Non-specific effects of vaccines: plausible and potentially important, but implications uncertain

Sex differences in immune responses

Klein, S. L., & Flanagan, K. L. (2016) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri.2016.90 · Cited by 6,370 · see citing works

Trained immunity: A program of innate immune memory in health and– disease

Netea, M. G., Joosten, L. A. B., Latz, E., Mills, K. H. G., Natoli, G., Stunnenberg, H. G., O’Neill, L. A. J., & Xavier, R. J. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaf1098 · Cited by 2,768 · see citing works

Bacille Calmette-Guérin induces NOD2-dependent nonspecific protection from reinfection via epigenetic reprogramming of monocytes

Kleinnijenhuis, J., Quintin, J., Preijers, F., Joosten, L. A. B., Ifrim, D. C., Saeed, S., Jacobs, C., van Loenhout, J., de Jong, D., Stunnenberg, H. G., et al. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1202870109 · Cited by 1,728 · see citing works

Systems biology approach predicts immunogenicity of the yellow fever vaccine in humans

Querec, T. D., Akondy, R. S., Lee, E. K., Cao, W., Nakaya, H. I., Teuwen, D. E., Pirani, A. M., Gernert, K. M., Deng, J., Marzolf, B., et al. (2008) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.1688 · Cited by 1,123 · see citing works

THE IMMUNOLOGICAL BASIS OF ACQUIRED CELLULAR RESISTANCE

Mackaness, G. B. (1964) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.120.1.105 · Cited by 806 · see citing works

Herpesvirus latency confers symbiotic protection from bacterial infection

Barton, E. S., White, D. W., Cathelyn, J. S., Brett-McClellan, K. A., Engle, M., Diamond, M. S., Miller, V. L., & Virgin, H. W. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05762 · Cited by 763 · see citing works

Association of BCG, DTP, and measles containing vaccines with childhood mortality: systematic review

Higgins, J. P. T., Soares‐Weiser, K., López-López, J. A., Κακούρου, Α., Chaplin, K., Christensen, H., Martin, N. K., Sterne, J. A. C., & Reingold, A. L. (2016) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.i5170 · Cited by 629 · see citing works

Sex-based differences in immune function and responses to vaccination

Klein, S. L., Marriott, I., & Fish, E. N. (2015) · Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.1093/trstmh/tru167 · Cited by 548 · see citing works

BCG-induced trained immunity in NK cells: Role for non-specific protection to infection

Kleinnijenhuis, J., Quintin, J., Preijers, F. W. M. B., Joosten, L. A. B., Jacobs, C. W. M., Xavier, R. J., van der Meer, J. W. M., van Crevel, R., & Netea, M. G. (2014) · Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.clim.2014.10.005 · Cited by 490 · see citing works

Long-term measles-induced immunomodulation increases overall childhood infectious disease mortality

Mina, M. J., Metcalf, C. J. E., de Swart, R. L., Osterhaus, A. D. M. E., & Grenfell, B. T. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaa3662 · Cited by 421 · see citing works

Evidence for macrophage-mediated protection against lethal Candida albicans infection

Bistoni, F., Vecchiarelli, A., Cenci, E., Puccetti, P., Marconi, P., & Cassone, A. (1986) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.51.2.668-674.1986 · Cited by 285 · see citing works

Harnessing the beneficial heterologous effects of vaccination

Goodridge, H. S., Ahmed, S., Curtis, N. C., Kollmann, T. R., Levy, O., Netea, M. G., Pollard, A. J., van Crevel, R., & Wilson, C. B. (2016) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri.2016.43 · Cited by 257 · see citing works

Nonspecific (Heterologous) Protection of Neonatal BCG Vaccination Against Hospitalization Due to Respiratory Infection and Sepsis

de Castro, M. J., Pardo‐Seco, J., & Martinón‐Torres, F. (2015) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/civ144 · Cited by 209 · see citing works

Influence of BCG vaccine strain on the immune response and protection against tuberculosis

Ritz, N., Hanekom, W. A., Robins-Browne, R. M., Britton, W. J., & Curtis, N. C. (2008) · FEMS Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00118.x · Cited by 201 · see citing works

The Effect of Oral Polio Vaccine at Birth on Infant Mortality: A Randomized Trial

Lund, N., Andersen, A., Hansen, A. S., Jepsen, F. S., Barbosa, A., Biering-Sørensen, S. R., Rodrigues, A., Ravn, H., Aaby, P., & Benn, C. S. (2015) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/civ617 · Cited by 185 · see citing works

The non-specific effects of vaccines

Shann, F. A. (2010) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.2009.157537 · Cited by 121 · see citing works

Acute Lower Respiratory Infection Among Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG)–Vaccinated Children

Hollm-Delgado, M.-G., Stuart, E. A., & Black, R. E. (2013) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2013-2218 · Cited by 110 · see citing works

