Zhang, Y., Yang, C., et al. (2026) · Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology · doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2026.114244
Self-citationDoerrler, A. D., Gan, T., Gilleaudeau, G. J., Pedersen, M. G., Bykova, N., Marusin, V. V., Іvanova, N., Kochnev, B. B., Grazhdankin, D. V., Kletetschka, K., et al. (2026) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/gbi.70066
“…Topper et al. 2022, who report the presumed cloudinomorph Zuunia chimidtsereni during the BACE in Mongolia at the top of the Zuun-Arts Formation and continuing upsection into the basal Bayangol Formation, as well as other rare examples of Cambrian cloudiinids; Yang et al. 2016; Zhu et al. 2017).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Zhu, M., Zhuravlev, A. Y., Wood, R. A., Zhao, F., & Sukhov, S. S.
- Affiliations
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Lomonosov Moscow State University (RU)
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology (CN)
- Siberian Research Institute of Geology, Geophysics and Mineral Resources (RU)
- Corresponding author
- Zhu, M.
- Venue
- Geology
- Publisher
- Geological Society of America
- Published
- 2017-03-16
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 459-462
- ISSN
- 0091-7613 (ISSN-L)
- 1943-2682
- OpenAlex
- W2595726824
- Cited by
- 176
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 5
- FWCI
- 10.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Geology (publishedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (2013CB835006)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (2013CB835006, XDB18030304)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Evolutionary Biology
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Keywords
- Cambrian explosion, Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary, carbon isotope stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, small shelly fossils, Cloudina, chancelloriids, hyoliths, Diplocraterion, negative carbon isotope excursion, Ediacaran biota, Siberian Platform, biozones
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