Wake up and Smell the Coffee: Caffeine Supplementation and Exercise Performance—An Umbrella Review of 21 Published Meta-Analyses
Open accessAbstract
Objective: To systematically review, summarise and appraise findings of published meta-analyses that examined the effects of caffeine on exercise performance. Design: Umbrella review. Data sources: Twelve databases. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies: Meta-analyses that examined the effects of caffeine ingestion on exercise performance. Results: Eleven reviews (with a total of 21 meta-analyses) were included, all being of moderate or high methodological quality (assessed using the Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews 2 checklist). In the meta-analyses, caffeine was ergogenic for aerobic endurance, muscle strength, muscle endurance, power, jumping performance and exercise speed. However, not all analyses provided a definite direction for the effect of caffeine when considering the 95% prediction interval. Using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation criteria the quality of evidence was generally categorised as moderate (with some low to very low quality of evidence). Most individual studies included in the published meta-analyses were conducted among young men. Summary/conclusion: Synthesis of the currently available meta-analyses suggest that caffeine ingestion improves exercise performance in a broad range of exercise tasks. Ergogenic effects of caffeine on muscle endurance, muscle strength, anaerobic power and aerobic endurance were substantiated by moderate quality of evidence coming from moderate-to-high quality systematic reviews. For other outcomes, we found moderate quality reviews that presented evidence of very low or low quality. It seems that the magnitude of the effect of caffeine is generally greater for aerobic as compared with anaerobic exercise. More primary studies should be conducted among women, middle-aged and older adults to improve the generalisability of these findings.
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Caffeine is widely used by physically active individuals and trained athletes due to its ergogenic impact on endurance and strength exercises.
“Caffeine (CAF), recognized as 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine, is a supplement widely used by physically active individuals and trained athletes [ 1 ] due to its ergogenic impact on both endurance [ 2 ] and strength exercises [ 3 - 5 ].”
From Impact of Caffeine Intake Strategies on Heart Rate Variability during Post-Exercise Recovery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [4]
The Introduction says caffeine is a supplement with a long history of use for its ergogenic effects and that ingestion is highly prevalent among athletes. It does not establish that caffeine supplementation is widely used by physically active individuals more generally. The Conclusions support ergogenic effects on aerobic endurance and muscle strength, although those parts of the citing sentence have separate citations. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCaffeine produces consistent ergogenic effects across a range of athletic tasks, improving physical capacity and exercise performance.
“Substantial evidence also indicates that caffeine produces consistent ergogenic effects across a range of athletic tasks, thereby improving physical capacity and exercise performance [4,5,6].”
From Pre-Exercise Caffeine as a Modulator of Exercise-Induced Acute Cardiometabolic Responses: A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [4]
The Conclusions (page not supplied) say caffeine may be ergogenic across a broad range of exercise tasks, supporting the claim's general point. But the Effects of caffeine on exercise performance section reports several analyses without significant effects, so the source does not support describing the effects as consistent across tasks. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBoth lower doses (≤3 mg/kg) and higher doses (6-9 mg/kg) can improve exercise performance, although the magnitude of benefit may differ.
“Recent reviews further suggest that both lower doses (≤3 mg/kg) and higher doses (6–9 mg/kg) can improve exercise performance, although the magnitude of benefit may differ [4,83].”
From Pre-Exercise Caffeine as a Modulator of Exercise-Induced Acute Cardiometabolic Responses: A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [4]
In “The optimal dose of caffeine” (page unavailable), the review says caffeine can improve exercise performance, notes that studies most commonly used 6 mg/kg, and reports a tentative dose-related increase in the muscular-endurance effect. “Is coffee a good way to consume caffeine?” (page unavailable) suggests approximately 3 mg/kg can be ergogenic. The copy does not establish benefits across the full claimed ranges of ≤3 and 6–9 mg/kg, or a difference in benefit between those ranges. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDoses of approximately 2-3 mg·kg−1 may already produce observable ergogenic effects.
