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Wake up and smell the coffee: caffeine supplementation and exercise performance—an umbrella review of 21 published meta-analyses
Open accessAbstract
Objective: To systematically review, summarise and appraise findings of published meta-analyses that examined the effects of caffeine on exercise performance. Design: Umbrella review. Data sources: Twelve databases. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies: Meta-analyses that examined the effects of caffeine ingestion on exercise performance. Results: Eleven reviews (with a total of 21 meta-analyses) were included, all being of moderate or high methodological quality (assessed using the Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews 2 checklist). In the meta-analyses, caffeine was ergogenic for aerobic endurance, muscle strength, muscle endurance, power, jumping performance and exercise speed. However, not all analyses provided a definite direction for the effect of caffeine when considering the 95% prediction interval. Using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation criteria the quality of evidence was generally categorised as moderate (with some low to very low quality of evidence). Most individual studies included in the published meta-analyses were conducted among young men. Summary/conclusion: Synthesis of the currently available meta-analyses suggest that caffeine ingestion improves exercise performance in a broad range of exercise tasks. Ergogenic effects of caffeine on muscle endurance, muscle strength, anaerobic power and aerobic endurance were substantiated by moderate quality of evidence coming from moderate-to-high quality systematic reviews. For other outcomes, we found moderate quality reviews that presented evidence of very low or low quality. It seems that the magnitude of the effect of caffeine is generally greater for aerobic as compared with anaerobic exercise. More primary studies should be conducted among women, middle-aged and older adults to improve the generalisability of these findings.
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“Caffeine (CAF), recognized as 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine, is a supplement widely used by physically active individuals and trained athletes [ 1 ] due to its ergogenic impact on both endurance [ 2 ] and strength exercises [ 3 - 5 ].”
From Impact of Caffeine Intake Strategies on Heart Rate Variability during Post-Exercise Recovery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Substantial evidence also indicates that caffeine produces consistent ergogenic effects across a range of athletic tasks, thereby improving physical capacity and exercise performance [4,5,6].”
From Pre-Exercise Caffeine as a Modulator of Exercise-Induced Acute Cardiometabolic Responses: A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [4]
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“Recent reviews further suggest that both lower doses (≤3 mg/kg) and higher doses (6–9 mg/kg) can improve exercise performance, although the magnitude of benefit may differ [4,83].”
From Pre-Exercise Caffeine as a Modulator of Exercise-Induced Acute Cardiometabolic Responses: A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Previous studies [4,5,78] suggest that 3–6 mg·kg−1 is the most commonly used dose range for improving aerobic, high-intensity, and sport-specific performance, yet doses of approximately 2–3 mg·kg−1 may already produce observable ergogenic effects.”
From Pre-Exercise Caffeine as a Modulator of Exercise-Induced Acute Cardiometabolic Responses: A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Previous studies [4,5,78] suggest that 3–6 mg·kg−1 is the most commonly used dose range for improving aerobic, high-intensity, and sport-specific performance, yet doses of approximately 2–3 mg·kg−1 may already produce observable ergogenic effects.”
From Pre-Exercise Caffeine as a Modulator of Exercise-Induced Acute Cardiometabolic Responses: A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [4]
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“Nevertheless, research on caffeine and exercise has predominantly focused on its ergogenic properties, particularly its capacity to enhance endurance performance, high-intensity exercise capacity, and sport-specific performance [4,14,15,16,17].”
From Pre-Exercise Caffeine as a Modulator of Exercise-Induced Acute Cardiometabolic Responses: A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [4]
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“Spriet noted that smaller caffeine doses do not substantially alter the overall peripheral physiological response to exercise [4,83], suggesting that the performance benefits of low-dose caffeine may arise primarily from central nervous system effects.”
From Pre-Exercise Caffeine as a Modulator of Exercise-Induced Acute Cardiometabolic Responses: A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [4]
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“Caffeine is widely consumed as part of a normal diet, and there is clear evidence-for-efficacy regarding its ergogenic properties in a variety of sports [150–152], although the extent of the ergogenic effect is largely dependent on inter-individual genetic variance [153].”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing (2019) · cites this paper as [152]
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“2,9,10 However, the ecological validity of applying these results obtained with caffeine supplementation in this type of physical testing to sports involving decision making or requiring complex interactions between teammates, such as team sports, combat sports, or racket sports, still needs to be…”
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BackgroundAcute caffeine supplementation enhances several aspects of shot put performance in trained athletes
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Comment on: “Caffeine and Exercise: What Next?”
