The DOI matches its Crossref record; 117 of the 117 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Physical exercise and psychological well being: a critical review.
Open accessAbstract
The relation between physical exercise and psychological health has increasingly come under the spotlight over recent years. While the message emanating from physiological research has extolled the general advantages of exercise in terms of physical health, the equivalent psychological literature has revealed a more complex relation. The paper outlines the research evidence, focusing on the relation between physical exercise and depression, anxiety, stress responsivity, mood state, self esteem, premenstrual syndrome, and body image. Consideration is also given to the phenomena of exercise addiction and withdrawal, and implications for exercise prescription are discussed.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“There are numerous studies indicating a positive association between physical activity and psychosocial well-being [18-20].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Reid, R. L., & Yen, S. (1983) · Clinical obstetrics and gynecology · doi:10.1097/00003081-198309000-00019 · Cited by 1,500
Handbook of research on sport psychology
(1993) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.30-5652 · Cited by 1,456
Physical activity, fitness, and health: consensus statement
(1993) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.31-0344 · Cited by 881
The influence of physical fitness and exercise upon cognitive functioning: a meta-analysis
Etnier, J. L., Salazar, W., Landers, D. M., Petruzzello, S. J., Han, M., & Nowell, P. (1997) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.19.3.249 · Cited by 768
Physical Activity, Fitness, and Health
(2012) · Human Kinetics eBooks · doi:10.5040/9781718209107.part-001 · Cited by 739
Effect of Exercise on Depression
NORTH, T. C., McCULLAGH, P., & TRAN, Z. V. (1990) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1249/00003677-199001000-00016 · Cited by 657
Physical fitness training and mental health.
Folkins, C. H., & Sime, W. E. (1981) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.36.4.373 · Cited by 607
Principles and Practice of Stress Management
Gauron, E. F. (1986) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.143.2.250-a · Cited by 607
ACSM Position Stand: The Female Athlete Triad
Otis, C. L., Drinkwater, B., Johnson, M., Loucks, A., & Wilmore, J. (1997) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199705000-00037 · Cited by 515
Women's body images: The results of a national survey in the U.S.A.
Cash, T. F., & Henry, P. E. (1995) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf01547933 · Cited by 505
The stages of exercise behavior.
Marcus, B. H., & Simkin, L. R. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 420
Physical fitness training and mental health.
Folkins, C. H., & Sime, W. E. (1981) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.36.4.373 · Cited by 413
Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change
Lelliott, P. T. (1987) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(87)90063-5 · Cited by 408
The public health burdens of sedentary living habits
Powell, K. E., & Blair, S. N. (1994) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199407000-00007 · Cited by 350
Running versus weight lifting in the treatment of depression.
Doyne, E. J., Ossip-Klein, D. J., Bowman, E. D., Osborn, K. M., McDougall-Wilson, I. B., & Neimeyer, R. A. (1987) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.55.5.748 · Cited by 326
Veale, D. M. (1987) · British Journal of Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1987.tb01539.x · Cited by 313
The role of physical activity in the development and maintenance of eating disorders
Davis, C. A., Kennedy, S. H., Ravelski, E., & Dionne, M. M. (1994) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700029044 · Cited by 301
Exercise and Self-Esteem: Validity of Model Expansion and Exercise Associations
Sonstroem, R. J., Harlow, L. L., & Josephs, L. K. (1994) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.16.1.29 · Cited by 282
Sonstroem, R. J. (1984) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1249/00003677-198401000-00007 · Cited by 260
The body-as-object versus the body-as-process: Gender differences and gender considerations
Franzoi, S. L. (1995) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf01954577 · Cited by 251
Berger, B. G., & Owen, D. R. (1988) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.1988.10605493 · Cited by 241
Running versus weight lifting in the treatment of depression.