Nonspecific Effects of Vaccines

Goldblatt, D., & Miller, E. (2014) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2014.471 · Cited by 101 · see citing works

Non-specific immunological effects of selected routine childhood immunisations: systematic review

Kandasamy, R., Voysey, M., McQuaid, F., de Nie, K., Ryan, R., Orr, O. E., Uhlig, U., Sande, C., O’Connor, D., & Pollard, A. J. (2016) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.i5225 · Cited by 96 · see citing works

Effect of vaccination programmes on mortality burden among children and young adults in the Netherlands during the 20th century: a historical analysis

van Wijhe, M., McDonald, S., de Melker, H. E., Postma, M. J., & Wallinga, J. (2016) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(16)00027-x · Cited by 95 · see citing works

The influence of BCG vaccine strain on mycobacteria-specific and non-specific immune responses in a prospective cohort of infants in Uganda

Anderson, E. J., Webb, E. L., Mawa, P. A., Kizza, M., Lyadda, N., Nampijja, M., & Elliott, A. M. (2012) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.01.053 · Cited by 92 · see citing works

Vaccine Preventable Deaths and the Global Immunization Vision and Strategy, 2006-2015

(2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.295.24.2840 · Cited by 75 · see citing works

[Effect of Bacillus Callmette Guerin (BCG) on the receptivity of nude mice to Schistosoma mansoni].

Tribouley, J., Tribouley-Duret, J., & Appriou, M. (1978) · PubMed · Cited by 74 · see citing works

BCG vaccination at birth and early childhood hospitalisation: a randomised clinical multicentre trial

Stensballe, L. G., Sørup, S., Aaby, P., Benn, C. S., Greisen, G. O., Jeppesen, D. L., Birk, N. M., Kjærgaard, J., Nissen, T. N., Pihl, G. T., et al. (2016) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2016-310760 · Cited by 65 · see citing works

Molecular Analysis of Non-Specific Protection against Murine Malaria Induced by BCG Vaccination

Parra, M., Liu, X., Derrick, S. C., Yang, A., Tian, J., Kolibab, K., Kumar, S., & Morris, S. L. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066115 · Cited by 64 · see citing works

The WHO Review of the Possible Nonspecific Effects of Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine

Aaby, P., Ravn, H., & Benn, C. S. (2016) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/inf.0000000000001269 · Cited by 55 · see citing works

Nonspecific effect of BCG vaccination at birth on early childhood infections: a randomized, clinical multicenter trial

Kjærgaard, J., Birk, N. M., Nissen, T. N., Thøstesen, L. M., Pihl, G. T., Benn, C. S., Jeppesen, D. L., Pryds, O. A., Kofoed, P., Aaby, P., et al. (2016) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/pr.2016.142 · Cited by 55 · see citing works

Epidemiological studies of the non‐specific effects of vaccines: II – methodological issues in the design and analysis of cohort studies

Farrington, P., Firth, M. J., Moulton, L. H., Ravn, H., Andersen, P. K., Evans, S. J. W., & on behalf of the Working Group on Non‐specific Effects of Vaccines (2009) · Tropical Medicine & International Health · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02302.x · Cited by 48 · see citing works

Sex-dependent immune responses to infant vaccination: an individual participant data meta-analysis of antibody and memory B cells

Voysey, M., Barker, C. I. S., Snape, M. D., Kelly, D. F., Trück, J., & Pollard, A. J. (2016) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.036 · Cited by 46 · see citing works

The Nonspecific Effects of Vaccines and the Expanded Program on Immunization

Shann, F. A. (2011) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jir244 · Cited by 41 · see citing works

BCG-associated heterologous immunity, a historical perspective: experimental models and immunological mechanisms

Freyne, B., Marchant, A., & Curtis, N. C. (2015) · Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.1093/trstmh/tru196 · Cited by 38 · see citing works

Could the RTS,S/AS01 meningitis safety signal really be a protective effect of rabies vaccine?

Gessner, B. D., Knobel, D. L., Conan, A., & Finn, A. H. R. (2017) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.12.067 · Cited by 28 · see citing works

CNS infection safety signal of RTS,S/AS01 and possible association with rabies vaccine

Gessner, B. D., Wraith, D. C., & Finn, A. H. R. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30081-2 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Assessing sex-differences and the effect of timing of vaccination on immunogenicity, reactogenicity and efficacy of vaccines in young children: study protocol for an individual participant data meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

Voysey, M., Pollard, A. J., Perera, R., & Fanshawe, T. R. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011680 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

A guide to vaccinology: from basic principles to new developments

Pollard, A. J., & Bijker, E. M. (2021) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-020-00479-7 · Cited by 1,593 · see citing works

Why is COVID-19 less severe in children? A review of the proposed mechanisms underlying the age-related difference in severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections

