Acute effects of two caffeine doses on bar velocity during the bench press exercise among women habituated to caffeine: a randomized, crossover, double-blind study involving control and placebo conditions
Open accessAbstract
Purpose: The main goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two different doses of caffeine (3 and 6 mg/kg) to enhance bar velocity during the bench press in women habituated to caffeine. Methods: Twelve recreationally trained women (age: 23.3 ± 0.8 years, body mass: 60.7 ± 5.7 kg, bench press one-repetition maximum (1RM): 44.3 ± 7.8 kg, daily caffeine ingestion: 5.7 ± 2.0 mg/kg/day) participated in a randomized double-blind experimental design. Each participant performed four different experimental sessions: after no supplementation (control, CON), after ingesting 3 and 6 mg/kg of caffeine (CAF-3 and CAF-6, respectively), or after ingesting a placebo (PLAC). In each experimental session, the participants performed 3 sets of 3 repetitions of the bench press exercise at 50% 1RM. Results: A two-way repeated-measures ANOVA with subsequent post hoc analyses indicated significant increases in peak velocity ( p < 0.01; ES = 0.91) and mean velocity ( p < 0.01; ES = 0.78) after the intake of CAF-6 compared to CON. The study did not show significant differences in bar velocity between CAF-6 and PLAC and between CAF-3 and PLAC. No significant differences in bar velocity were observed between CAF-3 and CAF-6 conditions. Conclusion: These results suggest that 6 mg/kg of caffeine can be an effective dose to improve power-specific training outcomes in women habituated to caffeine. However, the ergogenic effect of 6 mg/kg of caffeine may be derived from a combination of biological effects and expectancy, as this dose was only superior to the control condition with no differences over the placebo.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Erogenicity was reduced in habituated caffeine users unless ingestion of an acute dose of caffeine equivalent to the athlete's daily caffeine ingestion is used.
“but erogenicity was reduced in habituated caffeine users unless ingestion of an acute dose of caffeine equivalent to the athlete’s daily caffeine ingestion is used [294,295].”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [294]
The Conclusion reports that, in women habituated to caffeine, a dose similar to their daily intake may be needed for an ergogenic effect on bench-press bar velocity; the 3 mg/kg dose did not reach statistical significance. The claim extends that qualified, exercise-specific finding to habituated caffeine users generally and states the dose requirement more categorically than the paper does. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,415 · see citing works
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Cohen, J. (2013) · doi:10.4324/9780203771587 · Cited by 25,373 · see citing works
Fredholm, B. B., Bättig, K., Holmén, J., Nehlig, A., & Zvartau, E. E. (1999) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0031-6997(24)01396-6 · Cited by 2,624 · cited 2× · see citing works
“It has been shown that habitual caffeine intake may dampen the physiological and cognitive effect of acute caffeine intake [6, 7].”
A Review of Caffeine’s Effects on Cognitive, Physical and Occupational Performance
McLellan, T. M., Caldwell, J. A., & Lieberman, H. R. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.001 · Cited by 840 · see citing works
Caffeine: Cognitive and Physical Performance Enhancer or Psychoactive Drug?
Cappelletti, S., Daria, P., Sani, G., & Aromatario, M. (2015) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x13666141210215655 · Cited by 631 · see citing works
Grgic, J., Grgic, I., Pickering, C., Schoenfeld, B. J., Bishop, D. J., & Pedisic, Z. (2020) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2018-100278 · Cited by 375 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Caffeine is the most widely consumed psychoactive substance in the world [1] and one of the most comprehensively examined ergogenic substance for sports performance [2].”
Sex differences in striatal dopamine release in healthy adults.