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Acute Effect of Caffeine Supplementation on 100-m Sprint Running Performance: A Field Test
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Caffeine Supplementation or Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Improves Performance
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BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialAcute enhancement of Romanian deadlift performance after consumption of caffeinated chewing gum
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“…the binding of adenosine to A1 and A2a G-protein coupled receptor sites and increased sarcoplasmic PeerJ reviewing PDF | (2020:02:45680:1:0:NEW 6 Apr 2020) 402 reticulum calcium release impacting upon the central nervous system and motor unit recruitment respectively 403 (Grgic et al., 2019b).”
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“The most widely researched of MIPS ingredients is caffeine, and its positive effects on performance were confirmed by an umbrella review [21].”
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“25 Again, the results are inconsistent in this regard.”
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“Furthermore, researchers have previously demonstrated that caffeine may reduce body weight by maintaining or enhancing EE, improving exercise capacity, increasing fat oxidation, and stimulating the thermogenic response [29–33].”
Caffeine, but not paracetamol (acetaminophen), enhances muscular endurance, strength, and power
Ščapec, B., Grgić, J., Varović, D., & Mikulić, P. (2024) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2024.2400513 · Cited by 17
“Data indicates that caffeine ingestion may acutely enhance various components of exercise performance, such as power, muscular strength, muscular and aerobic endurance, and jumping performance [2].”
The relationship between agility and lower extremity strength in female basketball players
Yılmaz, A. K., Akgün, S., Korkmaz, E., Anıl, B., Akdemir, E., Aktaş, B., Karaduman, E., & Kabadayı, M. (2025) · BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s13102-025-01250-y · Cited by 12
“In addition, in the one-repetition maximum (1 RM) test, a field-based test that defines the maximum weight that can be lifted once, eccentric movements are often combined with concentric movements and better reflect natural movement in most sports and daily life activities [25, 26].”
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“The wide evidence of the ergogenic effects of CAF in several exercise contexts (Salinero, Lara, and Del Coso 2019; Grgic et al. 2020; Jiménez et al. 2021), and more specifically on muscle endurance (Karayigit et al. 2020), sprint (Karayigit 2021) and aerobic endurance (Clarke, Kirwan, and…”
BackgroundNiknam, A., Abdullahi, M. H., Hemmatinafar, M., Alaeifar, A. H., & Jahromi, M. K. (2024) · Current Developments in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.104427 · Cited by 12
“However, the bene fi ts of coffee as the most widely used method of caffeine consumption worldwide [15] for improving the performance of athletes remain almost unknown [10].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialVera, J., Redondo, B., Bardón, A., Pérez‐Castilla, A., García‐Ramos, A., & Jiménez, R. (2020) · Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1111/ceo.13755 · Cited by 13
“Second, the caffeine dose and timing of administration were based on the recommendations given to achieve the ergogenic effects of caffeine on physical performance (3-6 mg/kg and 20-60 minutes before exercise performance).(19,37) However, physiological responses to caffeine have demonstrated to be dependent on dose(38…”
BackgroundMethodExamining the Effects of Caffeine on Isokinetic Strength, Power, and Endurance
Grgić, J., Venier, S., & Mikulić, P. (2022) · Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology · doi:10.3390/jfmk7040071 · Cited by 12
Saunders, B., da Costa, L. R., de Souza, R. A. S., Barreto, G., & Marticorena, F. M. (2023) · Advances in food and nutrition research · doi:10.1016/bs.afnr.2023.03.002 · Cited by 12
Design and Performance Test of the Coffee Bean Classifier
Ansar, A., Sukmawaty, S., Murad, M., Muttalib, S. A., Putra, R. H., & Abdurrahim (2021) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr9081462 · Cited by 11
Stazi, M., Zampar, S., Nadolny, M., Büschgens, L., Meyer, T., & Wirths, O. (2022) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-022-01431-7 · Cited by 9
Pereira-Santana, O., Cavalcante, V. H. V., Paulo, A. C., Rodacki, C. D. L. N., Bertuzzi, R., Lima‐Silva, A. E., & Cristina-Souza, G. (2022) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2022.2094560 · Cited by 10
“Participants ingested a capsule containing 5 mg.kg−1 body mass of anhydrous caffeine (CAF) or cellulose (PLA) as doses in the range of 3–9 mg·kg−1 60 min before exercise have been considered adequate for eliciting an ergogenic effect during resistance exercise (Grgic et al., 2019).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDeng, H., Li, W., Liu, P., Naharudin, M. N., & Fan, X. (2025) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2025.2566371 · Cited by 10
“Its mechanisms of action include adenosine receptor antagonism, increased catecholamine release, and enhanced calcium handling in muscle cells [5].”