Doyne, E. J., Ossip-Klein, D. J., Bowman, E. D., et al. (1987) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.55.5.748 · Cited by 231
The effects of exercise training on mental well-being in the normal population: A controlled trial
Moses, J. L., Steptoe, A., Mathews, A., & Edwards, S. (1989) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(89)90105-0 · Cited by 225
Benefits of Exercise for the Treatment of Depression
Martinsen, E. W. (1990) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-199009060-00006 · Cited by 212
Acute effects of aerobic exercise on mood.
Steptoe, A., & Cox, S. (1988) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.7.4.329 · Cited by 207
Effects of exercise training on anxiety: A meta-analysis
Long, B. C., & van Stavel, R. (1995) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413209508406963 · Cited by 198
Perceived Physical Competence in Adults: An Examination of the Physical Self-Perception Profile
Sonstroem, R. J., Speliotis, E. D., & Fava, J. L. (1992) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.14.2.207 · Cited by 190
McAuley, E., Mihalko, S. L., & Bane, S. M. (1997) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1023/a:1025591214100 · Cited by 187
A systematic review of physical activity promotion strategies.
Hillsdon, M., & Thorogood, M. (1996) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.30.2.84 · Cited by 179
Physical activity and psychosocial outcomes.
McAuley, E. (1994) · Cited by 167
Psychological Effects of Running Loss on Consistent Runners
Chan, C. S., & Grossman, H. Y. (1988) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1988.66.3.875 · Cited by 165
Physical Activity And Mental Health
Morgan, W. P. (2013) · Taylor & Francis eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203782361 · Cited by 163
Madden, D. J., Blumenthal, J. A., Allen, P. A., & Emery, C. F. (1989) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.4.3.307 · Cited by 158
Madden, D. J., Blumenthal, J. A., Allen, P. A., & Emery, C. F. (1989) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.4.3.307 · Cited by 158
Exercise psychology : the influence of physical exercise on psychological processes
Seraganian, P. (1993) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 155
Aerobic exercise, mood states and menstrual cycle symptoms
Aganoff, J. A., & Boyle, G. J. (1994) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(94)90114-7 · Cited by 144
The effects of moderate exercise training on psychological well-being and mood state in women
Cramer, S. R., Nieman, D. C., & Lee, J. W. (1991) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(91)90039-q · Cited by 144
Eating Disorders and Hyperactivity: A Psychobiological Perspective
Davis, C. A. (1997) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674379704200207 · Cited by 140
The Role of Opioid Peptides in the Hormonal Responses to Acute Exercise in Man
Grossman, A. B., Bouloux, P. M., Price, P., Drury, P., Lam, K. S. L., Turner, T., Thomas, J. M., BESSER, G. M., & Sutton, J. R. (1984) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0670483 · Cited by 137
Acute effects of aerobic exercise on mood.
Steptoe, A., & Cox, S. (1988) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.7.4.329 · Cited by 135
Exercise intensity and reduction in neurotic symptoms
Sexton, H. C., Mære, Å., & Dahl, N. H. (1989) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1989.tb01332.x · Cited by 133
Ways of Coping in Women with Eating Disorders
Troop, N. A., Holbrey, A., TROWLER, R., & Treasure, J. L. (1994) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199410000-00001 · Cited by 130
Hopelessness as a measure of suicidal intent in the depressed elderly
Hill, R. D., Gallagher, D., Thompson, L. W., & Ishida, T. (1988) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.3.3.230 · Cited by 128
Effects of exercise on the serum concentrations of FSH, LH, progesterone, and estradiol