Zimmermann, P., & Curtis, N. C. (2020) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2020-320338 · Cited by 502 · see citing works

Considering BCG vaccination to reduce the impact of COVID-19

Curtis, N. C., Sparrow, A., Ghebreyesus, T. A., & Netea, M. G. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31025-4 · Cited by 346 · see citing works

Vaccines for COVID-19: The current state of play

Koirala, A., Joo, Y. J., Khatami, A., Chiu, C., & Britton, P. N. (2020) · Paediatric Respiratory Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.prrv.2020.06.010 · Cited by 235 · see citing works

Long-term reduction in hyperglycemia in advanced type 1 diabetes: the value of induced aerobic glycolysis with BCG vaccinations

Kühtreiber, W. M., Tran, L., Kim, T., Dybala, M. P., Nguyen, B., Plager, S., Huang, D., JANES, S. E., DEFUSCO, A. A., Baum, D., et al. (2018) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-018-0062-8 · Cited by 177 · see citing works

BCG-induced non-specific effects on heterologous infectious disease in Ugandan neonates: an investigator-blind randomised controlled trial

Prentice, S., Nassanga, B., Webb, E. L., Akello, F., Kiwudhu, F., Akurut, H., Elliott, A. M., Arts, R. J. W., Netea, M. G., Dockrell, H. M., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30653-8 · Cited by 166 · see citing works

Vaccine responses in newborns

Saso, A., & Kampmann, B. (2017) · Seminars in Immunopathology · doi:10.1007/s00281-017-0654-9 · Cited by 136 · see citing works

Randomized Trial of BCG Vaccine to Protect against Covid-19 in Health Care Workers

Pittet, L. F., Messina, N. L., Orsini, F., Moore, C. L., Abruzzo, V., Barry, S. E., Bonnici, R., Bonten, M. J. M., Campbell, J., Croda, J., et al. (2023) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2212616 · Cited by 123 · see citing works

Tuberculosis and COVID-19: Lessons from the Past Viral Outbreaks and Possible Future Outcomes

Crișan-Dabija, R. A., Grigorescu, C., Pavel, C.-A., Artene, B., Popa, I. V., Cernomaz, A. T., & Burlacu, A. (2020) · Canadian Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1155/2020/1401053 · Cited by 100 · see citing works

Neonatal BCG Vaccination Influences Cytokine Responses to Toll-like Receptor Ligands and Heterologous Antigens

Freyne, B., Donath, S. M., Germano, S., Gardiner, K., Casalaz, D. M., Robins-Browne, R. M., Amenyogbe, N., Messina, N. L., Netea, M. G., Flanagan, K. L., et al. (2018) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiy069 · Cited by 96 · see citing works

Kawasaki-like disease in children with COVID-19

Akça, Ü. K., Kesici, S., Özsürekçi, Y., Aykan, H. H., Batu, E. D., Atalay, E., Demir, S., Sağ, E., Vurallı, D., Bayrakçı, B., et al. (2020) · Rheumatology International · doi:10.1007/s00296-020-04701-6 · Cited by 95 · see citing works

Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Infection in Early Childhood

Vissing, N. H., Chawes, B., Rasmussen, M. A., & Bisgaard, H. F. (2018) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2017-0933 · Cited by 93 · see citing works

DNA Vaccines: Their Formulations, Engineering and Delivery

Kozak, M., & Hu, J. (2024) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines12010071 · Cited by 97 · see citing works

Why Does the Severity of COVID-19 Differ With Age?

Zimmermann, P., & Curtis, N. C. (2021) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/inf.0000000000003413 · Cited by 86 · see citing works

Developing the concept of beneficial non-specific effect of live vaccines with epidemiological studies

Aaby, P., & Benn, C. S. (2019) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2019.08.011 · Cited by 84 · see citing works

Early vaccination protects against childhood leukemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Morra, M. E., Kien, N. D., Elmaraezy, A., Abdelaziz, O. A. M., Elsayed, A. L., Halhouli, O., Montasr, A. M., Vu, T. L.-H., Ho, C. L. B., Foly, A. S., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-16067-0 · Cited by 82 · see citing works

The impact of vaccines on heterologous adaptive immunity

Messina, N. L., Zimmermann, P., & Curtis, N. C. (2019) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2019.02.016 · Cited by 78 · see citing works

BCG Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes: Restoration of Balanced Immunity and Metabolism

Kühtreiber, W. M., & Faustman, D. L. (2018) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2018.11.006 · Cited by 63 · see citing works

Active Surveillance of Adverse Events in Healthcare Workers Recipients After Vaccination with COVID-19 BNT162b2 Vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech, Comirnaty): A Cross-Sectional Study

Ripabelli, G., Tamburro, M., Buccieri, N., Adesso, C., Caggiano, V., Cannizzaro, F., Palma, M. A. D., Mantuano, G., Montemitro, V. G., Natale, A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Community Health · doi:10.1007/s10900-021-01039-3 · Cited by 57 · see citing works

