The DOI matches its Crossref record; 8 of the 10 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Patient non-compliance with paper diaries
Open accessAbstract
Doctors often ask patients to recall recent health experiences, such as pain, fatigue, and quality of life. 1 Research has shown, however, that recall is unreliable and rife with inaccuracies and biases. 2 Recognition of recall's shortcomings has led to the use of diaries, which are intended to capture experiences close to the time of occurrence, thus limiting recall bias and producing more accurate data.3 The rationale for using diaries would be undermined if patients failed to complete diaries according to protocol.In this study we used a newly developed paper diary that could objectively record when patients made diary entries in order to compare patients' reported and actual compliance with diary keeping.For comparison, we also used an electronic diary designed to enhance compliance in order to assess what compliance rates might be achieved.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The electronic data were compared to the self-reported record of self-monitoring and revealed that there was little concordance between the self-reported and electronically documented data (35, 37).”
From Self-monitoring in weight loss: a systematic review of the literature (2011) · cites this paper as [37]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
(2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315167534 · Cited by 1,147
Diary keeping in asthma: comparison of written and electronic methods.
Hyland, M. E., Kenyon, C. A. P., Allen, R., & Howarth, P. H. (1993) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.306.6876.487 · Cited by 144
Gustavson, J. G. A. A. R. (1997) · APS observer · Cited by 133
High-quality clinical databases: breaking down barriers
Black, N. A. (1999) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(99)00108-7 · Cited by 125
Progress in Ambulatory Assessment
Fahrenberg, J., & Myrtek, M. (2001) · FreiDok plus (Universitätsbibliothek Freiburg) · Cited by 101
Ecological Momentary Assessment: Real-world, real-time measurement of patient experience.
Hufford, M. R., Shiffman, S. M., Paty, J. A., & Stone, A. A. (2001) · Cited by 53
Self-citationHealth Information Systems: Design Issues and Analytic Applications
McGlynn, E. A., Damberg, C. L., Kerr, E. A., & Brook, R. H. (1998) · RAND Corporation eBooks · doi:10.7249/mr967 · Cited by 34
Clinical Data Bases???Accomplishments and Unrealized Potential
&NA; (1985) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-198505000-00024 · Cited by 13
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Shiffman, 2001, Subject experience diaries in clinical research. Part 1. The patient experience movement, Appl Clin Trials, 10, 46
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 807
Electronic Diaries: Exploring Cross-Cultural Preferences and Acceptability
Abraham, L., Field, B., Švihra, J., Hareendran, A., Martin, M. L., Bushnell, D. M., Gong, Q. J., Levinson, I. P., & Streeter, J. S. (2006) · Drug Information Journal · doi:10.1177/009286150604000303 · Cited by 1
Inner Experience while Reading Fiction: A Descriptive Experience Sampling Exploration
Brouwers, V. P. (2020) · Digital Scholarship - UNLV (University of Nevada Reno) · doi:10.34917/8220089 · Cited by 1
Moynihan, S. A. (2020) · Digital Scholarship - UNLV (University of Nevada Reno) · doi:10.34917/11156756 · Cited by 1
Cameron, C., Khalil, I., & Castle, D. J. (2018) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2018.03.019 · Cited by 1
SMART TOILETS: INNOVATIVE PREVENTION OF FECAL IMPACTION IN OLDER ADULTS
Rico, J. E., & Daniel, K. M. (2022) · Gastroenterology Nursing · doi:10.1097/sga.0000000000000662 · Cited by 1
Illustrative examples of subjective well‑being measures
OECD (2013) · OECD eBooks · doi:10.1787/9789264191655-9-en · Cited by 2
Lundy, J. J. (2008) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) · Cited by 1
Ecological momentary assessment of Purging Disorder
Matt, A. (2012) · doi:10.17077/etd.erxj0dfh · Cited by 1
Examining emotional reactivity to daily events in major and minor depression
Bylsma, L. M. (2008) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 1
Stress reactivity in borderline personality disorder
Glaser, J. ‐. (2009) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20091029jg · Cited by 1
Fluoxetine may reduce hot flashes in women with a history of breast cancer
