Confidence intervals for the number needed to treat.

Evidence-Based Medicine: How to Practice and Teach EBM

Sackett, D. L. (2000) · Cited by 5,950

Improving the Quality of Reporting of Randomized Controlled Trials: The CONSORT Statement

Begg, C. (1996) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03540080059030 · Cited by 3,127

The number needed to treat: a clinically useful measure of treatment effect

Cook, R. J., & Sackett, D. L. (1995) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.310.6977.452 · Cited by 1,885

An Assessment of Clinically Useful Measures of the Consequences of Treatment

Laupacis, A., Sackett, D. L., & Roberts, R. S. (1988) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198806303182605 · Cited by 1,681

Statistical guidelines for contributors to medical journals.

Altman, D. G., Gore, S. M., Gardner, M. J., & Pocock, S. (1983) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.286.6376.1489 · Cited by 662

Meta-analysis of randomised trials comparing coronary angioplasty with bypass surgery

Pocock, S., Henderson, R. A., Rickards, A. F., Hampton, J. R., King, S. B., Hamm, C. W., Puel, J., Hueb, W. A., Goy, J. J., & Rodriguez, A. (1995) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(95)92897-9 · Cited by 527

Meta-analysis on efficacy of nicotine replacement therapies in smoking cessation

Silagy, C., Mant, D., Fowler, G., & Lodge, M. (1994) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(94)90933-4 · Cited by 481

Using Numerical Results from Systematic Reviews in Clinical Practice

McQuay, H. J., & Moore, R. A. (1997) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-126-9-199705010-00007 · Cited by 452

Confidence Limits Made Easy: Interval Estimation Using a Substitution Method

Daly, L. (1998) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009523 · Cited by 289

Down with odds ratios!

Sackett, D. L., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (1996) · BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine · doi:10.1136/ebm.1996.1.164 · Cited by 178

Expressing and Analyzing Variability

Hassouna, A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-20758-7_1

Data presentation of results from randomized cancer clinical trials. The case for trials in advanced cervical cancer. A critical appraisal.

González, A. D., Coronel, J., Cabrera‐Galeana, P., Candelaria, M., & Cano-Blanco, C. (2023) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.131710.1

Examining the Reliability of Confidence Intervals for the Number Needed to Treat: A Simulation Study

DOĞAN, İ., & DOĞAN, N. (2023) · Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Biostatistics · doi:10.5336/biostatic.2022-94297

Comparative Pharmacoeconomic Effectiveness of Interleukin-17 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Ankylosing Spondylitis

Дубинина, Т. В., Gaydukova, I. Z., Sableva, N. A., Sapozhnikov, K. V., Sokolova, V. D., & Tolkacheva, D. G. (2023) · Doklady Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1134/s1607672923700291

Hazard Risk Reductions Should Not Be Communicated as Relative Risk Reductions for Death in Cancer Clinical Trials: Intentional or Inadvertent?Preprint

Dueñas‐González, A. (2023) · Qeios · doi:10.32388/f3bc9a

Risk of death derived from Hazard Ratio should not be communicated as Relative Risk reductions for death in cancer clinical trials. Intentional or inadvertent?Preprint

Dueñas‐González, A. (2023) · Qeios · doi:10.32388/f3bc9a.2

Comparing Pharmacotherapies for ADHD in Adults: Evidence From Outcome-Focused Analysis of Food and Drug Administration Drug Label Registration Trials

Surman, C. B. H., Walsh, D. M., & Bond, J. B. (2024) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547231218041

Information Sources for Drug Safety and Communicating Risks in Practice

Tong, V., Møllebæk, M., & Aslani, P. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-51089-2_17

Utjecaj dugodjelujućih antipsihotika na hospitalizaciju oboljelih od shizofrenije u Republici Hrvatskoj

Sveučilište u Zagrebu, M. F., Benčić, M., Herceg, M., Sveučilište u Zagrebu, M. F., Klinika za psihijatriju Vrapče, Z., Draganić, P., Sveučilište u Rijeci, F. B. I. R. L., & HALMED, A. Z. L. I. M. P. (2024) · Socijalna psihijatrija · doi:10.24869/spsih.2024.164

Chapter 5. Clinical Trials

(2003) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615377206.lg05

Appendix B. Statistical Formulas and Tables

(2009) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378067.bm02

Beperkingen van het number needed to treat (NNT)