A Two-Center Randomized Trial of an Additional Early Dose of Measles Vaccine: Effects on Mortality and Measles Antibody Levels

Fisker, A. B., Nebie, E. I., Schoeps, A., Martins, C. L., Rodrigues, A., Zakané, A., Kagoné, M., Byberg, S., Thysen, S. M., Tiendrébeogo, J., et al. (2017) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/cix1033 · Cited by 53 · see citing works

Study protocol for the Melbourne Infant Study: BCG for Allergy and Infection Reduction (MIS BAIR), a randomised controlled trial to determine the non-specific effects of neonatal BCG vaccination in a low-mortality setting

Messina, N. L., Gardiner, K., Donath, S. M., Flanagan, K. L., Ponsonby, A., Shann, F. A., Robins-Browne, R. M., Freyne, B., Abruzzo, V., Morison, C., et al. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032844 · Cited by 53 · see citing works

Maternal Immunization: Nature Meets Nurture

Saso, A., & Kampmann, B. (2020) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.01499 · Cited by 53 · see citing works

Anthropometric, cognitive, and schooling benefits of measles vaccination: Longitudinal cohort analysis in Ethiopia, India, and Vietnam

Nandi, A., Shet, A., Behrman, J. R., Black, M. M., Bloom, D. E., & Laxminarayan, R. (2019) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.025 · Cited by 50 · see citing works

The influence of BCG on vaccine responses – a systematic review

Zimmermann, P., & Curtis, N. C. (2018) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1080/14760584.2018.1483727 · Cited by 47 · see citing works

The safety of BCG revaccination: A systematic review

Bannister, S., Sudbury, E. L., Villanueva, P., Perrett, K. P., & Curtis, N. C. (2021) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.016 · Cited by 45 · see citing works

BCG vaccination induces innate immune memory in γδ T cells in humans

Suen, T. K., Moorlag, S. J. C. F. M., Li, W., de Bree, L. C. J., Koeken, V. A. C. M., Mourits, V. P., Dijkstra, H., Lemmers, H., Bhat, J., Xu, C., et al. (2023) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1093/jleuko/qiad103 · Cited by 41 · see citing works

BCG vaccination to reduce the impact of COVID-19 in healthcare workers: Protocol for a randomised controlled trial (BRACE trial)

Pittet, L. F., Messina, N. L., Gardiner, K., Orsini, F., Abruzzo, V., Bannister, S., Bonten, M. J. M., Campbell, J., Croda, J., Dalcolmo, M. P., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052101 · Cited by 40 · see citing works

The impact of immuno-aging on SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development

Connors, J. R., Bell, M. R., Marcy, J., Kutzler, M. A., & Haddad, E. K. (2021) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-021-00323-3 · Cited by 38 · see citing works

The influence of neonatal Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunisation on heterologous vaccine responses in infants

Zimmermann, P., Donath, S. M., Perrett, K. P., Messina, N. L., Ritz, N., Netea, M. G., Flanagan, K. L., van der Klis, F. R. M., & Curtis, N. C. (2019) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.03.016 · Cited by 37 · see citing works

The emerging role of epigenetics in the immune response to vaccination and infection: a systematic review

Bannister, S., Messina, N. L., Novakovic, B., & Curtis, N. C. (2020) · Epigenetics · doi:10.1080/15592294.2020.1712814 · Cited by 35 · see citing works

Trained immunity as a novel approach against COVID‐19 with a focus on Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccine: mechanisms, challenges and perspectives

Sohrabi, Y., dos Santos, J. C., Dorenkamp, M., Findeisen, H. M., Godfrey, R., Netea, M. G., & Joosten, L. A. B. (2020) · Clinical & Translational Immunology · doi:10.1002/cti2.1228 · Cited by 34 · see citing works

Neonatal BCG Vaccination Reduces Interferon-γ Responsiveness to Heterologous Pathogens in Infants From a Randomized Controlled Trial

Freyne, B., Messina, N. L., Donath, S. M., Germano, S., Bonnici, R., Gardiner, K., Casalaz, D. M., Robins-Browne, R. M., Netea, M. G., Flanagan, K. L., et al. (2020) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaa030 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

Benefits of BCG‐induced metabolic switch from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis in autoimmune and nervous system diseases

Faustman, D. L. (2020) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.13050 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

Multiple Levels of Immunological Memory and Their Association with Vaccination

Bugya, Z., Prechl, J., Szénási, T., Nemes, É., Bácsi, A., & Koncz, G. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9020174 · Cited by 28 · see citing works

Prevention of infant eczema by neonatal Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin vaccination: The MIS BAIR randomized controlled trial

Pittet, L. F., Messina, N. L., Gardiner, K., Freyne, B., Abruzzo, V., Francis, K. L., Morrison, C., Zufferey, C., Vuillermin, P., Allen, K. J., et al. (2021) · Allergy · doi:10.1111/all.15022 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

BCG Vaccination and All-Cause Neonatal Mortality

Curtis, N. C. (2019) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/inf.0000000000002230 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

BCG vaccination strategy implemented to reduce the impact of COVID-19: Hype or Hope?