“Previous studies [4,5,78] suggest that 3–6 mg·kg−1 is the most commonly used dose range for improving aerobic, high-intensity, and sport-specific performance, yet doses of approximately 2–3 mg·kg−1 may already produce observable ergogenic effects.”
From Pre-Exercise Caffeine as a Modulator of Exercise-Induced Acute Cardiometabolic Responses: A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [4]
In “Is coffee a good way to consume caffeine?” (page not provided), the review says that about 3 mg/kg from two cups of coffee should exert an ergogenic effect in most individuals. It does not establish an effect at 2 mg/kg; “The optimal dose of caffeine” says the optimal dose remains elusive. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured3-6 mg·kg−1 is the most commonly used dose range for improving aerobic, high-intensity, and sport-specific performance.
“Previous studies [4,5,78] suggest that 3–6 mg·kg−1 is the most commonly used dose range for improving aerobic, high-intensity, and sport-specific performance, yet doses of approximately 2–3 mg·kg−1 may already produce observable ergogenic effects.”
From Pre-Exercise Caffeine as a Modulator of Exercise-Induced Acute Cardiometabolic Responses: A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [4]
In “The optimal dose of caffeine” (page not provided), the review says the primary studies most commonly used a single dose of 6 mg/kg; it does not identify 3–6 mg/kg as the most commonly used range for each named performance category. “Is coffee a good way to consume caffeine?” says 3–6 mg/kg is likely an ergogenic range for coffee, but does not establish how commonly that range was used in those studies. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Research on caffeine and exercise has predominantly focused on its ergogenic properties, particularly its capacity to enhance endurance performance, high-intensity exercise capacity, and sport-specific performance.
“Nevertheless, research on caffeine and exercise has predominantly focused on its ergogenic properties, particularly its capacity to enhance endurance performance, high-intensity exercise capacity, and sport-specific performance [4,14,15,16,17].”
From Pre-Exercise Caffeine as a Modulator of Exercise-Induced Acute Cardiometabolic Responses: A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [4]
Smaller caffeine doses do not substantially alter the overall peripheral physiological response to exercise, suggesting that the performance benefits of low-dose caffeine may arise primarily from central nervous system effects.
“Spriet noted that smaller caffeine doses do not substantially alter the overall peripheral physiological response to exercise [4,83], suggesting that the performance benefits of low-dose caffeine may arise primarily from central nervous system effects.”
From Pre-Exercise Caffeine as a Modulator of Exercise-Induced Acute Cardiometabolic Responses: A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [4]
The ‘The optimal dose of caffeine’ section says the optimal dose remains unclear and that most studies used 6 mg/kg. The Conclusions report performance benefits from caffeine generally, but our copy does not say that smaller doses leave peripheral exercise responses substantially unchanged or that their benefits arise primarily from central nervous system effects. Searches for low-dose, peripheral-response, and central-nervous-system terms found no passage addressing that point. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCaffeine has clear evidence-for-efficacy regarding its ergogenic properties in a variety of sports.
“Caffeine is widely consumed as part of a normal diet, and there is clear evidence-for-efficacy regarding its ergogenic properties in a variety of sports [150–152], although the extent of the ergogenic effect is largely dependent on inter-individual genetic variance [153].”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing (2019) · cites this paper as [152]
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Caffeine and Exercise: What Next?
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“[35], who stated that ingestion of caffeine enhanced a large span of exercise performance variables (e.”