Bonen, A., Ling, W., MacIntyre, K. P., Neil, R., McGrail, J. C., & BELCASTRO, A. N. (1979) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00421100 · Cited by 126
Social Physique Anxiety: Personality Constructs, Motivations, Exercise Attitudes, and Behaviors
Frederick, C. M., & Morrison, C. S. (1996) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1996.82.3.963 · Cited by 124
Gender and locus of control correlates of body image dissatisfaction
Furnham, A. F., & Greaves, N. (1994) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2410080304 · Cited by 120
The effects of aerobic exercise on premenstrual symptoms in middle-aged women: A preliminary study
Steege, J. F., & Blumenthal, J. A. (1993) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(93)90079-u · Cited by 118
Physical activity and mental health
Stubbs, B., Vancampfort, D., Smith, L., Rosenbaum, S., Schuch, F. B., & Firth, J. (2018) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(18)30343-2 · Cited by 118
Obsessive compulsiveness and physical activity in anorexia nervosa and high-level exercising
Davis, C., Kennedy, S. H., Ralevski, E., Dionne, M. M., Brewer, H., Neitzert, C. S., & Ratusny, D. (1995) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(95)00064-x · Cited by 117
Blumenthal, J. A., Fredrikson, M. G., Kuhn, C. M., Ulmer, R. L., Walsh-Riddle, M., & Appelbaum, M. I. (1990) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0002-9149(90)90032-v · Cited by 116
Wadden, T. A., & Frey, D. L. (1997) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(199709)22:2 · Cited by 113
Frederick, C., & Shaw, S. M. (1995) · Leisure Sciences · doi:10.1080/01490409509513244 · Cited by 109
Psychology of Physical Activity and Exercise
Biddle, S., & Mutrie, N. (1991) · Contributions to psychology and medicine · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-1793-3 · Cited by 104
Effects of temporary withdrawal from regular running
Morris, M., Steinberg, H., Sykes, E. A., & Salmon, P. (1990) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(90)90023-w · Cited by 103
Does Primary Exercise Dependence really exist
Veale, D. M. (1995) · Research Portal (King's College London) · Cited by 97
The short-term influence of high and low intensity physical exercise on mood
Steptoe, A., & Bolton, J. (1988) · Psychology & Health · doi:10.1080/08870448808400346 · Cited by 94
Life adjustment correlates of physical self-concepts
Sonstroem, R. J., & POTTS, S. A. (1996) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199605000-00014 · Cited by 94
Effects of aerobic exercise training, age, and physical fitness on memory-search performance.
Blumenthal, J. A., & Madden, D. J. (1988) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.3.3.280 · Cited by 93
Young People's Involvement in Sport
(2005) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203978184 · Cited by 90
Effects of Aerobic Training on Primary Dysmenorrhea Symptomatology in College Females
Israel, R. G., Sutton, M., & O'Brien, K. F. (1985) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.1985.9935033 · Cited by 89
Test of Structural Relationships Within a Proposed Exercise and Self-Esteem Model
Sonstroem, R. J., Harlow, L. L., Gemma, L. M., & Osborne, S. (1991) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5602_13 · Cited by 88
Psychological consequences of exercise deprivation in habitual exercisers
Mondin, G. W., Morgan, W. P., Piering, P. N., Stegner, A. J., Stotesbery, C. L., Trine, M. R., & Ming-yi, W. (1996) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199609000-00018 · Cited by 86
Psychologic effect of acute physical activity.
Wp, M., Ja, R., & Ad, F. (1971) · PubMed · Cited by 85
THE ATHLETE'S NEUROSIS ‐ A DEPRIVATION CRISIS
Little, J. C. (1969) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1969.tb10373.x · Cited by 83
The Montreal Type A Intervention Project: Major findings.