Stolk, L. M., & Rosendaal, F. R. (2024) · Geneesmiddelenbulletin · doi:10.35351/gebu.2024.2.3

Additional file 1 of Efficiency of primary spine care as compared to conventional primary care: a retrospective observational study at an Academic Medical Center

Bezdjian, S., Whedon, J. M., Russell, R., Goehl, J. M., & Kazal, L. A. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.17982545

Additional file 1 of Increased risk of myocarditis and pericarditis and reduced likelihood of severe clinical outcomes associated with COVID-19 vaccination: a cohort study in Lombardy, Italy

Corrao, G., Franchi, M., Cereda, D., Bortolan, F., Leoni, O., Vignati, E., Pavesi, G., & Gori, A. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21547340

Additional file 2 of Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation versus standard treatment for refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a Bayesian meta-analysis

Heuts, S., Ubben, J. F. H., Kawczynski, M. J., Gabrio, A., Suverein, M. M., Delnoij, T., Kaválková, P., Rob, D., Komárek, A., van der Horst, I. C. C., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26742932

Additional file 1 of Potential mental health-related harms associated with the universal screening of anxiety and depressive symptoms in Australian secondary schools

Braund, T. A., Baker, S. T. E., Subotic-Kerry, M., Tillman, G., Evans, N. J., Mackinnon, A. J., Christensen, H. M., & O’Dea, B. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26701177

Additional file 1 of Reduction in number to treat versus number needed to treat

Zhang, C., & Yin, G. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14189799

Additional file 1 of Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation versus standard treatment for refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a Bayesian meta-analysis

Heuts, S., Ubben, J. F. H., Kawczynski, M. J., Gabrio, A., Suverein, M. M., Delnoij, T., Kaválková, P., Rob, D., Komárek, A., van der Horst, I. C. C., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26742929

Additional file 1 of Comparative safety of tramadol and other opioids following total hip and knee arthroplasty

Bosco, E., Riester, M. R., Beaudoin, F. L., Schoenfeld, A. J., Gravenstein, S., Mor, V., & Zullo, A. R. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25556515

Treatment of Mild Depression in Elderly Patients

Terluin, B., & van Hout, H. P. J. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.284.23.2993-b

Short-term risk of falls among initiators of controlled-release tapentadol versus oxycodone: A population-based cohort studyPreprint

Camacho, X., Schäffer, A., Brett, J., Hopkins, R. E., Gisev, N., Marsh, S., Filion, K. B., Pratt, N. L., Henry, D. A., & Pearson, S. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.01.14.26344133

Evaluation of Prophylactic Approaches Against Vomiting After Tonsillectomy Using Number Needed to Treat Method

Calay, Ö. Ö., Vehid, H. E., Senocak, M. S., & Vehid, S. (n.d.) · DergiPark (Istanbul University)

A Systematic Review of Efficacy in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: How the Number Needed to Treat May be a Misleading Metric

Busam, J. A., Batta, N., Rezaie, A. R., & Pimentel, M. (2026) · The American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000003968

Diminishing returns of disease-modifying treatment in older participants of multiple sclerosis clinical trials

Strijbis, E. M. M., Mostert, J., D’haeseleer, M., Moral, E., Ruiz, L. B., Comtois, J., Killestein, J., Repovic, P., McPherson, T., Cutter, G., et al. (2026) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal · doi:10.1177/13524585261429245

TachoSil® for prevention of postpancreatectomy hemorrhage after distal pancreatectomy: a propensity-weighted pilot study

Ricci, C., D’Ambra, V., Pisani, F., Alberici, L., Ingaldi, C., Fichera, M., & Casadei, R. (2026) · Langenbeck s Archives of Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00423-026-04022-5

Extracapsular Enucleation Versus Partial Superficial Parotidectomy and Extracapsular Dissection in Warthin’s Tumor: A Retrospective Matched Cohort Study

Kostares, M., Kostares, E., Kakazani, M., Karaiskou, M., Chatzipanagiotou, M., Καντζάνου, Μ., Stampouloglou, P., Piagkou, M., & Laskaris, S. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15083026

Clinical Trials

Suleman, S. (2026) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009182539.009

Comparison Between High-Flow Nasal Cannula (HFNC) Therapy and Noninvasive Ventilation (NIV) in Children With Bronchiolitis-Associated Acute Respiratory Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Fardan, Z. H., Ayish, A. A., AlQahtani, R. H., Naser, N. M., AlAli, N., Aldabli, A., Alghamdi, A. A., ALghayyadh, S., Alahmri, M. N., Bakhsh, A., et al. (2026) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.114308