Couto, P. G., Silva-Cavalcante, M. D., Mezêncio, B., Azevedo, R. A., Cruz, R., Bertuzzi, R., Lima-Silva, A. E., & Kiss, M. A. P. D. (2022) · Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research · doi:10.1590/1414-431x2021e11901 · Cited by 10
“The positive effects of caffeine ingestion (B5 mg/kg of body mass) on exercise performance have been widely investigated (1).”
BackgroundHarty, P. S., Stratton, M. T., Escalante, G., Rodriguez, C., Dellinger, J. R., Williams, A. D., White, S. J., SMITH, R. W., Johnson, B. A., Sanders, M. B., et al. (2020) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-020-00374-5 · Cited by 10
“To date, the majority of investigations showing beneficial effects of caffeine consumption on measures of strength or power have employed doses of at least 5–6 mg·kg 1 [29], with 6 mg·kg 1 being the most common [30].”
BackgroundDeletion of CD73 increases exercise power in mice
Aguiar, A. S., Speck, A. E., Canas, P. M., & Cunha, R. A. (2021) · Purinergic Signalling · doi:10.1007/s11302-021-09797-4 · Cited by 10
“The non-selective adenosine receptor antagonist, caffeine, is well established to cause an ergogenic effect [8,9], which is mimicked by selective antagonists of adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR), abrogated in forebrain A2AR knockout mice [8], and eliminated upon administration of the A2R agonist NECA [6,10].”
BackgroundAlmeida, B. A., Morales, A. P., Ribeiro, J. R. C., Sampaio-Jorge, F., Ribeiro, Y. G., Barth, T., & Ribeiro, B. G. (2024) · Current Cardiology Reviews · doi:10.2174/011573403x289842240307114736 · Cited by 9
A comprehensive assessment of caffeine’s effects on components of countermovement jump performance
Grgić, J. (2021) · Biology of Sport · doi:10.5114/biolsport.2022.107017 · Cited by 9
Tamilio, R. A., Clarke, N. D., Duncan, M. J., Morris, R. O., Grgić, J., & Tallis, J. A. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13103367 · Cited by 13
“A wealth of scientific evidence, summarised in a recent umbrella review [1], documents small but significant improvements in aerobic endurance [2], anaerobic power [2,3], muscular endurance and strength [4,5], and sport-specific skills [6] following acute caffeine ingestion.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWaer, F. B., Alexe, D. I., Chaari, F., Alexe, C. I., Laatar, R., Bădău, D., Rebai, H., Albina, A. M., Ljubojević, A., & Sahli, S. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-76650-0 · Cited by 11
“Several studies have been published, culminating in a recent meta-analysis, demonstrating caffeine’s ergogenic effects across various exercise modes, including aerobic endurance, anaerobic power, muscular strength, muscle endurance, exercise speed, and vertical jump height 34 .”
BackgroundImpact of Caffeine Intake on Female Basketball Players’ Performance
Nieto-Acevedo, R., García-Sánchez, C., Bravo‐Sànchez, A., Abián‐Vicén, J., Abián, P., Portillo, L. J., Martínez-Rubio, C., Calvo, J. L., & Díaz‐Lara, J. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17020235 · Cited by 16
Qiu, B., Wang, Z., Zhang, Y., Cui, Y., Diao, P., Liu, K., Coso, J. D., & Liu, C. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17020351 · Cited by 11
Caffeine Mouth Rinse Does Not Improve Time to Exhaustion in Male Trained Cyclists
Nabuco, L. L., Saunders, B., da Silva, R. A. S., Molina, G. E., & Reis, C. E. G. (2021) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0360 · Cited by 9
Ergogenic Effects of Caffeine on Ballistic (Throwing) Performance: A Meta-Analytical Review
Grgić, J., & Varović, D. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14194155 · Cited by 12
Karayiğit, R., Yıldız, H., Şahin, M., Şişman, A., Sarı, C., Ersöz, G., & Büyükçelebi, H. (2021) · Progress in nutrition · doi:10.23751/pn.v23i1.9067 · Cited by 12
“However, other studies in the literature do not support this assumption (37-39).”