Roskies, E., Seraganian, P., Oseasohn, R., Hanley, J. A., COLLU, R., Martin, N. D., & Smilga, C. (1986) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.5.1.45 · Cited by 82
Berry, M. J., Shephard, R. J., & Sterling, J. C. (1994) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199409000-00018 · Cited by 82
Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Mood of Adult Women
Maroulakis, E., & Zervas, Y. (1993) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1993.76.3.795 · Cited by 78
Physical activity, fitness and depression
Wp, M. (1994) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 76
Koenig, L. J., & Wasserman, E. L. (1995) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf01544790 · Cited by 73
Sinyor, D., Golden, M. R., Steinert, Y., & Seraganian, P. (1986) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-198605000-00003 · Cited by 71
Baker, E. R., Mathur, R. S., Kirk, R. F., Landgrebe, S. C., Moody, L. O., & Williamson, H. O. (1982) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)46393-4 · Cited by 71
Choi, P. Y. L., & Salmon, P. J. (1995) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1995.tb01479.x · Cited by 69
Nutrition Habits and Knowledge in Competitive Adolescent Female Gymnasts
Loosli, A. R., Benson, J. E., Gillien, D. M., & Bourdet, K. (1986) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.1080/00913847.1986.11709153 · Cited by 68
Balke, B. (1987) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1987.03400150125046 · Cited by 68
Physique Anxiety and Exercise in Middle-aged Adults
McAuley, E., Bane, S. M., Rudolph, D. L., & Lox, C. L. (1995) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/50b.5.p229 · Cited by 68
Development of Public Policy and Physical Activity Initiatives Internationally
Blair, S. N., Booth, M. L., Gyarfas, I., Iwane, H., Marti, B., Matsudo, V. K. R., Morrow, M. S., Noakes, T. D., & Shephard, R. J. (1996) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-199621030-00001 · Cited by 67
Plasma catecholamine response to acute psychological stress in humans
Sothmann, M. S., Hart, B. A., & Horn, T. S. (1991) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199107000-00015 · Cited by 66
Varying the intensity of acute exercise: implications for changes in affect.
Tate, A. K., & Petruzzello, S. J. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 65
Biddle, S., Γούδας, Μ., & Page, A. (1994) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.28.3.160 · Cited by 65
LaFontaine, T. P., DiLorenzo, T. M., Frensch, P. A., Stucky‐Ropp, R. C., Bargman, E. P., & McDonald, D. G. (1992) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-199213030-00002 · Cited by 64
Premenstrual Syndrome and Physical Exercise
Timonen, S., & Procopé, B. (1971) · Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica · doi:10.3109/00016347109157334 · Cited by 62
The effect of exercise on normal mood
Lennox, S. S., Bedell, J. R., & Stone, A. A. (1990) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(90)90106-e · Cited by 60
Nattiv, A., & Lynch, L. (1994) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.1080/00913847.1994.11710446 · Cited by 55
Sherwood, A., Light, K. C., & Blumenthal, J. A. (1989) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-198903000-00002 · Cited by 55
Reid, R. L., & Yen, S. S. C. (1983) · PubMed · Cited by 54
Acute Exercise and Anxiety Reduction: Does the Environment Matter?
McAuley, E., Mihalko, S. L., & Bane, S. M. (1996) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.18.4.408 · Cited by 51
Nutritional Aspects of Amenorrhea in the Female Athlete Triad
Benson, J. E., Engelbert-Fenton, K. A., & Eisenman, P. A. (1996) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition · doi:10.1123/ijsn.6.2.134 · Cited by 47
The effect of acute exercise on pulsatile release of luteinizing hormone in women runners
Cumming, D. C., Vickovic, M. M., Wall, S. R., Fluker, M. R., & BELCASTRO, A. N. (1985) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0002-9378(85)90457-0 · Cited by 41
Experiencing Exercise Withdrawal: Possible Consequences of Therapeutic and Mastery Running
Robbins, J. M., & Joseph, P. (1985) · Journal of Sport Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsp.7.1.23 · Cited by 41
Dose–response issues from a psychosocial perspective.
Rejeski, W. J. (1994) · Cited by 40
Using Exercise to Ward Off Depression
Nicoloff, G., & Schwenk, T. L. (1995) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.1080/00913847.1995.11947838 · Cited by 39
Prescribing exercise in general practice
Iliffe, S., Tai, S. S., Gould, M., Thorogood, M., & Hillsdon, M. M. (1994) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.309.6953.494 · Cited by 38
Physical Activity and Psychological Benefits: A Position Statement
(1992) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.6.2.199 · Cited by 38
Relationship of physical activity, glucose tolerance, and weight management
Rauramaa, R. (1984) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/0091-7435(84)90039-2 · Cited by 37
Acute effects of beta blockade and exercise on mood and anxiety.