Amato, P., & Carpenter, J. S. (2002) · Evidence-based Oncology · doi:10.1054/ebon.2002.0050 · Cited by 1
Moore, T. R. (2010) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota) · Cited by 1
Palermo, T. M. (2014) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsu053 · Cited by 1
Proving the eDiary Dividend Proving the eDiary Dividend
McKenzie, S. J., Paty, J. A., Grogan, D. R., Rosano, M., Curry, L. A., Sciarappa, K., & Hufford, M. R. (2004) · Cited by 1
Self-citationAmft, O. (2008) · Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) · doi:10.3929/ethz-a-005648894 · Cited by 1
Stable, situational and interpersonal influences in stress and coping : a daily process study
Lee‐Baggley, D. (2010) · cIRcle (University of British Columbia) · doi:10.14288/1.0092909 · Cited by 1
Robinson, C. D. (2015) · Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) · doi:10.21236/ad1012741 · Cited by 1
Businelle, M. S., Hébert, E. T., & Kendzor, D. E. (2018) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990.2018.1484923 · Cited by 1
Pharmacotherapy for Parkinson's Disease - Observations and Innovations
Nyholm, D. (2011) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 1
Hardy, J. (2020) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17144369 · Cited by 1
Gibbons, C., Caudwell, P., Finlayson, G., King, N., & Blundell, J. (2011) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-8-57
Sex, drugs and young people : novel research and health promotion approaches
Lim, M. S. C. (2017) · Figshare · doi:10.26180/4564045
An analysis of the meaning of confidence in midwives undertaking intrapartum care
Bedwell, C. (2012) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester)
Understanding and quantifying adherence and its link to therapeutic success
Assawasuwannakit, P. (2015) · Otago University Research Archive (University of Otago)
Coping Similarity And Psychosocial Risk Factors In Couples With Chronic Pain
Williams, A. M. (2014) · Human Biology
Twin studies : Nature-Nurture and beyond
Jacobs, N. (2005) · doi:10.26481/dis.20050930nj
Digital Diary for Persons with Psychological Disorders Using Interaction Design
Soerheim, H., & Babić, A. (2013) · World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, September 7 - 12, 2009, Munich, Germany · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-00846-2_344
Cognitive Processes in Craving: From the Laboratory to the Real World.
Skorka-Brown, J. (2015) · PEARL (University of Plymouth) · doi:10.24382/3887
Patient Adherence to Prescribed Drug Dosing Regimens in Ambulatory Pharmacotherapy
Urquhart, J., & Vrijens, B. (2006) · doi:10.1002/9781118707999.ch25
Kleiboer, A. M. (2001) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
The influence of pain-related fear on pain perception: attention as a possible mediator
Roelofs, J. (2004) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20040610jr
Chadwick, B. J., & Kenardy, J. A. (2006)
Interactions in psychosis : linking environment, brain and genes
Collip, D. (2011) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20110914dc
Currie, S. R. (2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012343013-7/50019-7
Introduction of the mind–body matrix and the new works at the University of Tokyo
Kuboki, T. (2006) · International Congress Series · doi:10.1016/j.ics.2006.01.002
The Impact of the Web and Standards on Clinical Trials
Iberson-Hurst, D. (2007) · International Journal of Pharmaceutical Medicine · doi:10.2165/00124363-200721050-00002
Haythornthwaite, J. A. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-84-8174-949-6.50020-4
NON-STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS IN THE ALLEVIATION OF PRIMARY DYSMENORRHOEIC PAIN
Avidon, I. (2009) · University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Institutional Repository on DSpace (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg)
Guided real time sampling using mobile electronic diaries
Morrison, K. R. (2010) · Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee)
Momentary Measurement of Psychosocial Factors
Yoshiuchi, K. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-8975-2_5
Ocular Discomfort Upon Tear Drying
Varikooty, J. P. (2003) · UWSpace (University of Waterloo)
Delbecque, L., Desseilles, M., Taquet, M., Ethgen, O., & Chassany, O. (2014) · Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Liège)
Daughters, S. B., Richards, J., & Mayes, L. C. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139016827.006