BackgroundSortwell, A., Trimble, K., Ferraz, R. M. P., Geelan, D., Hine, G., Ramírez‐Campillo, R., Carter-Thuillier, B. I., Gkintoni, E., & Xuan, Q. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16177826 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Lesinski, M., Herz, M., Schmelcher, A., & Granacher, U. (2020) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-020-01327-3 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Dastamooz, S., Bahmani, D. S., Farahani, M. H. D., Wong, S. H., Yam, J. C. S., Tham, C. C. Y., & Sit, C. H. P. (2023) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102137 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Barreto, G., Grecco, B. H., Merola, P., Reis, C. E. G., Gualano, B., & Saunders, B. (2021) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04571-7 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
González, J. R., Rendo‐Urteaga, T., Domínguez, R., Castillo, D., Fernandez, A. R., & Grgić, J. (2019) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-019-01211-9 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Ruiz-Moreno, C., Lara, B., Salinero, J. J., Brito de Souza, D., Ordovás, J. M., & Del Coso, J. (2020) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-019-02167-2 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Test–Retest Reliability of the Yo-Yo Test: A Systematic Review
Grgić, J., Oppici, L., Mikulić, P., Bangsbo, J., Krustrup, P., & Pedišić, Ž. (2019) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-019-01143-4 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Grgic, J., Pickering, C., Bishop, D. J., Schoenfeld, B. J., Mikulic, P., & Pedisic, Z. (2020) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-020-00349-6 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“For example, a recent umbrella review of 21 published metaanalyses reported that caffeine ingestion is acutely ergogenic for aerobic endurance, muscle strength, muscle endurance, power, jumping performance, and exercise speed [3].”
BackgroundSelf-citationBest, R., McDonald, K., Hurst, P., & Pickering, C. (2020) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-020-02274-5 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Given the demonstrated ergogenic effects of an ingested bitter tastant [43, 46], Pickering [15] recently reviewed whether caffeine—itself a bitter tastant [47] that has been shown to activate bitter taste receptors located in the oral cavity [48]—exerted some of its well-established ergogenic effects [49] via its bitt…”
BackgroundSelf-citationTest–retest reliability of the 30–15 Intermittent Fitness Test: A systematic review
Grgić, J., Lazinica, B., & Pedišić, Ž. (2020) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2020.04.010 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“30 Additionally, the use of certain supplements, such as caffeine and sodium bicarbonate, has been found to enhance performance in tests similar to 30 15 IFT.(31,32) Practitioners should attempt to standardize these factors as much as possible when conducting trials.”
InfluentialVenier, S., Grgic, J., & Mikulic, P. (2019) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2019-0098 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Grgić, J., & Mikulić, P. (2020) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2020.1817155 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“It is well-established that caffeine ingestion may acutely enhance aerobic endurance, muscular strength and endurance, power, jumping performance, and speed (2).”
BackgroundGómez‐Bruton, A., Marín-Puyalto, J., Muñiz-Pardos, B., Matute-Llorente, Á., Coso, J. D., Gómez‐Cabello, A., Vicente‐Rodríguez, G., Casajús, J. A., & Lozano‐Berges, G. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13103663 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Delleli, S., Ouergui, I., Messaoudi, H., Trabelsi, K., Ammar, A., Glenn, J. M., & Chtourou, H. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14142996 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“The dosage has been reported to explain 16% of the between-study variance [21].”
BackgroundInfluentialNutritional approaches to counter performance constraints in high‐level sports competition
Burke, L. M. (2021) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep088188 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Dasa, M. S., Kristoffersen, M., Ersvær, E., Bovim, L. P., Bjørkhaug, L., Moe‐Nilssen, R., Sagen, J. V., & Haukenes, I. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.600668 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Caffeinated Drinks and Physical Performance in Sport: A Systematic Review
Sáiz, S. L. J., Díaz‐Lara, J., Pareja-Galeano, H., & Coso, J. D. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13092944 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is one of the most common substances used by elite athletes before and during competition [1,2], likely due to its well-supported ergogenic properties in a multitude of exercise scenarios [3].”
BackgroundCarvalho, A., Marticorena, F. M., Grecco, B. H., Barreto, G., & Saunders, B. (2022) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-022-01685-0 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Chtourou, H., Trabelsi, K., Ammar, A., Shephard, R. J., & Bragazzi, N. L. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11050992 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“[40] concluded that caffeine ingestion improved a broad range of exercise performance measures such as muscle strength, muscle endurance, anaerobic power, and aerobic endurance.”
