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A deep root for the Cambrian explosion: Implications of new bio- and chemostratigraphy from the Siberian Platform
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Much uncertainty remains as to the temporal relationship between the Ediacaran and Cambrian biotas, yet this is critical to our understanding of the rise of metazoans. Here we present new high resolution carbon isotope chemostratigraphy and biostratigraphy for a terminal Ediacaran to Cambrian succession on the eastern Siberian Platform, Russia, which shows the presence of a succession of diverse fossil assemblages before the start of the basal Cambrian negative carbon isotope excursion (BACE). Softbodied Ediacaran biota (Beltanelliformis) occur before the start of the late Ediacaran positive carbon isotope plateau (EPIP), a mixed Ediacaran and Cambrian skeletal biota (Cloudina, Anabarities, Cambrotubulus) appear within the EPIP, and diverse Cambrian-type small shelly fossils including Protohertzina and other protocondonts, halkieriids, chancelloriids, hyoliths, hyolithelminthes and the burrowing trace fossil (Diplocraterion) appear at the beginning of the BACE. These integrated data show that taxa attributed to so-called Ediacaran and earliest Cambrian skeletal biotas in fact overlap without notable biotic turnover, and thus refute the presence of a large isotope excursion coincident with mass extinction of all Ediacaran biota. We propose a new biozone, the Cloudina-Namacalathus-Sinotubulites Assemblage Zone, to precede the known small shelly fossil (SSF) zones. These observations raise doubts as to whether there is any true separation between the Ediacaran and Cambrian skeletal biotas, and suggest that there is a deep root for the Cambrian Explosion of metazoans.
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“The worldwide ECN or N1 negative δ13Ccarb excursion, named the BACE5,45, is consistent with the first appearance of small shelly fossils of Anabarites trisulcatus zone33, which was calibrated as the beginning of Cambrian61.”
From Enhanced weathering as a trigger for the rise of atmospheric O2 level from the late Ediacaran to the early Cambrian (2019) · cites this paper as [5]
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“The BACE, on the other hand, was followed by the rapid appearance and diversification of bilaterian animals in the early Cambrian according to a combined study of lithology, fossils and geochemical data5,47.”
From Enhanced weathering as a trigger for the rise of atmospheric O2 level from the late Ediacaran to the early Cambrian (2019) · cites this paper as [5]
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“Transitional small shelly fossil biota, SE Siberia (from (6)).”
From Integrated records of environmental change and evolution challenge the Cambrian Explosion (2019) · cites this paper as [6]
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“Secondly, high-resolution carbon isotope chemostratigraphy and biostratigraphy for a terminal Ediacaran to Cambrian succession on the eastern Siberian Platform show the presence of a succession of diverse fossil assemblages before the start of the BACE (6).”
From Integrated records of environmental change and evolution challenge the Cambrian Explosion (2019) · cites this paper as [6]
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“some authors indicated that the roots of the Cambrian 'Explosion ' lie in the Precambrian, and considered that there is possibly no true separation between Ediacaran and Cambrian skeletal biotas (e.g., Zhu et al., 2017).”
From No (Cambrian) explosion and no (Ordovician) event: A single long-term radiation in the early Palaeozoic (2023) · cites this paper as Zhu et al., 2017
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“It is now clear that the Ediacaran biotas of the latest Pre cambrian were already highly diverse; some authors indicated that the roots of the Cambrian 'Explosion ' lie in the Precambrian, and considered that there is possibly no true separation between Ediacaran and Cambrian skeletal biotas (e.g., Zhu et al., 2017).”
From No (Cambrian) explosion and no (Ordovician) event: A single long-term radiation in the early Palaeozoic (2023) · cites this paper as Zhu et al., 2017
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“On the other hand, recent paleontological data from Southern Shaanxi (China), Maly Karatau (Kazakhstan), and the eastern Siberian Platform (Russia) show that the Ediacaran index fossils overlap with the SSFs in the E-C boundary successions (Cai et al., 2019; Zhu et al., 2017; Yang et al., 2016).”
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“In Yunnan Province (China), volcanic ash beds at the base of the BACE excursion from several E-C transitional intervals yield zircon ages of 540.7-539.6 Ma (Zhu et al., 2017), indicating that the ages of the E-C boundary should be younger than 539.6 Ma (Zhu et al., 2019).”
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“Anabarites was reported together with Ediacaran tubular fossils such as Cloudina, suggesting that this organism putatively appeared earlier than other Cambrian SSFs (Yang et al. 2016; Zhu et al. 2017; Cai et al. 2019).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEdiacaran Cordilleran-type mountain ice sheets and their erosion effects
Niu, Y.-Z., Shi, G. R., Zhang, Q., Jones, B. G., Wang, X., & Zhao, G. (2024) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104671 · Cited by 20
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Self-citationEnduring evolutionary embellishment of cloudinids in the Cambrian
Park, T., Jung, J., Lee, M., Lee, S.-M., Zhen, Y., Hua, H., Warren, L., & Hughes, N. (2021) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.210829 · Cited by 16
Global sea-level fall triggered Ediacaran–Cambrian unconformity in North China craton
Sun, Y., Ouyang, Q., Lang, X., Pang, K., Wu, C., Chen, Z., & Zhou, C. (2023) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118411 · Cited by 17
Yun, H., Zhang, X.-L., Li, L.-Y., Pan, B., Li, G., & Brock, G. (2019) · Geobios · doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2019.02.001 · Cited by 16
Neoproterozoic Earth-life system
Tang, Q., Cui, H., & Zhang, F. (2021) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2021.106486 · Cited by 17
Zhao, K., Zhu, G.-Y., Zheng, W., Sun, G.-Y., Li, T., & Zhang, Z.-Y. (2023) · Global and Planetary Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2023.104214 · Cited by 16
Low oxygen but dynamic marine redox conditions permitted the Cambrian Radiation
Alexander, R. D., Zhuravlev, A. Y., Bowyer, F. T., Pichevin, L., Poulton, S. W., Kouchinsky, A., & Wood, R. A. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.ads2846 · Cited by 21
Self-citationEdiacaran diversity and paleoecology from central Iran
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Marine oxygenation, deoxygenation, and life during the Early Paleozoic: An overview
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Ediacaran Corumbella has a cataphract calcareous skeleton with controlled biomineralization
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Self-citationPrecambrian Earth: Co-evolution of life and geodynamics
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“Zhu et al. (2017) have recently recorded the presence of chancelloriids from what may be the latest Ediacaran of Siberia, but the published figure is not clearly diagnostic.”