Head, A., Kendall, M. J., Ferner, R. E., & Eagles, C. J. (1996) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.30.3.238 · Cited by 36
Women, Sport and Performance: A Physiological Perspective
Wells, C. L. (1985) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 36
The Relationship Between Eating Disorders and Depression
Willcox, M., & Sattler, D. N. (1996) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1996.9714005 · Cited by 35
Medical Aspects of Exercise: Benefits and risks
Allan, D. (1992) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/pgmj.68.801.597-b · Cited by 33
Male and female adolescents' motives related to involvement in organized team sports.
Ryckman, R. M., & Hamel, J. (1995) · International journal of sport psychology · Cited by 31
Effects of Wellness, Fitness, and Sport Skills Programs on Body Image and Lifestyle Behaviors
Koff, E., & Bauman, C. L. (1997) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1997.84.2.555 · Cited by 31
Reid, R. L., & Yen, S. S. C. (1983) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/00000542-198309000-00019 · Cited by 24
Anxiety Reduction Following Exercise: Methodological Artifact or “Real” Phenomenon?
Petruzzello, S. J. (1995) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.17.1.105 · Cited by 24
The effects of exercise on mental health in clinical populations.
Martinsen, E. W., & Biddle, S. (1995) · Cited by 23
Exercise on prescription: guidelines for health professionals
Hammond, J. M., Brodie, D. A., & Hundred, P. E. (1997) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/12.1.33 · Cited by 23
Physical activity and high density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Gh, H. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 18
Pa, S., Gould, M., Tai, S. S., & Iliffe, S. (1996) · Health Education Journal · doi:10.1177/001789699605500409 · Cited by 17
Exercise and Running: Effects on Anxiety, Depression, and Psychology
Sachs, M. (1982) · The Journal of Humanistic Education and Development · doi:10.1002/j.2164-4683.1982.tb00214.x · Cited by 17
Ness, R., Handelsman, L., Aronson, M. J., Hershkowitz, A., & Kanof, P. D. (1994) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199406000-00008 · Cited by 16
Mood State Changes of Women as a Function of Regular Aerobic Exercise
Frazier, S. E., & Nagy, S. (1989) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1989.68.1.283 · Cited by 15
Hill, J. W. (1987) · Primary Care Clinics in Office Practice · doi:10.1016/s0095-4543(21)01048-4 · Cited by 11
How I Manage Exercise-Related Menstrual Disturbances
Shangold, M. M. (1986) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.1080/00913847.1986.11709014 · Cited by 10
(1991) · PubMed Central · Cited by 10
Benyo, R. (1991) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199111000-00025 · Cited by 9
CARDIOVASCULAR EVALUATION OF THE ATHLETE 3
Franklin, B. A., Pollock, M. L., Moore, G. E., Camp, S. P. V., & Levine, B. D. (1997) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199705001-00003 · Cited by 9
Women, Sport and Performance: A Physiological Perspective
Shangold, M. M. (1986) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1986.03370160127043 · Cited by 6
Moon, G., & North, N. (2000) · doi:10.1007/978-1-137-10942-2_3 · Cited by 2
Research works printed but not linked: 17
- Pate RR, Pratt M, Blair SN. Physical activity and public health: a recommendation from the Centers fro Disease Control and Prevention and the ACSM. JAMA 1995;273: 402–7.
- Turner-Warwick MH, Petecost BL, Jones JH. Medical aspects of exercise. J R Coll Physicians Lond 1991;25:193–6.
- Hardman AE, Blair SN. Physical activity, health, and well-being: a summary of the Consensus Conference. Res Q Exerc Sport 1995;66:ii.