ResultMarinho, A. H., Lopes-Silva, J. P., Cristina-Souza, G., Sousa, F. A. D. B., Ataide-Silva, T., Lima-Silva, A. E., Araujo, G. G. D., & Silva‑Cavalcante, M. D. (2024) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2022.2104807 · Cited by 8
“However, the present review found that studies used ̇ 5 ± 2 mg.kg −1 caffeine, which is within the range of caffeine doses used to improve endurance performance (Grgic et al. 2019).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBezerra, G. J. D. S., Gomes, E. D. S., & Correia‐Oliveira, C. R. (2021) · Journal of the American Nutrition Association · doi:10.1080/07315724.2020.1852450 · Cited by 8
A meta-analysis on the effects of caffeine ingestion on swimming performance
Grgić, J. (2022) · Nutrition & Food Science · doi:10.1108/nfs-01-2022-0019 · Cited by 12
He, Z., Guo, Q. J., Ling, Y., Hong, C., Liu, Y., Jin, X., Thanaporn, P., Zhao, D., Wang, L., Liu, L., et al. (2022) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-022-02050-y · Cited by 8
Nabuco, L. L., Mendes, G. F., Barreto, G., Saunders, B., & Reis, C. E. G. (2023) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0000000000000777 · Cited by 10
“Subsequently, methods of the articles were assessed and those that did not meet criteria were excluded with reasons.”
Martos-Arregui, A., Li, Z., Miras‐Moreno, S., Marcos‐Frutos, D., Jiménez‐Martínez, P., Alix‐Fages, C., Janicijevic, D. N., & García‐Ramos, A. (2024) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-024-05639-4 · Cited by 8
“Therefore, caffeine is well-supported for its ergogenic effects on mechanical performance in RT (Grgic et al. 2019, 2020; Raya-González et al. 2020).”
InfluentialMaleček, J., Omcirk, D., Skálová, K., Padecky, J., Janikov, M. T., Obrtel, M., Jonáš, M., Kolář, D., Michalička, V., Sýkora, K., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0293804 · Cited by 11
Nishikawa, T., Hirono, T., Holobar, A., Kunugi, S., Okudaira, M., Ohya, T., & Watanabe, K. (2024) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-023-05376-0 · Cited by 12
“Ingestions of caffeine and quercetin have been shown to change motor unit firing patterns and muscle contractile properties (Alexander 2006; Graham 2001; McLellan et al. 2016; Grgic et al. 2019; Lee et al. 2002; Cheuvront et al. 2009).”
InfluentialMuscle contraction time after caffeine intake is faster after 30 minutes than after 60 minutes
Pakosz, P., Konieczny, M., Domaszewski, P., Dybek, T., García-García, Ó., Gnoiński, M., & Skorupska, E. (2024) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2024.2306295 · Cited by 8
“This is confirmed by most studies that recommend caffeine intake 60 minutes before exercise [1,36,37].”
BackgroundInfographic. Wake up and smell the coffee: caffeine supplementation and exercise performance
Grgić, J., Grgic, I., Pickering, C., Schoenfeld, B. J., Bishop, D. J., Virgile, A., & Pedišić, Ž. (2019) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2019-101097 · Cited by 8
Self-citationA time and a place: A framework for caffeine periodization throughout the sporting year
Pickering, C., & Grgić, J. (2020) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2020.111046 · Cited by 9
Self-citationRozga, M., Jones, K., Robinson, J., & Yahiro, A. M. (2021) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980021002184 · Cited by 8
The effect of mouth rinsing with different concentrations of caffeine solutions on reaction time
Virdinli, S. G., Kutlay, E., Yüzbaşıoğlu, Y., Vollaard, N. B. J., & Nalçakan, G. R. (2022) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2022.2038893 · Cited by 11
Effect of low caffeine doses on jumping performance: a meta-analysis
Grgić, J. (2022) · Nutrition & Food Science · doi:10.1108/nfs-02-2022-0050 · Cited by 8
Bodur, M., Barkell, J. F., Li, X., & Hezaveh, Z. S. (2024) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.11.007 · Cited by 15
Feng, L., Du, W., Wang, X., Cao, H., Ji, Z., Li, F., Cao, J., & Zhou, Z. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1673882 · Cited by 11
Acute caffeine and capsaicin supplementation and performance in resistance training
Simões, C. B., Gomes, P. L. C., da Silva, R. Â. D., Fonseca, I. C. S., Fonseca, M. T. M., da Cruz, V. M., & Drummond, M. D. M. (2021) · Motriz Revista de Educação Física · doi:10.1590/s1980-65742022010121 · Cited by 8
“Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is a substance presents in teas, coffees, energy drinks, and dietary supplements, used by most elite athletes 1,2 .”
