The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
When to stop a clinical trial.
Open accessAbstract
When to
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“However, these decisions are rarely straightforward, and there is a different threshold for stopping a trial in the case of potential harm than in the case of benefit [17].”
From The recording of adverse events from psychological treatments in clinical trials: evidence from a review of NIHR-funded trials (2014) · cites this paper as [17]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A Multiple Testing Procedure for Clinical Trials
O'Brien, P. C., & Fleming, T. R. (1979) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2530245 · Cited by 3,311
Equipoise and the Ethics of Clinical Research
Freedman, B. (1987) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198707163170304 · Cited by 2,339
Discrete sequential boundaries for clinical trials
GORDON LAN, K. K., & DEMETS, D. L. (1983) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/70.3.659 · Cited by 2,310
Peto, R., Pike, M. C., Armitage, P., Breslow, N. E., Cox, D. R., Howard, S. V., Mantel, N., McPherson, K., Peto, J., & Smith, P. G. (1976) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.1976.220 · Cited by 2,294
Zidovudine in Asymptomatic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Volberding, P. A., Lagakos, S. W., Koch, M. A., Pettinelli, C., Myers, M. W., Booth, D. K., Balfour, H. H., Reichman, R. C., Bartlett, J. A., Hirsch, M., et al. (1990) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199004053221401 · Cited by 1,285
Dillman, R. O., Seagren, S. L., PROPERT, K. J., Guerra, J., Eaton, W. L., Perry, M. C., Carey, R. W., Frei, E., & Green, M. R. (1990) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199010043231403 · Cited by 1,151
Yusuf, S., Collins, R., Peto, R., Furberg, C. D., Stampfer, M. J., Goldhaber, S. Z., & Hennekens, C. H. (1985) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a061905 · Cited by 568
Preliminary Report: Findings from the Aspirin Component of the Ongoing Physicians' Health Study
The Steering Committee of the Physicians' Health Study Research Group (1988) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198801283180431 · Cited by 522
O’Rourke, P. P., Crone, R. K., Vacanti, J. P., Ware, J. H., Lillehei, C. W., Parad, R. B., & Epstein, M. F. (1989) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.84.6.957 · Cited by 493
Designs for group sequential tests
Fleming, T. R., Harrington, D. P., & O’Brien, P. C. (1984) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/s0197-2456(84)80014-8 · Cited by 354
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- Freedman B. Equilx)ise and the ethics otf clinical rcscarch. N l.ngl J Med 1987;317:141-5.
- Fleming rR, Harrington DP, O'Brien PaC. D)esigns for grouLp scqtuential tests. Controlled Clin 7rials 1984;5:348-61.
- West of Scotland Coronary Plrevention Study (iroup. A coronary primary prevention stuvtvof 6000 Scottish men aged 45-64 ycars: studydcesign.7Clin Epidemiol (in press).
- Souhami RL, Spiro SG, CLillen M. Chcmrothcrapv antd radiatioii thcralpy as compared with radiation therapy in stage III noni-snmall cc1l luIg calnccr. N Enmg1.ied 1991;324:1136.
- Ilropert KI, D)illman RO, Seagrcen SL. Chemotherapy anid radiation therapy as comparcd with radiation therapy in stage IIIll ioi-sntall ccll luilg calnccr. NlEniV/M,cd 1991;324:1 136-7. 19 1Pocock Sj, Hughes Nil). P'ractical problems in intcrim analyses, with particuilar regard to estimation. Controlled Clinl lurials 1989;10:2209-15.
- Cardiac Arrhythmia Stippression 'T'rial Investigators. Preliminary report: efiect of encainide atid flccainide oii mortality in a randimized trial of arrhythmia suppressioti after mnocardial infarction. N Etigl J Mted 1989;321:406-12.
- Pocock SJ, Hughes MD. Estimation issues in cliical trials atid overviews. StatAed 1990;9:657-7 1.