Rajarshi, K., Chatterjee, A., & Ray, S. (2020) · Medicine in Drug Discovery · doi:10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100049 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

Interpreting the Results of Trials of BCG Vaccination for Protection Against COVID-19

Noble, C. C. A., Messina, N. L., Pittet, L. F., & Curtis, N. C. (2023) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiad316 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Association between live childhood vaccines and COVID-19 outcomes: a national-level analysis

Ogimi, C., Qu, P., Boeckh, M., Ignacio, R. B., & Zangeneh, S. Z. (2021) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s0950268821000571 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Neonatal Bacille Calmette-Guérin Vaccination and Infections in the First Year of Life: The MIS BAIR Randomized Controlled Trial

Messina, N. L., Pittet, L. F., Gardiner, K., Freyne, B., Francis, K. L., Zufferey, C., Abruzzo, V., Morrison, C., Allen, K. J., Flanagan, K. L., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiab306 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

BCG Vaccine-Induced Trained Immunity and COVID-19: Protective or Bystander?

Koneru, G. K., Batiha, G. E., Algammal, A. M., Mabrok, M., Magdy, S., Sayed, S., AbuElmagd, M. E., Elnemr, R., Saad, M. M., Ellah, N. H. A., et al. (2021) · Infection and Drug Resistance · doi:10.2147/idr.s300162 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

How to evaluate potential non-specific effects of vaccines: the quest for randomized trials or time for triangulation?

Benn, C. S., Fisker, A. B., Rieckmann, A., Jensen, A. K. G., & Aaby, P. (2018) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1080/14760584.2018.1471987 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

TIPICO IX: report of the 9th interactive infectious disease workshop on infectious diseases and vaccines

Martinón‐Torres, F., Bosch, X. F., Rappuoli, R., Ladhani, S. N., Redondo, E., Vesikari, T., García‐Sastre, A., Calle, I. R., Rial, J. G., Salas, A., et al. (2019) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2019.1609823 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Therapeutic and Vaccine Strategies Against SARS-CoV-2: past, Present and Future

Rehman, M., Tauseef, I., Aalia, B., Shah, S. H., Junaid, M., & Haleem, K. S. (2020) · Future Virology · doi:10.2217/fvl-2020-0137 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin 's beneficial impact on glucose metabolism: Evidence for broad based applications

Shpilsky, G. F., Takahashi, H., Aristarkhova, A., Weil, M., Ng, N., Nelson, K. J., Lee, A. H., Zheng, H., Kühtreiber, W. M., & Faustman, D. L. (2021) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.103150 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Does bacillus Calmette‐Guérin vaccine prevent herpes simplex virus recurrences? A systematic review

Pittet, L. F., & Curtis, N. C. (2020) · Reviews in Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/rmv.2151 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Rabies Vaccination of 6-Week-Old Puppies Born to Immunized Mothers: A Randomized Controlled Trial in a High-Mortality Population of Owned, Free-Roaming Dogs

Arega, S. M., Conan, A., Sabeta, C. T., Crafford, J. E., Wentzel, J. M., Reininghaus, B., Biggs, L., Leisewitz, A. L., Quan, M., Toka, F. N., et al. (2020) · Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease · doi:10.3390/tropicalmed5010045 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Childhood Immunization and COVID-19: An Early Narrative Review

Berić-Stojšić, B., Kalabalik-Hoganson, J., Rizzolo, D., & Roy, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.587007 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

The COVID-19/Tuberculosis Syndemic and Potential Antibody Therapy for TB Based on the Lessons Learnt From the Pandemic

Dass, S. A., Balakrishnan, V., Arifin, N., Lim, C. S. Y., Nordin, F., & Tye, G. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.833715 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Nonspecific effects of oral vaccination with live-attenuated Salmonella Typhi strain Ty21a

Pennington, S. H., Ferreira, D. M., Caamaño‐Gutiérrez, E., Reiné, J., Hewitt, C., Hyder-Wright, A. D., Gordon, S. B., & Gordon, M. A. (2019) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aau6849 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Neonatal Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccination to Prevent Early-Life Eczema: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Pittet, L. F., Thøstesen, L. M., Aaby, P., Kofoed, P., Curtis, N. C., & Benn, C. S. (2022) · Dermatitis · doi:10.1097/der.0000000000000945 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Mycobacterium ulcerans-specific immune response after immunisation with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine

Pittet, L. F., Tebruegge, M., Dutta, B., Donath, S. M., Messina, N. L., Casalaz, D. M., Hanekom, W. A., Britton, W. J., Robins-Browne, R. M., Curtis, N. C., et al. (2020) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.11.045 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Non-specific effects of veterinary vaccines: a systematic review

Arega, S. M., Knobel, D. L., Toka, F. N., & Conan, A. (2021) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.11.034 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Immune mechanisms mediating the heterologous effects of BCG vaccination: a systematic review

Torracinta, L., Gogichadze, N., & Tanner, R. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1567111 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Exploring the effects of BCG vaccination in patients diagnosed with tuberculosis: Observational study using the Enhanced Tuberculosis Surveillance system

Abbott, S., Christensen, H., Lalor, M. K., Zenner, D., Campbell, C., Ramsay, M. E., & Brooks‐Pollock, E. (2019) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.056 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Protective role of intravesical BCG in COVID-19 severity

Gallegos, H., Rojas, P. A., Sepúlveda, F., Zúñiga, Á., & Francisco, I. F. S. (2021) · BMC Urology · doi:10.1186/s12894-021-00823-6 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Skin Reaction Predicts Enhanced Mycobacteria-Specific T-Cell Responses in Infants: A Post Hoc Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial

Pittet, L. F., Fritschi, N., Tebruegge, M., Dutta, B., Donath, S. M., Messina, N. L., Casalaz, D. M., Hanekom, W. A., Britton, W. J., Robins-Browne, R. M., et al. (2022) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.202108-1892oc · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Vaccines: An Important Tool for Infectious Disease

Saman, S., Chauhan, I., & Srivastava, N. (2022) · Recent Advances in Anti-Infective Drug Discovery · doi:10.2174/2772434418666221114113036 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

COVID-19 Disease in Under-5 Children: Current Status and Strategies for Prevention including Vaccination

Pillai, A., Nayak, A., Tiwari, D., Pillai, P. K., Pandita, A., Sakharkar, S., Balasubramanian, H., & Kabra, N. S. (2023) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11030693 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Timeliness of DTaP-IPV-Hib Vaccination and Development of Atopic Dermatitis Between 4 Months and 1 Year of Age—Register-Based Cohort Study

Gehrt, L., Rieckmann, A., Kiraly, N. J., Jensen, A. K. G., Aaby, P., Benn, C. S., & Sørup, S. (2020) · The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology In Practice · doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2020.09.024 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Reduced Mortality After Oral Polio Vaccination and Increased Mortality After Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis Vaccination in Children in a Low-income Setting

Øland, C. B., Mogensen, S. W., Rodrigues, A., Benn, C. S., & Aaby, P. (2020) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.11.010 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Observational studies of non-specific effects of Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis vaccines in low-income countries: Assessing the potential impact of study characteristics, bias and confounding through meta-regression

Bollaerts, K., Verstraeten, T., & Cohet, C. (2018) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.11.049 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

The immunomodulatory effects of measles‐mumps‐rubella vaccination on persistence of heterologous vaccine responses

Zimmermann, P., Perrett, K. P., van der Klis, F. R. M., & Curtis, N. C. (2019) · Immunology and Cell Biology · doi:10.1111/imcb.12246 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Revisiting the dimensions of universal vaccine with special focus on COVID-19: Efficacy versus methods of designing

Jaishwal, P., Jha, K., & Singh, S. P. (2024) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134012 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

A Shot at Economic Prosperity: Long-term Effects of India’s Childhood Immunization Program on Earnings and Consumption Expenditure

Summan, A., Nandi, A., & Bloom, D. E. (2022) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w30173 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Neonatal BCG vaccination to prevent asthma: Results from the MIS BAIR randomized controlled trial

Pittet, L. F., Forbes, E. K., Donath, S. M., Francis, K. L., Gardiner, K., Flanagan, K. L., Ponsonby, A., Robins-Browne, R. M., Shann, F. A., South, M., et al. (2025) · Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · doi:10.1111/pai.70110 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination for protection against recurrent herpes labialis: a nested randomised controlled trial

Pittet, L. F., Moore, C. L., McDonald, E. A., Barry, S. E., Bonten, M. J. M., Campbell, J., Croda, J., Dalcolmo, M. P., Davidson, A., Douglas, M. W., et al. (2023) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102203 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Measles, mumps and rubella vs diphtheria–tetanus–acellular-pertussis–inactivated-polio–Haemophilus influenzae type b as the most recent vaccine and risk of early ‘childhood asthma’

Rieckmann, A., Hærskjold, A., Benn, C. S., Aaby, P., Lange, T., & Sørup, S. (2019) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyz062 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

BCG and beyond: unlocking new frontiers in TB vaccine development

Shaji, A., Verma, A., Bhaskar, A., & Dwivedi, V. P. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1608104 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Effectiveness of influenza vaccines in preventing acute cardiovascular events within 1 year in Beijing, China

