The DOI matches its Crossref record; 214 of the 214 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Why is COVID-19 less severe in children? A review of the proposed mechanisms underlying the age-related difference in severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections
Open accessAbstract
In contrast to other respiratory viruses, children have less severe symptoms when infected with the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In this review, we discuss proposed hypotheses for the age-related difference in severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Factors proposed to explain the difference in severity of COVID-19 in children and adults include those that put adults at higher risk and those that protect children. The former include: (1) age-related increase in endothelial damage and changes in clotting function; (2) higher density, increased affinity and different distribution of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptors and transmembrane serine protease 2; (3) pre-existing coronavirus antibodies (including antibody-dependent enhancement) and T cells; (4) immunosenescence and inflammaging, including the effects of chronic cytomegalovirus infection; (5) a higher prevalence of comorbidities associated with severe COVID-19 and (6) lower levels of vitamin D. Factors that might protect children include: (1) differences in innate and adaptive immunity; (2) more frequent recurrent and concurrent infections; (3) pre-existing immunity to coronaviruses; (4) differences in microbiota; (5) higher levels of melatonin; (6) protective off-target effects of live vaccines and (7) lower intensity of exposure to SARS-CoV-2.
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1 retracted
Maghbooli, Z., Sahraian, M. A., Ebrahimi, M., Pazoki, M., Kafan, S., Tabriz, H. M., Hadadi, A., Montazeri, M., Nasiri, M., Shirvani, A., et al. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239799 · Cited by 272
RetractedZhou, F., Yu, T., Du, R., Fan, G., Liu, Y., Liu, Z., Xiang, J., Wang, Y., Song, B., Gu, X., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30566-3 · Cited by 27,263
Wu, Z., & McGoogan, J. M. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.2648 · Cited by 17,016
COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression
Mehta, P., McAuley, D. F., Brown, M., Sanchez, E., Tattersall, R. S., & Manson, J. J. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30628-0 · Cited by 9,664
Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19
Varga, Z., Flammer, A. J., Steiger, P., Haberecker, M., Andermatt, R., Zinkernagel, A. S., Mehra, M. R., Schuepbach, R. A., Ruschitzka, F., & Moch, H. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30937-5 · Cited by 6,358
Tang, N., Li, D., Wang, X., & Sun, Z. (2020) · Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1111/jth.14768 · Cited by 5,662
Pulmonary Vascular Endothelialitis, Thrombosis, and Angiogenesis in Covid-19
Ackermann, M., Verleden, S. E., Kuehnel, M., Haverich, A., Welte, T., Laenger, F., Vanstapel, A., Werlein, C., Stark, H., Tzankov, A., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2015432 · Cited by 5,613
Inflamm‐aging: An Evolutionary Perspective on Immunosenescence
FRANCESCHI, C., BONAFÈ, M., VALENSIN, S., OLIVIERI, F., DE LUCA, M., OTTAVIANI, E., & DE BENEDICTIS, G. (2000) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06651.x · Cited by 5,358
Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19
Klok, F. A., Kruip, M. J. H. A., van der Meer, N. J. M., Arbous, M. S., Gommers, D. A. M. P. J., Kant, K. M., Kaptein, F. H. J., van Paassen, J., Stals, M. A. M., Huisman, M. V., et al. (2020) · Thrombosis Research · doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2020.04.013 · Cited by 5,028
SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Upper Respiratory Specimens of Infected Patients
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Cited by
Behnood, S. A., Shafran, R., Bennett, S. D., Zhang, A. X. D., O'Mahoney, L. L., Stephenson, T. J., Ladhani, S. N., De Stavola, B. L., Viner, R. M., & Swann, O. V. (2022) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2021.11.011 · Cited by 267
Kandhaya‐Pillai, R., Yang, X., Tchkonia, T., Martin, G. M., Kirkland, J. L., & Oshima, J. (2022) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.13646 · Cited by 119
“Susceptibility to and adverse consequences from COVID- 19 increase exponentially with age (Bajaj et al., 2021; Davies et al., 2020; Zimmermann & Curtis, 2020).”
BackgroundFlorentino, P. T. V., Millington, T., Cerqueira-Silva, T., Robertson, C., de Araújo Oliveira, V., Júnior, J. B. S., Alves, F. J. O., Penna, G. O., Vital Katikireddi, S., Boaventura, V. S., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00451-0 · Cited by 55
Barh, D., Tiwari, S., Rodrigues Gomes, L. G., Ramalho Pinto, C. H., Andrade, B. S., Ahmad, S., Aljabali, A. A. A., Alzahrani, K. J., Banjer, H. J., Hassan, S. S., et al. (2023) · Inflammation · doi:10.1007/s10753-022-01734-w · Cited by 50
Metadata
- Authors
- Zimmermann, P., & Curtis, N.
- Venue
- Archives of Disease in Childhood
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2020-12-01
- Volume
- 106
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 429-439
- ISSN
- 0003-9888 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-2044
- OpenAlex
- W3109705195
- Cited by
- 502
- References
- 214
- FWCI
- 12.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
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- Zimmermann, P., & Curtis, N. (2021). Why is COVID-19 less severe in children? A review of the proposed mechanisms underlying the age-related difference in severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Archives of Disease in Childhood. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2020-320338
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