- Errington RD, Ashbv D, Gore SM, Abrams KR, Mivint S, Boiinett DE, et al. High energ) neutron treatment for pelvic cancers: study stopped becatise of incrcased mortality. RMJ 1991;302:10145-51.
- Lan KK, Simon R, Halperin M. Stochastically curtailed sampling in longterm clinical trials. Communicatiots In Statistics-Theory and Methods 1984;13:2339-53.
- ISIS Steering Committee. Intrasenous streptokinase given within 0-4 hours of onset of myocardial infarctiots rcduced mortality in ISIS-2. Lancet 1987;i:502.
- Steering Committee of the Physicians' Health Study Research Group. Final report on the aspirin component of the ongoing physicians' health study. N Englj3Med 1989;321:129-35.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 255
CMAJ endorses the CONSORT statement. CONsolidation of Standards for Reporting Trials.
Huston, P., & Hoey, J. (1996) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 21
The making of the clinical trial in Britain, 1910-1945 : expertise, the state and the public
Cox-Maksimov, D. (1997) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique) · doi:10.17863/cam.19701 · Cited by 21
Exercise and depression in overweight and obese pregnant women: a randomised controlled trial
Perales, M., Rodríguez, Y. C., Vargas‐Terrones, M., Lucía, A., & Carballo, R. B. (2015) · Hispana · Cited by 20
Bioethics in Practice: Considerations for Stopping a Clinical Trial Early.
Deichmann, R. E., Krousel-Wood, M. A., & Breault, J. L. (2016) · PubMed Central · Cited by 20
Stopping clinical trials early
Grant, A. (2004) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.329.7465.525 · Cited by 20
Comparison of futility monitoring guidelines using completed phase III oncology trials
Zhang, Q., Freidlin, B., Korn, E. L., Halabi, S., Mandrekar, S. J., & Dignam, J. J. (2016) · Clinical Trials · doi:10.1177/1740774516666502 · Cited by 19
Randomized Trials Stopped Early for Harm in HIV/AIDS: A Systematic Survey
Mills, E. J., Cooper, C., Wu, P., Rachlis, B., Singh, S., & Guyatt, G. (2006) · HIV Clinical Trials · doi:10.1310/feed-6t8u-0bug-6hqh · Cited by 18
Sharma, C., Soni, A., Gupta, A. K., Verma, A., & Verma, S. K. (2017) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-017-4431-8 · Cited by 18
Wing, D. A., Guberman, C., & Fassett, M. J. (2005) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2004.07.058 · Cited by 18
Interim Analyses: An Update of an FDA Reviewer’s Experience and Perspective
Sankoh, A. J. (1999) · Drug Information Journal · doi:10.1177/009286159903300120 · Cited by 17
Some Popular Versions of Uninformed Consent
Hutton, J. L., & Ashcroft, R. E. (2000) · Health Care Analysis · doi:10.1023/a:1009421824028 · Cited by 17
Ball, G., & Piller, L. B. (2011) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2011.05.009 · Cited by 16
Interim analyses and stopping rules in cancer clinical trials
Whitehead, J. (1993) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.1993.500 · Cited by 16
Publishing interim results of randomised clinical trials in peer-reviewed journals
Counsell, N., Biri, D., Fraczek, J., & Hackshaw, A. K. (2016) · Clinical Trials · doi:10.1177/1740774516664689 · Cited by 15
A critical history of individual and collective ethics in the lineage of Lellouch and Schwartz
Heilig, C. M., & Weijer, C. (2005) · Clinical Trials · doi:10.1191/1740774505cn084oa · Cited by 15
Protecting Clinical Trial Participants and Protecting Data Integrity: Are We Meeting the Challenges?