BackgroundMental Performance and Sport: Caffeine and Co-Consumed Bioactive Ingredients
Kennedy, D. O., & Wightman, E. L. (2022) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-022-01796-8 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
What Dose of Caffeine to Use: Acute Effects of 3 Doses of Caffeine on Muscle Endurance and Strength
Grgić, J., Sabol, F., Venier, S., Mikulic, I., Bratković, N., Schoenfeld, B. J., Pickering, C., Bishop, D. J., Pedišić, Ž., & Mikulić, P. (2019) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2019-0433 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“In research studies, caffeine is often administered in moderate to high doses (3 to 6 mgkg), with 6 mgkg being the most common.(4) There is, however, emerging interest in exploring the effects of lower doses of caffeine (≤3 mgkg) on exercise performance as such doses generally provide an ergogenic benefit with minimal…”
BackgroundSelf-citationFilip-Stachnik, A., Wilk, M., Krzysztofik, M., Lulińska, E., Tufano, J. J., Zajac, A., Stastny, P., & Del Coso, J. (2021) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-021-00421-9 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“) and ingested in the form of capsules 30 to 90 min before exercise [6, 7], although the use of high doses of CAF normally increases the prevalence of caffeine-associated side-effects [8].”
ADORA2A C Allele Carriers Exhibit Ergogenic Responses to Caffeine Supplementation
Grgić, J., Pickering, C., Bishop, D. J., Coso, J. D., Schoenfeld, B. J., Tinsley, G. M., & Pedišić, Ž. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12030741 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“For example, a recent umbrella review reported that caffeine ingestion enhances muscle strength and endurance, aerobic endurance, power output, and jumping performance [3].”
BackgroundSelf-citationGrgić, J., & Coso, J. D. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18115773 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Specifically, the prevalence of primary studies with male-only samples ranged from 72% to 100% across the 21 meta-analyses included in the umbrella review [3].”
BackgroundZhang, F., Bai, Y., Zhao, X., Huang, L., Wang, W., Zhou, W., & Zhang, H. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054887 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Ergogenic effects of caffeine on peak aerobic cycling power during the menstrual cycle
Lara, B., Gutiérrez‐Hellín, J., Bataller, A. G., Rodríguez-Fernández, P., Romero‐Moraleda, B., & Coso, J. D. (2019) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-019-02100-7 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The Effects of Caffeine Mouth Rinsing on Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review
Ehlert, A., Twiddy, H., & Wilson, P. B. (2020) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0083 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Norum, M., Risvang, L. C., Bjørnsen, T., Dimitriou, L., Rønning, P. O., Bjørgen, M., & Raastad, T. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.13776 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Naderi, A., Rothschild, J. A., Santos, H. O., Hamidvand, A., Koozehchian, M. S., Ghazzagh, A., Berjisian, E., & Podlogar, T. (2025) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-025-02213-6 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is one of the most extensively researched performance-enhancing supplements and is known to enhance exercise performance when consumed before [157] and during prolonged exercise [158].”
Effects of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on exercise performance: an umbrella review
Grgić, J., Grgic, I., Coso, J. D., Schoenfeld, B. J., & Pedišić, Ž. (2021) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-021-00469-7 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“The quality of included reviews was classified as “low”, “moderate” or “high”, if less than 40% of items were satisfied, between 40 and 80% of items were satisfied and at least 80% of items were satisfied, respectively [26].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationPickering, C., & Kiely, J. (2019) · Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology · doi:10.3390/jfmk4020025 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Caffeine, a popular and well-utilised ergogenic aid [133], with its effects confirmed at meta-analysis level across a board range of exercise modalities [134], represents a potential candidate for the use of pharmacogenomics within sport.”
BackgroundSelf-citationAre caffeine’s performance-enhancing effects partially driven by its bitter taste?
Pickering, C. (2019) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109301 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Caffeine is a well-established ergogenic aid, with its performance benefits established across a variety of meta-analyses [1].”