Social Psychological Methods Outside the
Reis, H. T. (2010)
Ecological Momentary Assessment Using a Mobile Phone
Hareva, D. H., Okada, H., & Oka, H. (2012) · Advances in bioinformatics and biomedical engineering book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-2196-1.ch039
Kim, J., Lim, S., Lee, B., Lee, J. W., & Shin, Y. S. (2015)
吉内, 一. (2007) · 計測と制御 · doi:10.11499/sicejl1962.46.740
Watson, C., InTouch, E., Teall, J., Mulhern, B. J., & Bellamy, N. (2015)
Murray, A. J. (2015) · ResearchSpace (University of KwaZulu-Natal)
Bopp, J. M. (2014) · CU Scholar (University of Colorado Boulder)
Using mobile applications that combine self-report micro surveys to enhance gps tracking data
Cranwell, J., Golightly, D., Fischer, J. E., Sharples, S., & O’Malley, C. L. (2012)
Streiner, D. L., Norman, G. R., & Cairney, J. (2014) · doi:10.1093/med/9780199685219.003.0013
Telemedizinische Erfassung von „patient-reported outcomes“
Siefert, V., Welzel, G., Blessing, M., Jahnke, L., Hesser, J., Wenz, F. K., & Giordano, F. A. (2018) · Forum · doi:10.1007/s12312-018-0393-4
A system for the visual detection and analysis of obsessive compulsive disorder
Cameron, C. (2018) · RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) · doi:10.25439/rmt.27588936
Evaluación del dolor: aspectos metodológicos y utilización en la clínica
Decruynaere, C., & Bragard, D. (2018) · EMC - Kinesiterapia - Medicina Física · doi:10.1016/s1293-2965(18)41445-4
Valutazione del dolore: aspetti metodologici e utilizzo clinico
Decruynaere, C., & Bragard, D. (2018) · EMC - Medicina Riabilitativa · doi:10.1016/s1283-078x(18)41437-x
Quantifying Appetite and Satiety
Gibbons, C., & Blundell, J. E. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-11748-1_5
Temple, J. (2019) · University of Liverpool · doi:10.17638/03033174
Varianten der Befragung: Längsschnitt-Designs und situative Befragungen
Möhring, W., & Schlütz, D. (2019) · Studienbücher zur Kommunikations- und Medienwissenschaft · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-25865-8_5
Dias, N. R., Howley, A. R., Yamamoto, R. T., & Dallabrida, S. M. (2019) · Patient Related Outcome Measures · doi:10.2147/prom.s218376
The design of systems to engage adolescents in professional mental health services
Matthews, M. L. (2009) · Trinity's Access to Research Output (TARA) (Trinity College Dublin)
Black, L., McTear, M., Black, N. D., Mcmeel, C., Harper, R., & Lemon, M. (2004) · National Conference on Artificial Intelligence
Khanshan, A., Gorp, P. M. E. V., Nuijten, R., & Markopoulos, P. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182010593
Griffiths, P., Williams, A., & Brohan, E. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-799794/v1
Validity and Reliability Assessment of a Smartphone Application for Measuring Chronic Low Back Pain
Fenech, J., Prakash, V., Garg, L., Carlo, C., & Sharma, A. (2022) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-95502-1_36
Frissen, A. (2016) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20161221af
Clinical interventions in home care
Caplan, G. A. (2017) · doi:10.1093/med/9780198701590.003.0031
OECD (2013) · OECD eBooks · doi:10.1787/9789264191655-2-en
Silberstein, A. E., Fiala, M. A., Loh, K. P., Cordner, T., Mian, H. S., & Wildes, T. M. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.05.30.22275780
Ambulatory Monitoring and Ecological Momentary Assessment
Kamarck, T. W., Al’Absi, M., Epstein, D. H., Ertin, E., Intille, S. S., Kirk, G. D., Kumar, S., Preston, K. L., Rea, M. S., Shetty, V., et al. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-85960-6_40
Self-citationWork-to-School Conflict and Alcohol Use Among College Students Amidst the Covid-19 Pandemic
Rollins, C. F., & Burch, K. A. (2023) · Occupational Health Science · doi:10.1007/s41542-023-00160-0
Streiner, D. L., Norman, G. R., & Cairney, J. (2024) · doi:10.1093/med/9780192869487.003.0013
Katz, N. P., Dworkin, R. H., North, R. B., Thomson, S., Eldabe, S. S., Hayek, S. M., Kopell, B. H., Markman, J. D., Rezai, A. R., Taylor, R. S., et al. (2022) · NeuroTarget · doi:10.47924/neurotarget2022124
Lehmann, J., Krepper, D., Pe, M. L., Kuliś, D., Giesinger, J. M., Sztankay, M. J., Kern, S., Fitzsimmons, D. A., & Holzner, B. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-084935
Fenech, J., Prakash, V., Garg, L., Carlo, C., Sharma, A., & Chattu, V. K. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-22038-8.00008-8
The Everyday Function Intervention Trial (EFIT) protocol: A randomized clinical trial