Ellenberg, S. S. (2012) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001234 · Cited by 15
Erythropoietin to treat anaemia in patients with head and neck cancer
Freidlin, B., & Korn, E. L. (2004) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)15187-2 · Cited by 15
Fetal and maternal heart rate responses to exercise in pregnant women. A randomized controlled trial
Perales, M., Mateos, S., Vargas‐Terrones, M., Sanz, I., Lucía, A., & Barakat, R. (2015) · ABACUS. Repositorio de Producción Científica (Universidad Europea) · Cited by 14
Misoprostol and pregnancy: ever-increasing indications of effective usage
Lokugamage, A. U., El‐Refaey, H., & Rodeck, C. H. (2003) · Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/00001703-200312000-00010 · Cited by 14
Statistical approaches and policies for the operations of Data and Safety Monitoring Committees
Califf, R. M., & Ellenberg, S. S. (2001) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1067/mhj.2001.113152 · Cited by 14
Chlorhexidine Versus Iodine for Vaginal Preparation Before Hysterectomy: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Hill, A. M., Pauls, R. N., Basil, J., Tam, T., Yook, E., Shatkin-Margolis, A., Kleeman, S., Yeung, J., Aldrich, E., & Crisp, C. C. (2021) · Urogynecology · doi:10.1097/spv.0000000000001066 · Cited by 13
Ethical Dilemmas in Take-Down Research
Moore, T., & Clayton, R. (2012) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-29889-9_14 · Cited by 13
Double-blind, randomized trial of cessation of smoking after audiotape suggestion during anaesthesia
Myles, P. S., Hendrata, M., LAYHER, Y., Williams, N. J., Hall, J. L., Moloney, J., & Powell, J. (1996) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1093/bja/76.5.694 · Cited by 13
Gafos, M., Mzimela, M. A., Ndlovu, H. B., Mhlongo, N., Hoogland, Y., & Mutemwa, R. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014577 · Cited by 12
Putting participants and study partners FIRST when clinical trials end early
Largent, E. A., Walter, S., Childs, N., Dacks, P. A., Dodge, S. G., Florian, H., Jackson, J., Guerra, J. J. L., Iturriaga, E., Miller, D. S., et al. (2022) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12732 · Cited by 12
How reliable are clinical trials?: The importance of the criteria for early termination
Schwartz, P. J. (1995) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/16.suppl_g.37 · Cited by 12
Issues in clinical trial design: Stopping a trial early and the large and simple trial
Thom, E. A., & Klebanoff, M. A. (2005) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2005.05.061 · Cited by 12
Outcome-adaptive randomization in clinical trials: issues of participant welfare and autonomy
Sim, J. (2019) · Metamedicine · doi:10.1007/s11017-019-09481-0 · Cited by 11
Misoprostol for Labour Induction after Previous Caesarean Section – Forever a “No Go”?
Rath, W. H., & Tsikouras, P. N. (2015) · Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/s-0035-1558171 · Cited by 10
Rathbone, J., Franklin, R. C., Gibbs, C. R., & Williams, D. J. (2016) · Emergency Medicine Australasia · doi:10.1111/1742-6723.12694 · Cited by 10
Martinkevich, P., Rahbek, O., Stilling, M., Pedersen, L. K., Gottliebsen, M., Søballé, K., & Møller‐Madsen, B. (2016) · The Bone & Joint Journal · doi:10.1302/0301-620x.98b11.bjj-2016-0095.r1 · Cited by 10
Wells, R. J., Gartside, P. S., & McHenry, C. L. (2000) · IRB Ethics and Human Research · doi:10.2307/3564196 · Cited by 10
Wildschut, H. I. J., Duvekot, J. J., Cook, J. R., Bacchus, L. J., Bewley, S., Creighton, S., Dear, J., Williams, D., Kilby, M. D., Crouch, N. S., et al. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108349185 · Cited by 11
Sarkar, S., Dechert, R. E., Becker, M. A., Attar, M. A., Schumacher, R. E., & Donn, S. M. (2008) · Journal of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine · doi:10.3233/npm-2008-00003 · Cited by 9
The Likelihood as Statistical Evidence in Multiple Comparisons in Clinical Trials: No Free Lunch
Korn, E. L., & Freidlin, B. (2006) · Biometrical Journal · doi:10.1002/bimj.200510216 · Cited by 9
[Statistical design in clinical trials].