BackgroundSelf-citationLima‐Silva, A. E., Cristina-Souza, G., Silva‐Cavalcante, M. D., Bertuzzi, R., & Bishop, D. J. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13082503 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationFerreira, L. H., Forbes, S. C., Barros, M. P., Smolarek, A. C., Enes, A., Lancha-Junior, A. H., Martins, G., & Souza-Junior, T. P. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14224921 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Similar ergogenic effect of caffeine on anaerobic performance in men and women athletes
Lara, B., Salinero, J. J., Giráldez‐Costas, V., & Coso, J. D. (2021) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-021-02510-6 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
McKenna, M. J., Renaud, J., Ørtenblad, N., & Overgaard, K. (2024) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-023-05335-9 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Barreto, G., Loureiro, L. M. R., Reis, C. E. G., & Saunders, B. (2023) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2022.2049885 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Meta-analyses have shown that caffeine ingestion leads to larger effects during endurance in comparison to strength activities (Grgic et al., 2020).”
BackgroundResultMultiomics Approach to Precision Sports Nutrition: Limits, Challenges, and Possibilities
Nieman, D. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.796360 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Grgić, J., Pickering, C., Coso, J. D., Schoenfeld, B. J., & Mikulić, P. (2020) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-020-02427-6 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationDomaszewski, P., Pakosz, P., Konieczny, M., Bączkowicz, D., & Sadowska‐Krępa, E. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13030815 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“The review of the latest literature confirms the ergogenic effect of caffeine on aerobic endurance, muscle strength, muscle endurance, power, jumping performance, and exercise speed [1].”
BackgroundRamírez-Maldonado, M., Jurado-Fasoli, L., del Coso, J., R. Ruiz, J., & Amaro-Gahete, F. J. (2021) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-020-00400-6 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Certainly, low-to-moderate doses of caffeine (~ 3–9mg/kg) [15] can increase endurance performance [16] via the induction of significant increases in VO2max, peak pulmonary ventilation, and muscle oxygen saturation during submaximal workloads [17, 18].”
BackgroundCaffeine Increases Whole-Body Fat Oxidation during 1 h of Cycling at Fatmax
Ruiz-Moreno, C., Gutiérrez-Hellín, J., Amaro-Gahete, F. J., González-García, J., Giráldez-Costas, V., Pérez-García, V., & Del Coso, J. (2021) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-020-02393-z · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Caffeinated Gel Ingestion Enhances Jump Performance, Muscle Strength, and Power in Trained Men
Venier, S., Grgić, J., & Mikulić, P. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11040937 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“In most of the studies that examine the effects of caffeine ingestion on exercise performance, the participants ingest caffeine administered in the form of a capsule and wait 60 min before starting the exercise session [3,4].”
BackgroundGrgić, J., Garofolini, A., Pickering, C., Duncan, M. J., Tinsley, G. M., & Coso, J. D. (2019) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2019.08.016 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationWilk, M., Filip-Stachnik, A., Krzysztofik, M., Gepfert, M., Zając, A., & Coso, J. D. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12020406 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Pakulak, A., Candow, D. G., Totosy de Zepetnek, J., Forbes, S. C., & Basta, D. (2022) · Journal of Dietary Supplements · doi:10.1080/19390211.2021.1904085 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Caffeine supplementation increases strength and endurance (Grgic et al. 2020, 2019), and reduces RPE (Tarnopolsky 2008) potentially by caffeine influencing adenosine receptor activity, phosphodiesterase, and excitation-contraction coupling (Graham 2001; Quesada and Gillum 2013; Trexler and…”
BackgroundBeedie, C., Benedetti, F., Barbiani, D., Camerone, E. M., Lindheimer, J. B., & Roelands, B. (2019) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2019.1675765 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Caffeine reduces fatigue in sport (Grgic et al., 2019).”
BackgroundMarticorena, F. M., Carvalho, A. P. M., de Oliveira, L. F., Dolan, E., Gualano, B., Swinton, P. A., & Saunders, B. (2021) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002635 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“This would be due to caffeine’s greater overall effect on endurance performance (64), whereas placebo effects would accordingly likely comprise a very substantial part of caffeine’s ergogenic effect on short-duration anaerobic exercise because the overall effects are smaller.”