Ma, Y., Lu, F., Suo, L., Li, W., Qian, J., Wang, T., Lv, M., Wu, J., Yang, W., Guo, M., et al. (2024) · npj Vaccines · doi:10.1038/s41541-024-00969-y · Cited by 7 · see citing works

The Fifth International Neonatal and Maternal Immunization Symposium (INMIS 2019): Securing Protection for the Next Generation

Sadarangani, M., Kollmann, T. R., Bjornson, G. L., Heath, P. T., Clarke, E., Marchant, A., Levy, O., Leuridan, E. E., Ulloa‐Gutiérrez, R., Cutland, C., et al. (2021) · mSphere · doi:10.1128/msphere.00862-20 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

The role of antibodies in Bacille Calmette Guérin-mediated immune responses and protection against tuberculosis in humans: A systematic review

Bright, M. R., Curtis, N. C., & Messina, N. L. (2020) · Tuberculosis · doi:10.1016/j.tube.2020.101947 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Management of Bacille Calmette-Guérin Lymphadenitis and Abscess in Immunocompetent Children

Villanueva, P., Pittet, L. F., & Curtis, N. C. (2021) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/inf.0000000000003237 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Prevalence and Presentation of Paediatric Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Lagos, Nigeria

Salako, A. O., Odubela, O., Musari-Martins, T. E., Ezemelue, P. N., Gbaja-Biamila, T. A., Opaneye, B. A., James, A. B., Oforomeh, O., Osuolale, K. A., Musa, A. Z., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1155/2021/2185161 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Order of Live and Inactivated Vaccines and Risk of Non–vaccine-targeted Infections in US Children 11–23 Months of Age

Newcomer, S. R., Daley, M. F., Narwaney, K. J., Xu, S., Destefano, F. R., Groom, H. C., Jackson, M. L., Lewin, B. J., McLean, H. Q., Nordin, J. D., et al. (2020) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/inf.0000000000002550 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Making sense of emerging evidence on the non-specific effects of the BCG vaccine on malaria risk and neonatal mortality

Bassat, Q., Moncunill, G., & Dobaño, C. (2020) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002301 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Are BCG-induced non-specific effects adequate to provide protection against COVID-19?

Vashishtha, V. M. (2020) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2020.1794219 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Non-specific effects of rabies vaccine on the incidence of common infectious disease episodes: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Knobel, D. L., Odita, C. I., Conan, A., Barry, D., Smith-Anthony, M., Battice, J., England, S., & Gessner, B. D. (2020) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-020-04467-z · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Sex-differential non-specific effects of rabies vaccine in dogs: An extended analysis of a randomized controlled trial in a high-mortality population

Knobel, D. L., Arega, S. M., & Conan, A. (2021) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.01.029 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Expected and Unexpected Effects of Vaccination

Martinón‐Torres, F. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-59952-6_1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Insufficient measles antibody protection in 6‐month‐old Malawian infants: Reconsider vaccination schedule?

Baroncelli, S., Galluzzo, C. M., Orlando, S., Luhanga, R., Mphwere, R., Kavalo, T., Amici, R., Floridia, M., Andreotti, M., Ciccacci, F., et al. (2023) · Tropical Medicine & International Health · doi:10.1111/tmi.13920 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Modern vaccines and coronavirus infections

Belikova, Y. A., Samsonov, Y. V., & Вячеславовна, А. Е. (2020) · Research and Practical Medicine Journal · doi:10.17709/2409-2231-2020-7-4-11 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

São Paulo School of Advanced Sciences on Vaccines: an overview

Sorgi, S., Bonezi, V., Dominguez, M. R., Gimenez, A. M., Dobrescu, I., Boscardin, S. B., Nakaya, H. I., Bargieri, D. Y., Soares, I. S., & Silveira, E. L. V. (2020) · The Journal of venomous animals and toxins including tropical diseases · doi:10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2019-0061 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

The safety of co-administration of Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and influenza vaccines

Villanueva, P., Wadia, U. D., Crawford, N. W., Messina, N. L., Kollmann, T. R., Lucas, M., Manning, L. A., Richmond, P., Pittet, L. F., & Curtis, N. C. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0268042 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

COVID-19 Vaccines - Current State and Perspectives

Abdurakhmonov, I. Y. (2022) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.101006 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

A Shot at Economic Prosperity

Summan, A., Nandi, A., & Bloom, D. E. (2022) · American Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1086/723591 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

The influence of neonatal BCG vaccination on in vitro cytokine responses to Plasmodium falciparum

Messina, N. L., Wang, M., Forbes, E., Freyne, B., Hasang, W., Germano, S., Bonnici, R., Summons, F., Gardiner, K., Donath, S. M., et al. (2024) · BMC Immunology · doi:10.1186/s12865-024-00611-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Clinical Trials of Influenza Vaccines: Special Challenges

Finn, A. H. R. (2018) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-8678-1_27 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Elevated serum antibody responses to synthetic mycobacterial lipid antigens among UK farmers: an indication of exposure to environmental mycobacteria?