Ross, L. A., Fine, C., Stephan, A. T., Chai, H. W., McVey, A., Phillips, C. B., Gamaldo, A. A., Mogle, J. A., Dennis, N. A., Sliwinski, M. J., et al. (2025) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2025.107829
Measuring Patient Participation Burden in Clinical Outcome Assessments for Clinical Trials
Dirks, A., Do, H., Gallagher, C., Roy, A., Siddharth, T., Szabo, E., & Getz, K. A. (2025) · Therapeutic Innovation & Regulatory Science · doi:10.1007/s43441-025-00832-9
Sotiropoulos, S., Mavrogenis, A. F., Παπανδρέου, Μ., & Georgoudis, G. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.91535
Johnson, K. T., Billmyer, E., Kaja, S. M., & Widome, R. (2025) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2025-0247
Determinants of exacerbation frequency in COPD
Quint, J. K. (2010) · UCL Discovery (University College London)
Why stress causes psychosis and psychosis causes stress
Lardinois, M. (2009) · doi:10.26481/dis.20091209ml · Cited by 1
Reger, S. L. (2020) · Digital Scholarship - UNLV (University of Nevada Reno) · doi:10.34917/4332594
Bipolar disorder in daily life : mood and cortisol responses to naturally occurring events
Havermans, A. (2013) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20130117ah
Ryan, D., Rio, E., O’Donoghue, G., & O'Sullivan, C. M. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22625726
Lehmann, J., Schreyer, I., Riedl, D., Tschuggnall, M., Giesinger, J. M., Ninkovic, M., Huth, M., Kronberger Irmgard, E., Rumpold, G., & Holzner, B. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19445308
McMullan, C., Retzer, A., Hughes, S., Aiyegbusi, O. L., Bathurst, C. L., Boyd, A., Coleman, J., Davies, E. H., Denniston, A. K., Dunster, H., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24277167
Ortega-Gómez, C., Palencia, J. L. D., & Baca‐García, E. (2025) · Psiquiatría Biológica · doi:10.1016/j.psiq.2025.100758
Thuraiaiyah, J., Christensen, R. H., Al‐Khazali, H. M., Ashina, M., Katsarava, Z., & Ashina, H. (2026) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.70542
Kaula, A. J., Taptiklis, N., Cormack, F. K., Kuijper, L. C. M., Avey, S., Chatterjee, M., Rehman, R. Z. U., de Bot, S. T., Pilotto, A., van der Woude, C. J., et al. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.04.26.26351685
McMullan, C., Hughes, S., Rowe, A. L., Retzer, A., Bathurst, C. L., Harding, R., Kyte, D. G., Davies, E. H., Wilson, R., Newsome, P. N., et al. (2026) · doi:10.2196/preprints.96973
Brehm, S., Tanaka, L. F., Majeed, Y., Barnikel, M., le Roux, C., Ghiani, A., Jansen, C.-P., & Jaeger, S. U. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.05.08.26351469
Deploying PainPad for Patient Pain Logging in the Hospital: A 6-Year Deployment
Gooch, D., Price, L., Kelly, R., Serban, R., Aydemir, C., Alhalabi, O., Leek, T., Ramachandran, M., Pearce, O., & Price, B. A. (2026) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/3815419
Görtz‐Dorten, A., Schindler, L., Klee, J., Wähnke, L., & Döpfner, M. (2026) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-026-09806-0
Metadata
- Authors
- Stone, A. A., Shiffman, S., Schwartz, J. E., Broderick, J. E., & Hufford, M. R.
- Affiliations
- Stony Brook University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stone, Arthur A
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2002-05-18
- Volume
- 324
- Issue
- 7347
- Pages
- 1193-1194
- ISSN
- 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- 1468-5833
- PMC
- PMC111114
- OpenAlex
- W2135374245
- Semantic Scholar
- fa7362653cde1df677f2bce06810aebf6ca6b177
- Cited by
- 810
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 135.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.bmj.com/company/legal-information/terms-conditions/legal-information/tdm-licencepolicy (tdm)
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA085819, CA-85819)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Survey Methodology and Nonresponse
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Family Practice › Medication Adherence and Compliance
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Health Information Management › Electronic Health Records Systems
- Keywords
- medication adherence, paper diaries, electronic diary, recall bias, patient-reported outcomes, self-monitoring
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Humans, Medical Records, Intractable Pain, Treatment Refusal
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review