BackgroundCoffee Ingestion Improves 5 km Cycling Performance in Men and Women by a Similar Magnitude
Clarke, N. D., Kirwan, N. A., & Richardson, D. L. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11112575 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Furthermore, recent reviews suggest that coffee ingestion should exert an ergogenic effect in most individuals [23] with a similar ergogenic effect of both caffeine and coffee, provided the caffeine dose is matched [24].”
BackgroundQuaresma, M. V. L. D. S., Marques, C. G., & Nakamoto, F. P. (2020) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2020.110994 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
de Souza, R. A. S., da Silva, A. G., de Souza, M. F., Souza, L. K. F., Roschel, H., da Silva, S. F., & Saunders, B. (2021) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0223 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Grgić, J. (2022) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2022.111604 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Mah, E., Chen, O., Liska, D. J., & Blumberg, J. B. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14091787 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Current evidence supports a beneficial effect of acute caffeine consumption on cognition, particularly on attention [34], as well as a benefit on exercise performance [35].”
BackgroundBougrine, H., Ammar, A., Salem, A., Trabelsi, K., Jahrami, H., Chtourou, H., & Souissi, N. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16050640 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“The efficacy of CAF as a performance enhancer depends on variables such as dosage, form, training status, timing of consumption, habitual CAF intake, sex, and exercise type [13].”
BackgroundWu, W., Chen, Z., Zhou, H., Wang, L., Li, X., Lv, Y., Sun, T., & Yu, L. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16081146 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“The ingestion of caffeine is likely to exert an ergogenic effect on 1 RM strength [39,40].”
BackgroundLiu, C., Zhao, H., Yan, Y., Yang, W., Chen, S., Song, G., Li, X., Gu, Y., Yun, H., & Li, Y. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15030582 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
da Silva, W. F., Lopes‐Silva, J. P., Felippe, L. C., Ferreira, G. A., Lima‐Silva, A. E., & Silva‐Cavalcante, M. D. (2021) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2021.1949576 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The prevalence and practices of caffeine use as an ergogenic aid in English professional soccer
Tallis, J. A., Clarke, N. D., Morris, R. O., Richardson, D. L., Ellis, M., Eyre, E. L. J., Duncan, M. J., & Noon, M. R. (2021) · Biology of Sport · doi:10.5114/biolsport.2021.101125 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“The performance enhancing effect of caffeine for intermittent, endurance and resistance exercise has been firmly established [1], and there is a growing body of evidence inferring that caffeine ingestion may provide benefits for team sports performance [2, 3].”
BackgroundDoes Caffeine Increase Fat Metabolism? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Conger, S. A., Tuthill, L. M., & Millard-Stafford, M. L. (2023) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2022-0131 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
BARZEGAR, H., ARAZI, H., Mohebbi, H., Sheykhlouvand, M., & FORBES, S. C. (2021) · The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness · doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12125-5 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Role of Nutrition and Exercise Programs in Reducing Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review
Juřík, R., & Šťastný, P. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8091393 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Caffeine, CYP1A2 Genotype, and Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
BARRETO, G., ESTEVES, G. P., MARTICORENA, F., OLIVEIRA, T. N., GRGIC, J., & SAUNDERS, B. (2024) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003313 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Ouergui, I., Delleli, S., Bridge, C. A., Messaoudi, H., Chtourou, H., Ballmann, C. G., Ardigò, L. P., & Franchini, É. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-40365-5 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“After familiarization with the testing procedures (72 h before the experiments), athletes were subjected to 3 different conditions: (1) Control—no treatment (CON), (2) CAF—caffeine ingestion (3 mg kg−1 of body mass), (3) weight matched placebo (PLA)—for all-purpose bleached flour.”