- Mutrie N, Biddle SJH. EVects of exercise on non-clinical populations. In: Biddle SJH, ed. European perspectives on exercise and sport psychology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1995:50–70.
- McDonald DG, Hodgdon JA. The psychological eVects of aerobic fitness training: research and theory. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1991.
- Franks BD, Jette M. Manifest anxiety and physical fitness. National College of Physical Education Association for Men Annual Proceedings Chicago, 1970.
- McNair DM, Lorr M, Droppleman LF. Psychological eVects of acute physical activity. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1971;52:422–5.
- Steinberg H, Sykes EA, LeBoutillier N. Exercise addiction: indirect measures of ’endorphins’? In: Annett J, Cripps B, Steinberg H, eds. Exercise addiction: motivation for participation in sport and exercise. Leeds: British Psychological Society, 1997:6–14.
- Gruber JJ. Physical activity and self-esteem development in children: a meta-analysis. In: Stull G, Eckert H, eds. EVects of physical activity on children: the Academy Papers No. 19. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1986:30–48.
- Prior JC. Exercise-related adaptive changes to the menstrual cycle. In: Macleod D, Maughan R, Nimmo M, Reilly T, Williams C, eds. Exercise: benefits, limits and adaptations. London: Spon, 1987:239–54.
- van Wersch A. Individual diVerences and intrinsic motivations for sport participation. In: Kremer J, Trew K, Ogle S, eds. Young people’s involvement in sport. London: Routledge, 1997:57–77.
- Arena B. Hormonal problems in young female athletes. Sports Exercise and Injury 1996;2:122–5.
- Sachs ML, Pargman D. Running addiction: a depth interview examination. Journal of Sport Behavior 1979;2:143– 55.
- Annett J. Summing up. In: Annett J, Cripps B, Steinberg H. Exercise addiction. Leeds: British Psychological Society, 1995:70–1.
- Steinberg H, Sykes EA, LeBoutillier N. Exercise addiction: indirect measures of ‘endorphins’. In: Annett J, Cripps B, Steinberg H. Exercise addiction. Leeds: British Psychological Society, 1995:6–14.
- British Heart Foundation. GP advice on exercise is worth more than £1000. General Practitioner 1996;Jul 12:24.
- Sunday Times. Doctor in the gym. Style Supplement 1997; Sep 14:30–1.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Effects of physical exercise on anxiety, depression, and sensitivity to stress
Salmon, P. (2001) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(99)00032-x · Cited by 1,363
The mental and physical health outcomes of green exercise
Pretty, J., Peacock, J., Sellens, M., & Griffin, M. (2005) · International Journal of Environmental Health Research · doi:10.1080/09603120500155963 · Cited by 1,128
Mandolesi, L., Polverino, A., Montuori, S., Foti, F., Ferraioli, G., Sorrentino, P., & Sorrentino, G. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00509 · Cited by 1,038
Effects of acute bouts of exercise on cognition
Tomporowski, P. D. (2003) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/s0001-6918(02)00134-8 · Cited by 1,030
Lawlor, D. A., & Hopker, S. W. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7289.763 · Cited by 995
Metadata
- Authors
- Scully, D., Kremer, J., Meade, M. M., Graham, R., & Dudgeon, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Ulster (GB)
- ORCID
- Scully, D
- Venue
- British Journal of Sports Medicine
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 1998-06
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 111-120
- ISSN
- 0306-3674 (ISSN-L)
- 1473-0480
- PMC
- PMC1756084
- OpenAlex
- W2161259339
- Cited by
- 771
- References
- 115
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 66 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 1.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal of Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- physical activity, psychological well-being, depression, anxiety, stress responsivity, mood states, self-esteem, premenstrual syndrome, body image, exercise addiction, exercise withdrawal, exercise prescription
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Anxiety, Depression, United Kingdom, Health Status, Humans, Mental Health, Self Concept, Stress, Physiological, Exercise
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review