Rubio‐Terres, C. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 9
Evaluation of arthroscopic treatment of posterior shoulder instability
Garcia, J. C., Maia, L. R., Fonseca, J. R., Zabeu, J. L. A., & Garcia, J. P. M. (2015) · Acta Ortopédica Brasileira · doi:10.1590/1413-78522015230300540 · Cited by 9
Murad, M. H., Guyatt, G. H., Domecq, J. P., Vernooij, R. W. M., Erwin, P. J., Meerpohl, J. J., Prutsky, G. J., Akl, E. A., Mueller, K. F., Bassler, D., et al. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.10.006 · Cited by 9
Stopping rules, interim analyses and data monitoring committees
Ashby, D., & Machin, D. (1993) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.1993.481 · Cited by 9
Ethical Dilemmas and Malfunctions in Clinical Trials Research
Pocock, S. (2012) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-156-10-201205150-00015 · Cited by 9
Self-citationMonitoring randomised controlled trials
Abrams, K. R. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.316.7139.1183 · Cited by 9
García, A. F., Manzano-Núñez, R., Carrillo, D. C., Chica, J., Naranjo, M. P., Sánchez, Á., Mejía, J. H., Ospina-Tascón, G. A., Ordoñez, C. A., Bayona, J. G., et al. (2023) · World Journal of Emergency Surgery · doi:10.1186/s13017-023-00475-x · Cited by 8
Early stopping rules in oncology: Considerations for clinicians
Mukherjee, S. D., Goffin, J. R., Taylor, V. H., Anderson, K. K., & Pond, G. R. (2011) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2011.05.019 · Cited by 8
Is it ethical to keep interim findings of randomised controlled trials confidential?: Table 1
Miller, F. G., & Wendler, D. S. (2008) · Journal of Medical Ethics · doi:10.1136/jme.2006.019109 · Cited by 8
Performing High-Powered Studies Efficiently With Sequential AnalysesPreprint
Lakens, D. (2017) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/9yegd · Cited by 8
Hennekens, C. H., & DeMets, D. L. (2011) · Clinical Investigation · doi:10.4155/cli.10.11 · Cited by 7
Excessive Perioperative Bleeding
Spahn, D. R., & Asmis, L. M. (2009) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0b013e3181942c65 · Cited by 7
Mattavelli, S., Bianchi, C., & Motterlini, M. (2025) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-025-01742-9 · Cited by 5
Myles, P. S. (2013) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1093/bja/aet079 · Cited by 6
Stopping rules in veterinary randomized controlled trials
Habing, G. G., & Kaneene, J. B. (2011) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.239.9.1197 · Cited by 6
Evidence-Based Medicine - A Paradigm Ready To Be Challenged?
Schulte, M.-C. (2020) · J.B. Metzler eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-476-05703-7 · Cited by 6
Friberg, S. G., Taube, A., Sylvester, R. J., & Oesterling, J. E. (1997) · Urology · doi:10.1016/s0090-4295(99)80324-0 · Cited by 6
Corticosteroids for severe sepsis and septic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Warner, E., Plewes, D., Hill, K., Causer, P., Zubovits, J., Jong, R., Cutrara, M., Deboer, G., Yaffe, M., Messner, S. J., et al. (2004) · British medical journal · doi:10.1097/01.aog.0000148205.12276.8b · Cited by 2,631
Friedman, L. M., Furberg, C. D., & DeMets, D. L. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1586-3_16 · Cited by 6
Interim Analyses: An FDA Reviewer's Experience and Perspective
Sankoh, A. J. (1995) · Drug Information Journal · doi:10.1177/009286159502900252 · Cited by 6
When to stop a clinical trial.