MethodAchieving an Optimal Fat Loss Phase in Resistance-Trained Athletes: A Narrative Review
Ruiz-Castellano, C., Espinar, S., Contreras, C., Ordóñez, F. M., Aragon, A. A., & Sanz, J. M. M. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13093255 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Delleli, S., Ouergui, I., Messaoudi, H., Ballmann, C. G., Ardigò, L. P., & Chtourou, H. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0292498 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Vieira, A. F., Santos, J. S., Costa, R. R., Cadore, E. L., & Macedo, R. C. O. (2022) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-022-01704-0 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Infographic. The road to the ergogenic effect of caffeine on exercise performance
Baltazar-Martins, J. G., de Souza, D. B., Aguilar, M., Grgić, J., & Coso, J. D. (2019) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2019-101018 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Effects of caffeine on neuromuscular function in a non‐fatigued state and during fatiguing exercise
Mesquita, R. N. O., Cronin, N. J., Kyröläinen, H., Hintikka, J. E., & Avela, J. (2020) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep088265 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“…for aerobic endurance, muscle strength, muscle endurance, anaerobic power, jumping and short-term high-intensity exercise performance (Burke, 2008; Davis & Green, 2009; Ganio, Klau, Casa, Amstrong, & Maresh, 2009; Graham, 2001; Grgic et al., 2019; Southward, Rutherfurd-Markwick, & Ali, 2018).”
Effects of caffeine on rate of force development: A meta‐analysis
Grgić, J., & Mikulić, P. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.14109 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Główka, N., Malik, J., Podgórski, T., Stemplewski, R., Maciaszek, J., Ciążyńska, J., Zawieja, E. E., Chmurzyńska, A., Nowaczyk, P. M., & Durkalec‐Michalski, K. (2024) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2023.2301384 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“…very small – small (ES range: 0.18–0.27), on vertical jump height as very small (ES: 0.17), on speed running, cycling, or rowing as small (ES: 0.41), and on various forms of short-term high-intensity exercise (time to exhaustion, mean and peak power output, time trial) as very small (ES: 0.16) [1].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCaffeine Timing Improves Lower-Body Muscular Performance: A Randomized Trial
Harty, P. S., Zabriskie, H. A., Stecker, R. A., Currier, B. S., Tinsley, G. M., Surowiec, K., Jagim, A. R., Richmond, S. R., & Kerksick, C. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2020.585900 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“In addition, limited information is available regarding the effects of caffeine supplementation in female participants, though preliminary information suggests that males and females experience similar effects following acute consumption (43).”
BackgroundInfluentialGavel, E. H., Hawke, K. V., Bentley, D. J., & Logan-Sprenger, H. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.691695 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“In sports, dietary supplements are often used to improve performance across an array of modalities (21).”
BackgroundCristina-Souza, G., Santos, P. S., Santos-Mariano, A. C., Coelho, D. B., RODACKI, A., De‐Oliveira, F. R., Bishop, D. J., Bertuzzi, R., & Lima‐Silva, A. E. (2022) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002944 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationSupplements for Optimal Sports Performance
Burke, L. M. (2019) · Current Opinion in Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cophys.2019.05.009 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Lopes‐Silva, J. P., da Rocha, A. L. S., Rocha, J. C. C., Silva, V. F. D. S., & Correia‐Oliveira, C. R. (2021) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2021.1874058 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Naulleau, C., Jeker, D., Pancrate, T., Claveau, P., Deshayes, T. A., Burke, L. M., & Goulet, E. D. B. (2022) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-022-01692-1 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Discussion While several systematic reviews, including meta-analyses [2, 5, 7, 44, 45] and an umbrella review [8], have reported on the impact of pre-exercise caffeine ingestion on EP, specific investigations of its impact in warm or hot environments are limited.”
BackgroundKarayiğit, R., Forbes, S. C., Osmanov, Z., Yılmaz, C., Yaşli, B. Ç., Naderi, A., Büyükçelebi, H., Benešová, D., Gabrys, T. T., & Esen, Ö. (2022) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology11101498 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Caffeine is one of the most popular ergogenic aids in sport and the plethora of research has investigated the physiologic, metabolic, and performance effects of caffeine in the last decades [1].”
BackgroundNot Another Caffeine Effect on Sports Performance Study—Nothing New or More to Do?
