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Deliberate self harm in adolescents: self report survey in schools in England
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Objective: To determine the prevalence of deliberate self harm in adolescents and the factors associated with it. Design: Cross sectional survey using anonymous self report questionnaire. Setting: 41 schools in England. Participants: 6020 pupils aged 15 and 16 years. Main outcome measure: Deliberate self harm. Results: 398 (6.9%) participants reported an act of deliberate self harm in the previous year that met study criteria. Only 12.6% of episodes had resulted in presentation to hospital. Deliberate self harm was more common in females than it was in males (11.2% v 3.2%; odds ratio 3.9, 95% confidence interval 3.1 to 4.9). In females the factors included in a multivariate logistic regression for deliberate self harm were recent self harm by friends, self harm by family members, drug misuse, depression, anxiety, impulsivity, and low self esteem. In males the factors were suicidal behaviour in friends and family members, drug use, and low self esteem. Conclusions: Deliberate self harm is common in adolescents, especially females. School based mental health initiatives are needed. These could include approaches aimed at educating school pupils about mental health problems and screening for those at risk. What is already known on this topic: Deliberate self harm is a common reason for presentation of adolescents to hospital Community studies from outside the United Kingdom have shown much greater prevalence of self harm in adolescents than hospital based studies What this study adds: Deliberate self harm defined according to strict criteria is common in adolescents, especially females Associated factors include recent awareness of self harm in peers, self harm by family members, drug misuse, depression, anxiety, impulsivity, and low self esteem
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“the data corroborates the association between depression, anxiety and self-injury [73, 93–101]”
From A 'choice', an 'addiction', a way 'out of the lost': Exploring self-injury in autistic people without intellectual disability (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
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“Research indicates, that adolescence girls have a higher prevalence of depression and eating disorders and engage more in suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts than boys, who are more likely to participate in high-risk behaviors and commit suicide more often [4, 5].”
BackgroundOugrin, D., & Zundel, T. (2009) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b13320-2 · Cited by 2
Smartphone and Self-Harm: A study of TikTok Use as a Risk Factor
Udam, M., Oktara, T. W., Justitia, D., Putri, U. N., Karisma, S. P., Fajri, N., Muhazir, M., & Erwinda, L. (2024) · Bulletin of Counseling and Psychotherapy · doi:10.51214/002024061020000 · Cited by 4
The role of the general dental practitioner in managing patients who self-harm
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Esin, İ. S., Dursun, O. B., Acemoğlu, H., & Baykara, B. (2015) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-015-9861-9 · Cited by 2
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“Studies carried out in various countries show that up to 10% of adolescents attempt to self-harm or self-poison for suicide purposes [7, 8].”
BackgroundFortune, S. A., Pavlova, A., Hetrick, S. E., Scarth, B., Hawton, K. E., & Witt, K. (2021) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd014939 · Cited by 4
Self-citationPoziom inteligencji emocjonalnej u młodocianych pacjentów dokonujących samouszkodzeń
Szczepaniak, A., Jabłkowska, K., & Gmitrowicz, A. (2009) · Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna · Cited by 2
Adolescent Self-Mutilating Behaviors: Experiential Avoidance Coupled with Imitation?
Howe‐Martin, L. (2008) · doi:10.12794/metadc9087 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Hawton, K., Rodham, K., Evans, E., & Weatherall, R.
- Affiliations
- Warneford Hospital (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hawton, Keith
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2002-11-23
- Volume
- 325
- Issue
- 7374
- Pages
- 1207-1211
- ISSN
- 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- 1468-5833
- PMC
- PMC135492
- OpenAlex
- W2123869797
- Cited by
- 1,008
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 65 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 77 · 2013: 54 · 2012: 62
- FWCI
- 26.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.bmj.com/company/legal-information/terms-conditions/legal-information/tdm-licencepolicy (tdm)
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Injury Epidemiology and Prevention
- Keywords
- self-harm, adolescents, prevalence, risk factors, sex differences, peer influence, drug abuse, depression, anxiety, impulsivity, low self-esteem, suicidal behavior, school mental health, hospital presentations
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Cross-Sectional Studies, England, Female, Humans, Male, Risk Factors, Prevalence, Multivariate Analysis, Self-Injurious Behavior, Sex Distribution
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