Munro, C. A., Mccaul, M., Wong, D., Oswald, L., Zhou, Y., Brašić, J. R., Kuwabara, H., Kumar, A., Alexander, M., Ye, W., et al. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.01.008 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Trends in intake and sources of caffeine in the diets of US adults: 2001–2010
Fulgoni, V. L., Keast, D. R., & Lieberman, H. R. (2015) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.080077 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Del Coso, J., Muñoz, G., & Muñoz-Guerra, J. (2011) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/h11-052 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Placebo in sports nutrition: a proof‐of‐principle study involving caffeine supplementation
Saunders, B., de Oliveira, L. F., da Silva, R. P., Painelli, V. D. S., Gonçalves, L. D. S., Yamaguchi, G. D. C., Mutti, T. A., Maciel, E., Roschel, H., Artioli, G. G., et al. (2016) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12793 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Ortega (2013) · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31829a6672 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Svenningsson, P., Nomikos, G. G., & Fredholm, B. B. (1999) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-10-04011.1999 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Gonçalves, L. D. S., Painelli, V. D. S., Yamaguchi, G., Oliveira, L. F. D., Saunders, B., da Silva, R. P., Maciel, E., Artioli, G. G., Roschel, H., & Gualano, B. (2017) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00260.2017 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Urine Caffeine Concentration in Doping Control Samples from 2004 to 2015
Aguilar‐Navarro, M., Muñoz, G., Salinero, J. J., Muñoz‐Guerra, J., Fernández-Álvarez, M. D. M., Plata, M. D. M., & Coso, J. D. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11020286 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Time course of tolerance to the performance benefits of caffeine
Lara, B., Ruiz-Moreno, C., Salinero, J. J., & Del Coso, J. (2019) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210275 · Cited by 142 · cited 2× · see citing works
“On the contrary, some studies showed progressively diminished ergogenic effects of caffeine in individuals undergoing chronic ingestion of caffeine up to 28 days [12, 13].”
Caffeine enhances upper body strength in resistance-trained women
Goldstein, E., Jacobs, P. L., Whitehurst, M., Penhollow, T., & Antonio, J. (2010) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-7-18 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Beaumont, R., Cordery, P., Funnell, M., Mears, S., James, L., & Watson, P. (2017) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2016.1241421 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
What Should We Do about Habitual Caffeine Use in Athletes?
Pickering, C., & Kiely, J. (2019) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-018-0980-7 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Filip-Stachnik, A., Wilk, M., Krzysztofik, M., & Coso, J. D. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12041087 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Self-citationMielgo-Ayuso, J., Marques-Jiménez, D., Refoyo, I., Del Coso, J., León-Guereño, P., & Calleja-González, J. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11102313 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citationEarly effects of caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee on subjective state and gender differences
Adan, A., Prat, G., Fabbri, M., & Sànchez-Turet, M. (2008) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.07.005 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“Because I know It will!”: Placebo Effects of an Ergogenic Aid on Athletic Performance
McClung, M., & Collins, D. J. (2007) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.29.3.382 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Development of a tool to assess the caffeine intake among teenagers and young adults
Bühler, E., Lachenmeier, D. W., Schlegel, K., & Winkler, G. (2014) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.4455/eu.2014.011 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Improvements on neuromuscular performance with caffeine ingestion depend on the time-of-day
Mora-Rodríguez, R., Pallarés, J. G., López-Gullón, J. M., López-Samanes, Á., Fernández-Elías, V. E., & Ortega, J. F. (2015) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2014.04.010 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
The Influence of Caffeine Expectancies on Sport, Exercise, and Cognitive Performance
Shabir, A., Hooton, A., Tallis, J. A., & Higgins, M. F. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10101528 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Wilk, M., Krzysztofik, M., Filip, A., Zając, A., & Coso, J. D. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11081912 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationAcute and habitual caffeine ingestion and metabolic responses to steady-state exercise
Bangsbo, J., Jacobsen, K., Nordberg, N., Christensen, N. J., & Graham, T. (1992) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1992.72.4.1297 · Cited by 76 · cited 1× · see citing works
“It has been shown that habitual caffeine intake may dampen the physiological and cognitive effect of acute caffeine intake [6, 7].”
Sabol, F., Grgić, J., & Mikulić, P. (2019) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2018-0884 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Athletes Intending to Use Sports Supplements Are More Likely to Respond to a Placebo
Hurst, P., Foad, A., Coleman, D. A., & Beedie, C. (2017) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001297 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
González, J. R., Rendo‐Urteaga, T., Domínguez, R., Castillo, D., Fernandez, A. R., & Grgić, J. (2019) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-019-01211-9 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Grgić, J., & Mikulić, P. (2020) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2020.1817155 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Wilk, M., Filip-Stachnik, A., Krzysztofik, M., Maszczyk, A., & Zając, A. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11071465 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationFilip-Stachnik, A., Wilk, M., Krzysztofik, M., Lulińska, E., Tufano, J. J., Zajac, A., Stastny, P., & Del Coso, J. (2021) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-021-00421-9 · Cited by 48 · cited 2× · see citing works
“As previously found in other forms of resistance exercise, the ingestion of a moderate dose of caffeine may not be ergogenic, or at least less ergogenic, in individuals habituated to caffeine [23] or the use of high doses of caffeine (i.”