Tallis, J. A., Guimarães‐Ferreira, L., & Clarke, N. D. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14214696 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Evidence within this field is now so vast, that a meta-evaluation of meta-analyses has been conducted, further supporting caffeine’s ergogenic effects [13].”
BackgroundPirmohammadi, S., Hemmatinafar, M., Nemati, J., Imanian, B., & Abdollahi, M. H. (2023) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2023.2282051 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Coffee has a dark color and bitter taste and has a stimulating effect on humans due to its caffeine content [9,10].”
BackgroundIs Coffee a Useful Source of Caffeine Preexercise?
Pickering, C., & Grgić, J. (2019) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0092 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of acute caffeine ingestion on futsal performance in sub-elite players
López‐Samanes, Á., Moreno-Pérez, V., Travassos, B. F. R., & Coso, J. D. (2021) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-021-02617-w · Cited by 26 · see citing works
New insights into healthy ageing, inflammageing and frailty using metabolomics
Abdullah, G. A., Akpan, A., Phelan, M. M., & Wright, H. L. (2024) · Frontiers in Aging · doi:10.3389/fragi.2024.1426436 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Caffeine Supplementation for Powerlifting Competitions: an Evidence-Based Approach
Grgić, J., Sabol, F., Venier, S., Tallis, J. A., Schoenfeld, B. J., Coso, J. D., & Mikulić, P. (2019) · Journal of Human Kinetics · doi:10.2478/hukin-2019-0054 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Caffeine ingestion may reduce the rating of perceived exertion (Grgic and Mikulic, 2017b; Grgic et al., 2019c) which is relevant for powerlifters, as a reduced rating of perceived exertion during the warm-up may increase the lifter’s confidence and affect the final decision regarding the load in…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationPainelli, V. D. S., Teixeira, E. L., Tardone, B., Moreno, M., Morandini, J., Hevia-Larraín, V., & Pires, F. O. (2021) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0363 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Are Caffeine’s Effects on Resistance Exercise and Jumping Performance Moderated by Training Status?
Berjisian, E., Naderi, A., Mojtahedi, S., Grgić, J., Ghahramani, M. H., Karayiğit, R., Forbes, J. L., Amaro‐Gahete, F. J., & Forbes, S. C. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14224840 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Caffeine supplementation has been reported as ergogenic for outcomes such as aerobic endurance, power, and performance in various sport-specific tasks [1,2].”
BackgroundFarhangi, M. A., Azar, E. F., Manzouri, A., Rashnoo, F., & Shakarami, A. (2023) · Journal of Health Population and Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s41043-023-00437-8 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“We also evaluated the certainty of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) framework (Additional file 1: Table S4) [32, 33].”
MethodLatinjak, A. T. (2025) · Performance Enhancement & Health · doi:10.1016/j.peh.2025.100350 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Functional and cognitive responses to caffeine intake in middle-aged women are dose depending
Waer, F. B., Laatar, R., Jouira, G., Srihi, S., Rebai, H., & Sahli, S. (2020) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112956 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
- Authors
- Grgic, J., Grgic, I., Pickering, C., Schoenfeld, B. J., Bishop, D. J., & Pedisic, Z.
- Affiliations
- University of Lancashire (GB)
- Lehman College (US)
- Edith Cowan University (AU)
- Venue
- British Journal of Sports Medicine
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2019-03-29
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 681-688
- ISSN
- 0306-3674 (ISSN-L)
- 1473-0480
- OpenAlex
- W2930495386
- Cited by
- 375
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 62 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 27
- FWCI
- 5.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal of Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CLOK (University of Central Lancashire) (acceptedVersion)
- Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Australasian Journal of Paramedicine (submittedVersion)
- The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- caffeine supplementation, exercise performance, ergogenic aids, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, muscular endurance, anaerobic power, jump performance, exercise speed, prediction intervals, quality of evidence
- MeSH terms
- Caffeine, Coffee, Female, Humans, Male, Sex Factors, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal, Dietary Supplements, Muscle Strength, Athletic Performance, Performance-Enhancing Substances
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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