BackgroundCauses and consequences of end-Ediacaran extinction – an update
Darroch, S. A. F., Smith, E. F., Nelson, L. L., Craffey, M., Schiffbauer, J. D., & Laflamme, M. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms: Extinction · doi:10.1017/ext.2023.12 · Cited by 37
“For example, recent studies suggest that some Ediacaran-type biomineralizing taxa may persist into the early Cambrian (e.g., Zhu et al., 2017; Yang et al., 2021), albeit in limited localities and numbers (Cai et al., 2019).”
Kabouri, J. E., Errami, E., Bowyer, F. T., Becker-Kerber, B., & Belkacim, S. (2024) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105010 · Cited by 11
A problematic animal fossil from the early Cambrian Hetang Formation, South China
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“2016; Zhu et al .”
The Ediacaran‐Cambrian Transition
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Dawn of diverse shelled and carbonaceous animal microfossils at ~ 571 Ma
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“This reinforces previous suggestions that the Ediacaran and the Cambrian skeletal biota represents a continuum in the evolution of biomineralization, thus undermining the hypothesis of an Ediacaran-Cambrian extinction of skeletal organisms 20,87 .”
Zheng, W., Wang, X., Wan, B., Pang, K., & Tang, Q. (2022) · Journal of Asian Earth Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2022.105489 · Cited by 10
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Luo, M., Brock, G. A., Liang, Y., Song, B., Hu, Y., Liu, F., & Zhang, Z. (2024) · Journal of the Geological Society · doi:10.1144/jgs2023-231 · Cited by 9
Discovery of White Sea assemblage fossils from Laurentia
Evans, S. D., Sperling, E. A., Lau, K., & Strauss, J. V. (2026) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aed9916 · Cited by 10
Ansari, A. H., & Pandey, S. K. (2021) · Journal of the Geological Society of India · doi:10.1007/s12594-021-1736-9 · Cited by 9
“Ediacaran-Cambrian (E-C) transition that has been well known for the Ediacaran biota, extinction and emergencediversification of biomineralising fauna (Darroch et al., 2018; Laflamme et al., 2013; Marshall, 2006; Na and Kiessling, 2015; Wood et al., 2019; Marshall, 2006), has also displayed presence of prominent carbo…”
Background黄, 建., 刘, 晓., 何, 永., 沈, 树., 侯, 增., 李, 曙., 李, 昶., 姚, 丽., & 黄, 季. (2021) · SCIENTIA SINICA Terrae · doi:10.1360/n072020-0399 · Cited by 8
Zhang, Y., Chang, S., Feng, Q., & Zheng, S. (2023) · Journal of Earth Science · doi:10.1007/s12583-021-1485-0 · Cited by 9
Psarras, C., Donoghue, P. C. J., Garwood, R. J., Grazhdankin, D. V., Parry, L. A., Rogov, V. I., & Liu, A. (2023) · Papers in Palaeontology · doi:10.1002/spp2.1531 · Cited by 9
“2017; Zhu et al .”
Deep-water dissolved iron cycling and reservoir size across the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition
Xiang, L., Schoepfer, S. D., Zhang, H., Chen, Z., Cao, C., & Shen, S. (2020) · Chemical Geology · doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.119575 · Cited by 9
“While the astonishing expansion of animal diversity known as the Cambrian explosion was rooted in the Ediacaran, it did not reach its peak until Stage 3 of Cambrian Series 2 (Erwin et al., 2011; Zhu et al., 2017).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Zhu, M., Zhuravlev, A. Y., Wood, R. A., Zhao, F., & Sukhov, S. S.
- Affiliations
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Lomonosov Moscow State University (RU)
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology (CN)
- Siberian Research Institute of Geology, Geophysics and Mineral Resources (RU)
- Corresponding author
- Zhu, M.
- Venue
- Geology
- Publisher
- Geological Society of America
- Published
- 2017-03-16
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 459-462
- ISSN
- 0091-7613 (ISSN-L)
- 1943-2682
- OpenAlex
- W2595726824
- Cited by
- 176
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 5
- FWCI
- 10.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Geology (publishedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (2013CB835006)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (2013CB835006, XDB18030304)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Evolutionary Biology
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Keywords
- Cambrian explosion, Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary, carbon isotope stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, small shelly fossils, Cloudina, chancelloriids, hyoliths, Diplocraterion, negative carbon isotope excursion, Ediacaran biota, Siberian Platform, biozones
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