Jones, A., Davies, C. A., Fitch, S., Dulayymi, J. R. A., Gwenin, C. D., Gibbons, J., Williams, A. P., & Baird, M. S. (2020) · RSC Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d0md00325e · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Vaccination against measles-mumps-rubella and rates of non-targeted infectious disease hospitalisations: Nationwide register-based cohort studies in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden

Gehrt, L., Möller, S., Englund, H., Laake, I., Nieminen, H. P., Feiring, B., Lahdenkari, M., PALMU, A. A. I., Trogstad, L., Benn, C. S., et al. (2025) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106365 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccination and non-targeted infectious disease hospitalisation: Population-based self-controlled case series analysis

Hviid, A. P., & Laksafoss, A. D. (2021) · The Lancet Regional Health - Europe · doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100189 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Neonatal Subcutaneous BCG Vaccination Decreases Atherosclerotic Plaque Number and Plaque Macrophage Content in ApoE−/− Mice

Bekkering, S., Singh, K., Lü, H., Limawan, A. P., Nold‐Petry, C. A., Wallace, M. J., Curtis, N. C., Pepe, S., Cheung, M. M. H., Burgner, D. P., et al. (2022) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology11101511 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Classification of Student Understanding on Covid-19 Booster Vaccine Using Machine Learning

Damarjati, C., Riyadi, S., & Irawan, R. (2022) · Emerging Information Science and Technology · doi:10.18196/eist.v3i2.18680 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

A Shot at Economic Prosperity: Long-Term Effects of India's Childhood Immunization Program on Earnings and Consumption ExpenditurePreprint

Summan, A., Nandi, A., & Bloom, D. E. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4147244 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Evaluation of non-specific effects of human rotavirus vaccination in medical risk infants

van Dongen, J. A. P., Rouers, E. D. M., Bonten, M. J. M., & Bruijning-Verhagen, P. C. J. L. (2021) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.067 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Effect of neonatal BCG vaccination on oral herpes in early childhood: A nested study within a randomised controlled trial

Pittet, L. F., Casalaz, D. M., Donath, S. M., Gardiner, K., Goodall, C., Flanagan, K. L., Robins-Browne, R. M., Shann, F. A., Curtis, N. C., & Messina, N. L. (2026) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128577 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Sex-differential non-specific effects of adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted rabies vaccines versus placebo on all-cause mortality in dogs (NERVE-Dog study): a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial with a nested case–control study

Knobel, D. L., Conan, A., Toka, F. N., Arega, S. M., Byaruhanga, C., Ogola, E., Muok, E. M. O., Crafford, J. E., Leisewitz, A. L., Quan, M., et al. (2022) · BMC Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/s12917-022-03455-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Looking in the medicine cabinet: methods for using real-world data to assess the impact of measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) and recombinant adjuvanted varicella-zoster vaccines on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) prevention and case fatality

McNair, D., Hu, H., & Selwyn, C. (2021) · Gates Open Research · doi:10.12688/gatesopenres.13329.1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

A Shot at Economic Prosperity: Long-Term Effects of India’s Childhood Immunization Program on Earnings and Consumption ExpenditurePreprint

Summan, A., Nandi, A., & Bloom, D. E. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4113444 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

The current status of bacillus Calmette‐Guérin vaccine protective efficacy

Méndez‐Samperio, P., & Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, I. P. N. (2019) · Vaccine Research · doi:10.29252/vacres.6.1.29

Heterologous vaccine effects

Saadatian‐Elahi, M., Aaby, P., Shann, F. A., Netea, M. G., Levy, O., Louis, J. A., Picot, V., Greenberg, M. E., & Warren, W. (2016) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.06.020 · Cited by 43 · see citing works

The Yin and Yang of the Non-Specific Effects of Vaccines

Cose, S. (2017) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.08.008

Unravelling the nature of non-specific effects of vaccines—A challenge for innate immunologists

Jensen, K. J., Benn, C. S., & van Crevel, R. (2016) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2016.05.005 · Cited by 45 · see citing works

Non-specific and sex-differential effects of routine vaccines: What evidence is needed to take these effects into consideration in low-income countries?

Aaby, P., & Benn, C. S. (2011) · Human Vaccines · doi:10.4161/hv.7.1.13848 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Sex differences in the vaccine-specific and non-targeted effects of vaccines

Flanagan, K. L., Klein, S. L., Skakkebæk, N. E., Marriott, I., Marchant, A., Selin, L. K., Fish, E. N., Prentice, A. M., Whittle, H. C., & Benn, C. S. (2011) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.01.071 · Cited by 61 · see citing works