Effects of physical exercise on anxiety, depression, and sensitivity to stress

Salmon, Peter

doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(99)00032-x

Cited by 1,363Physical Activity and HealthAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesStress Responses and Cortisol

Effects of physical exercise on anxiety, depression, and sensitivity to stress

Salmon, Peter·2001·Clinical Psychology Review

DOI 10.1016/s0272-7358(99)00032-x

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Abstract

Until recently, claims for the psychological benefits of physical exercise have tended to precede supportive evidence. Acutely, emotional effects of exercise remain confusing, both positive and negative effects being reported. Results of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies are more consistent in indicating that aerobic exercise training has antidepressant and anxiolytic effects and protects against harmful consequences of stress. Details of each of these effects remain unclear. Antidepressant and anxiolytic effects have been demonstrated most clearly in subclinical disorder, and clinical applications remain to be exploited. Cross-sectional studies link exercise habits to protection from harmful effects of stress on physical and mental health, but causality is not clear. Nevertheless, the pattern of evidence suggests the theory that exercise training recruits a process which confers enduring resilience to stress. This view allows the effects of exercise to be understood in terms of existing psychobiological knowledge, and it can thereby provide the theoretical base that is needed to guide future research in this area. Clinically, exercise training continues to offer clinical psychologists a vehicle for nonspecific therapeutic social and psychological processes. It also offers a specific psychological treatment that may be particularly effective for patients for whom more conventional psychological interventions are less acceptable.

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Regular vigorous sports activities are related to mood improvement and stress reduction.
“especially regular vigorous sports activities are related to mood improvement and stress reduction (Steptoe et al. 1998; for a review see Salmon 2001)”
From Energy Management of People in Organizations: A Review and Research Agenda (2011) · cites this paper as Salmon 2001
Most of the positive effects of regular exercise may only manifest themselves in the long-term for non-exercisers starting a work-out program.
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From Energy Management of People in Organizations: A Review and Research Agenda (2011) · cites this paper as Salmon 2001

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Exercise as medicine - evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases
Pedersen, B. K., & Saltin, B. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12581 · Cited by 3,514 · see citing works
Evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in chronic disease
Pedersen, B. K., & Saltin, B. (2006) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2006.00520.x · Cited by 1,384 · see citing works
The Effects of Stress on Physical Activity and Exercise
Stults-Kolehmainen, M. A., & Sinha, R. (2014) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-013-0090-5 · Cited by 1,192 · see citing works
The Psychobiology of Depression and Resilience to Stress: Implications for Prevention and Treatment
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Authors: Salmon, P.
Affiliations: University of Liverpool (GB)
Corresponding author: Salmon, Peter
ORCID: Salmon, Peter
Venue: Clinical Psychology Review
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2001-02
Volume: 21
Issue: 1
Pages: 33-61
ISSN: 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0272-7358(99)00032-x
OpenAlex: W2169340948
Cited by: 1,363
References: 282
Citations by year: 2026: 54 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 83 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 84 · 2019: 65 · 2018: 78 · 2017: 82 · 2016: 66 · 2015: 69 · 2014: 76 · 2013: 76 · 2012: 61
FWCI: 2.29
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Keywords: physical activity, aerobic exercise training, anxiety, depression, stress sensitivity, stress resilience, antidepressant effects, anxiolytic effects, exercise therapy
MeSH terms: Anxiety, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Stress, Psychological, Exercise, Treatment Outcome

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Effects of physical exercise on anxiety, depression, and sensitivity to stress

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