Neale, E. (1992) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.305.6851.475 · Cited by 6
Decision making in clinical trials: Interim analyses, innovative design, and biomarkers
Welsh-Bohmer, K. A., Kerchner, G. A., Dhadda, S., Garcia, M., Miller, D. S., Natanegara, F., Rakêt, L. L., Robieson, W., Siemers, E., Carrillo, M. C., et al. (2023) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1002/trc2.12421 · Cited by 4
Clinical Research in Obstetrics and Gynecology: More Tips for Busy Clinicians
Grimes, D. A., & Schulz, K. F. (2005) · Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey · doi:10.1097/01.ogx.0000176675.60585.63 · Cited by 5
Comment on “Adjuvant Therapy in Pancreatic Cancer: A Critical Appraisal”
Ghaneh, P., Smith, C. T., & Neoptolemos, J. P. (2007) · Drugs · doi:10.2165/00003495-200767170-00002 · Cited by 5
Kerac, M. (2011) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 5
Rattanathanya, T., Adulkasem, N., Wongcharoenwatana, J., Ariyawatkul, T., Chotigavanichaya, C., & Eamsobhana, P. (2023) · Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research · doi:10.1186/s13018-023-04046-3 · Cited by 4
Prutsky, G. J., Domecq, J. P., Erwin, P. J., Briel, M., Montori, V. M., Akl, E. A., Meerpohl, J. J., Bassler, D., Schandelmaier, S., Walter, S. D., et al. (2013) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-14-335 · Cited by 4
Wibrow, B. A., Martinez, F. E., Ford, A. H., Kelty, E. A., Murray, K., Ho, K. M., Litton, E., Myers, E., & Anstey, M. (2021) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-020-04981-0 · Cited by 4
Data Safety and Monitoring Boards (DSMBs)
Glasser, S. P., & Williams, O. D. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-05470-4_9 · Cited by 4
Koterov, A. N. (2022) · Biology Bulletin · doi:10.1134/s1062359022110115 · Cited by 4
Therapeutic hypothermia and the ‘equal air‐time’ solution for controversial randomised trials
Wilkinson, D. J. C. (2010) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1754.2010.01864.x · Cited by 4
Coutinho, E. M., Spinola, P. G., Athayde, C., Noronha, C. F., de Melo, N. R., Cabral, Z. A. F., Almeida, J. A. M., da Silva, B. L., Neto, J. S. P., & Rumi, D. O. (2005) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2005.08.016 · Cited by 4
Perspectives on the Womenʼs Health Initiative Trial of Hormone Replacement Therapy
Grimes, D. A., & Løbo, R. A. (2002) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/00006250-200212000-00029 · Cited by 4
Monitoring Randomized Clinical Trials
Leifer, E., & Geller, N. L. (2012) · Wiley series in probability and statistics · doi:10.1002/9781118147634.ch6 · Cited by 4
Condin, C. J. (2014) · cIRcle (University of British Columbia) · doi:10.14288/1.0135585 · Cited by 4
Reporting of clinical trials using group sequential methods
Moran, J. L., Peake, S., & Solomon, P. (2001) · Critical Care and Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/s1441-2772(23)00605-1 · Cited by 4
van Unnik, J. W. J., Nikolakopoulos, S., Eijkemans, M. J. C., Gonzalez‐Bermejo, J., Bruneteau, G., Morélot‐Panzini, C., van den Berg, L. H., Cudkowicz, M., McDermott, C. J., Similowski, T., et al. (2023) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000207306 · Cited by 3
Induction of Labor and Termination of the Previable Pregnancy
Sanchez‐Ramos, L., & Delke, I. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-5908-0.00066-1 · Cited by 3
Can we trust in trials stopped early for benefit?
(GrAM), G. D. A. M., Casazza, G., & Casella, F. (2012) · Internal and Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11739-012-0871-0 · Cited by 3
Three-stage designs for monitoring clinical trials
Case, L. D., Morgan, T. M., & DAVIS, C. E. (1994) · Communication in Statistics- Theory and Methods · doi:10.1080/03610929408831362 · Cited by 3
Patients as subjects for research: ethical dilemmas for the primary care clinician-investigator.
Slatkoff, S. F., Curtis, P., & Coker, A. L. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 3
Should Clinical Trials Be Terminated Early?