Rohloff, G., de Souza, D. B., Ruíz‐Moreno, C., Coso, J. D., & Polito, M. D. (2022) · International journal of exercise science · doi:10.70252/huwd8703 · Cited by 10
Grgić, J., Venier, S., Schoenfeld, B. J., & Mikulić, P. (2020) · Journal of Human Kinetics · doi:10.2478/hukin-2020-0023 · Cited by 8
“When assessing the effects of caffeine on repetition velocity, it is important to use different loads, as some authors have hypothesized that caffeine's effects on repetition velocity might be external-load-dependent (Grgic et al. 2019).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHeikura, I. A., Kettunen, O., Garthe, I., Holmlund, H., Sandbakk, S. B., Valtonen, M., & Ihalainen, J. K. (2021) · Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise · doi:10.1007/s42978-020-00105-x · Cited by 7
Celli, G. B., & de Camargo, A. C. (2019) · Journal of Food Bioactives · doi:10.31665/jfb.2019.6185 · Cited by 9
Montalvo‐Alonso, J. J., del Val‐Manzano, M., Martín‐Rivas, I., Ferragut, C., Valadés, D., & Pérez‐López, A. (2026) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.70214 · Cited by 5
“Although in general the literature suggests that CAF ergogenic effects are similar among exercise types [35], it remains uncertain whether this applies to individuals with different genotypes.”
Chen, B., Zhang, C., Xu, Z., Li, Y., Guo, L., Cao, Y., & Girard, O. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17101709 · Cited by 10
“Caffeine popularity has risen due to its positive effect on both aerobic and anaerobic activities [9,10].”
Zart, S., & Fröhlich, M. (2025) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2025.2524033 · Cited by 7
“With regard to the design of the studies, it can be summarized that the primary studies in their designs administered supplements at a sufficient minimum dose with the correct time interval to the tests [22,28,62].”
Miraftabi, H., Ghorbani, H., Souzandeh, P., Berjisian, E., Naderi, A., Mojtahedi, S., & Kerksick, C. M. (2025) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2025-0040 · Cited by 6
Tzeng, G.-J., Lin, H., Shiu, Y.-J., Hsieh, M.-H., Chen, Z.-C., & Chiu, C. (2025) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2025-0210 · Cited by 6
Correia‐Oliveira, C. R., & Lopes‐Silva, J. P. (2022) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2022.2031847 · Cited by 6
“…et al., 2017), we ' were also interested to test how the PO distribution during a 4-km TT would be affected by adding a substance (caffeine) able to reduce the RPE (Duncan et al., 2019; Grgic et al., 2019), together with NaHCO3, a substance able to attenuate the exercise-induced decrease in pH.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Grgic, J., Grgic, I., Pickering, C., Schoenfeld, B. J., Bishop, D. J., & Pedisic, Z.
- Affiliations
- University of Lancashire (GB)
- Lehman College (US)
- Edith Cowan University (AU)
- Venue
- British Journal of Sports Medicine
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2019-03-29
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 681-688
- ISSN
- 0306-3674 (ISSN-L)
- 1473-0480
- OpenAlex
- W2930495386
- Cited by
- 375
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 62 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 27
- FWCI
- 5.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal of Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CLOK (University of Central Lancashire) (acceptedVersion)
- Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Australasian Journal of Paramedicine (submittedVersion)
- The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Coffee research and impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- caffeine supplementation, exercise performance, ergogenic aids, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, muscular endurance, anaerobic power, jump performance, exercise speed, prediction intervals, quality of evidence
- MeSH terms
- Caffeine, Coffee, Female, Humans, Male, Sex Factors, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal, Dietary Supplements, Muscle Strength, Athletic Performance, Performance-Enhancing Substances
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