Self-citationCoffee increases state anxiety in males but not in females
Botella, P., & Parra, A. (2003) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.444 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Romero-Moraleda, B., Del Coso, J., Gutiérrez-Hellín, J., & Lara, B. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11112662 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Wilk, M., Filip-Stachnik, A., Krzysztofik, M., Gepfert, M., Zając, A., & Coso, J. D. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12020406 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationPre-existent expectancy effects in the relationship between caffeine and performance.
Elliman, N. A., Ash, J., & Green, M. (2010) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2010.03.016 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Fett, C. A., Aquino, N. M., Schantz, J., et al. (2018) · The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness · doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.17.06615-4 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Caffeine Increases Muscle Performance During a Bench Press Training Session
Giráldez‐Costas, V., González‐García, J., Lara, B., Coso, J. D., Wilk, M., & Salinero, J. J. (2020) · Journal of Human Kinetics · doi:10.2478/hukin-2020-0024 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationFilip-Stachnik, A., Krzysztofik, M., Kaszuba, M., Leźnicka, K., Kostrzewa, M., Coso, J. D., & Wilk, M. (2021) · Journal of Human Kinetics · doi:10.2478/hukin-2021-0044 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationComment on: “Caffeine and Exercise: What Next?”
Painelli, V. D. S., Brietzke, C., Franco‐Alvarenga, P. E., Canestri, R., Vinícius, Í., & Pires, F. O. (2020) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-020-01278-9 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Wilk, M., Krzysztofik, M., Filip-Stachnik, A., Zając, A., & Coso, J. D. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11112660 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationFilip-Stachnik, A., Krzysztofik, M., Kaszuba, M., Leońska‐Duniec, A., Czarny, W., Coso, J. D., & Wilk, M. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12123813 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationGrgić, J., Venier, S., Schoenfeld, B. J., & Mikulić, P. (2020) · Journal of Human Kinetics · doi:10.2478/hukin-2020-0023 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete
Sims, S. T., Kerksick, C. M., Smith-Ryan, A. E., Janse de Jonge, X. A. K., Hirsch, K. R., Arent, S. M., Hewlings, S. J., Kleiner, S. M., Bustillo, E., Tartar, J. L., et al. (2023) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2023.2204066 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“users unless ingestion of an acute dose of caffeine equivalent to the athlete’s daily caffeine ingestion is used [294,295].”
BackgroundEffect of 3 and 6 mg/kg of Caffeine on Fat Oxidation during Exercise in Healthy Active Women
Varillas-Delgado, D., Aguilar-Navarro, M., Muñoz, A., López-Samanés, Á., Ruiz-Moreno, C., Posada-Ayala, M., Amaro-Gahete, F. J., Coso, J., & Gutiérrez-Hellín, J. (2023) · Biology of Sport · doi:10.5114/biolsport.2023.121321 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Montalvo‐Alonso, J. J., del Val‐Manzano, M., Martín‐Rivas, I., Ferragut, C., Valadés, D., & Pérez‐López, A. (2026) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.70214 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- Filip-Stachnik, A., Krzysztofik, M., Del Coso, J., & Wilk, M.
- Affiliations
- Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego im. Jerzego Kukuczki w Katowicach (PL)
- Corresponding author
- Filip-Stachnik, Aleksandra
- Venue
- European Journal of Nutrition
- Published
- 2021-10-19
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 947-955
- ISSN
- 1436-6207 (ISSN-L)
- 1436-6215
- PMC
- PMC8854307
- OpenAlex
- W3205770722
- Cited by
- 20
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6
- FWCI
- 1.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- European Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Coffee research and impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- caffeine, caffeine dose-response, bar velocity, bench press, women, ergogenic aids, power training, placebo effect, expectancy effects, resistance training
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Caffeine, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Exercise, Cross-Over Studies, Muscle Strength, Young Adult, Performance-Enhancing Substances
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