Streiner, D. L. (2019) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2019.07.004 · Cited by 3
Implementation of a Data and Safety Monitoring Program in a General Clinical Research Center
Brass, E. P. (2001) · Journal of Investigative Medicine · doi:10.2310/6650.2001.33623 · Cited by 3
Bristow artroscópico: Avaliação da segurança e da eficácia, 12 anos de experiência
Garcia, J. C. (2019) · Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia · doi:10.1055/s-0039-1697972 · Cited by 2
Ensayos clínicos aleatorizados
Cobos, A. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-84-8086-461-9.50013-8 · Cited by 2
Interim analysis in randomized trials: DAMOCLES' sword?
Besselink, M. G., van der Graaf, Y., & Gooszen, H. G. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.07.004 · Cited by 2
Stuntz, M., & Vignes, F. D. (2015) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2015.11.001 · Cited by 2
Health technology assessment teaching for BME
Pecchia, L., Piaggio, D., Pallikarakis, N. E., & Iadanza, E. (2019) · Clinical Engineering Handbook · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813467-2.00119-x · Cited by 2
Mullahy, J. (2021) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.4233 · Cited by 2
Data Safety and Monitoring Boards (DSMBs)
Glasser, S. P., & Williams, O. D. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8486-7_9 · Cited by 2
When to stop a clinical trial.
Pollock, A. M. (1992) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.305.6851.475-a · Cited by 2
Fears, R., & Poste, G. H. (1994) · Fibrinolysis and Proteolysis · doi:10.1016/0268-9499(94)90045-0 · Cited by 2
Interim Analyses of Survival Data in Cancer Clinical Trials
Skovlund, E. (1998) · Acta Oncologica · doi:10.1080/028418698429982 · Cited by 2
Whatever Happened to Research Ethics?
Brody, B. A. (1997) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-306-48133-2_20 · Cited by 2
Elbourne, D. R., Field, D., & Investigator, P. (1999) · Cited by 2
Freidlin, B. (2014) · doi:10.1002/9781118596333.ch12 · Cited by 2
Some aspects of the design and monitoring of clinical trials
Moran, J. L., & Solomon, P. J. (2003) · Critical Care and Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/s1441-2772(23)00907-9 · Cited by 2
Minimizing Harm: Optimal Monitoring Boundaries When Harm is Present
Vallejo, J. J., & Wang, S. (2025) · Statistics in Biopharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1080/19466315.2025.2602449 · Cited by 1
Stopping Trials Early: Responsibility and Risks
McGuire, W. L., & Halliday, H. L. (2021) · Neonatology · doi:10.1159/000514990 · Cited by 1
Monitoring Committee Structure and Function
Friedman, L. M., Furberg, C. D., DeMets, D. L., Reboussin, D. M., & Granger, C. B. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-18539-2_16 · Cited by 1
Rathbone, J., Franklin, R. C., & Nimorakiotakis, V. (2019) · Australasian Journal of Paramedicine · doi:10.33151/ajp.16.711 · Cited by 1
L an‐ De Mets Alpha‐Spending Function
DeMets, D. L., & Lan, K. K. G. (2005) · Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences · doi:10.1002/0471667196.ess7266 · Cited by 1
Hutton, J. L. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118445112.stat04992.pub2 · Cited by 1
Other causes for increased risk of bleeding are possible
Dorsch, N. W. C., & Gelder, J. V. (1995) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.311.7001.388b · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Pocock, S. J.
- Affiliations
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Pocock, S. J.
- ORCID
- Pocock, S. J.
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 1992-07-25
- Volume
- 305
- Issue
- 6847
- Pages
- 235-240
- ISSN
- 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- 1468-5833
- PMC
- PMC1882707
- OpenAlex
- W1968817382
- Cited by
- 255
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 10.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Keywords
- clinical trial termination, stopping rules, trial ethics
- MeSH terms
- Clinical Trials as Topic, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Decision Making, Ethics, Medical, Risk Assessment, Information Dissemination, Editorial Policies, Uncertainty, Therapeutic Human Experimentation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review