Short-term risk of falls among initiators of controlled-release tapentadol versus oxycodone in New South Wales between 2014 and 2020: A population-based retrospective cohort study

Camacho, X., Schaffer, A. L., Brett, J., Hopkins, R. E., Gisev, N., Marsh, S., Filion, K. B., Pratt, N. L., Henry, D. A., & Pearson, S. (2026) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1004950

Comparative effectiveness of preventive strategies against medically-attended respiratory syncytial virus in U.S. infants during the first six months of life, 2023-2025Preprint

Kim, S. S., Zissette, S., Meter, C. V., Shiiba, M., Bruck, M., Tippett, A., Kamidani, S., Benkeser, D. C., & McQuade, E. T. R. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.08.25.26361361

Circulating tumor DNA-guided de-escalation or escalation of adjuvant therapy in high-risk stage II and stage III colon cancer: the phase 2 PEGASUS trial

Marsoni, S., Montagut, C., Pietrantonio, F., Bianchi, A. S., Lazzari, L., Bergamo, F., Zampino, M. G., Tarazona, N., Mandalà, M., Tamberi, S., et al. (2026) · Nature Cancer · doi:10.1038/s43018-026-01237-9

DMAR: Design, Measurement, and Analysis in R (DMAR)

Kelley, K. (2026) · doi:10.32614/cran.package.dmar

Pitch Clock Implementation and Its Differential Associations With Injury Distribution and Recovery Duration for Major League Baseball Pitchers

Estes, M. L., Trasatti, M. E., Ehlers, M., Kingery, M. T., & Jazrawi, L. M. (2026) · Sports Health A Multidisciplinary Approach · doi:10.1177/19417381261486293

Same trials, different answers: reconciling four meta-analyses of anti-CGRP antibodies in cluster headache

Mustafa, H., Barawi, B. A., Baraldi, C., & Pellesi, L. (2026) · Pain Management · doi:10.1080/17581869.2026.2744714

oXiris-Based Blood Purification Efficacy in Adults with Septic Shock and Acute Kidney Injury: The PURE Multicenter Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial

Mady, A. M., Aletreby, W., Sewify, K., Faqihi, F. A., AlShayaa, R., Issa, K. N., Almahwi, S. A., Gano, J. Q., Alkenani, A. A., Shaaban, A. T. E., et al. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15208028

Efficacy of Electronic Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Alone and Combined With Pharmacotherapy for Depression and Anxiety in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Shahtou, A., Qari, S. A., Al-Ghamdi, A. S., Asiri, A. M., Hayati, M. A., Shaikh, A. Y., Aljamea, J. H., Qutub, H. M., Alqahtani, S. M. M., Alqarni, A. A., et al. (2026) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.118109

Biostatistics with small effect size in the computerized age: the illusion of certainty?

Levinson, S. S. (2026) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2026.107235

From being looked at to sensing the body: A three-arm randomized controlled trial of ACT-informed embodied movement, functional fitness, and psychoeducation for eating pathology in university women reporting body shape and weight concerns

Liu, X., Ma, R., Deng, Q., Ma, X., & Chen, T. (2026) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2026.102214

Reduced lung function and risk of atrial fibrillation

Buch, S. P., Friberg, J., Scharling, H., Lange, P., & #ers, E. P. (2003)

Reduced lung function and risk of atrial fibrillation in the Copenhagen City Heart Study

Buch, P., Friberg, J., Scharling, H., Lange, P., & Prescott, E. (2003) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/09031936.03.00051502 · Cited by 311

Association between lung function and the risk of atrial fibrillation in a nationwide population cohort study

Lee, S. N., Ko, S., Her, S., Han, K., Moon, D., Kim, S. K., Yoo, K., & Ahn, Y. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-07534-4 · Cited by 14

Reduced forced expiratory volume is associated with increased incidence of atrial fibrillation: the Malmo Preventive Project

Johnson, L., Juhlin, T., Engström, G., & Nilsson, P. M. (2013) · EP Europace · doi:10.1093/europace/eut255 · Cited by 49

Incident Atrial Fibrillation in Relation to Ventilatory Parameters: A Prospective Cohort Study

Noubiap, J. J., Tu, S. J., Emami, M., Middeldorp, M. E., Elliott, A. D., & Sanders, P. (2023) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2023.02.004 · Cited by 9