Cited by 1,008Suicide and Self-Harm StudiesHomicide, Infanticide, and Child AbuseInjury Epidemiology and Prevention

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Deliberate self harm in adolescents: self report survey in schools in England

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Hawton, Keith, Rodham, Karen, Evans, Emma, Weatherall, Rosamund·2002·BMJ

DOI 10.1136/bmj.325.7374.1207PMC PMC135492

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Abstract

Objective: To determine the prevalence of deliberate self harm in adolescents and the factors associated with it. Design: Cross sectional survey using anonymous self report questionnaire. Setting: 41 schools in England. Participants: 6020 pupils aged 15 and 16 years. Main outcome measure: Deliberate self harm. Results: 398 (6.9%) participants reported an act of deliberate self harm in the previous year that met study criteria. Only 12.6% of episodes had resulted in presentation to hospital. Deliberate self harm was more common in females than it was in males (11.2% v 3.2%; odds ratio 3.9, 95% confidence interval 3.1 to 4.9). In females the factors included in a multivariate logistic regression for deliberate self harm were recent self harm by friends, self harm by family members, drug misuse, depression, anxiety, impulsivity, and low self esteem. In males the factors were suicidal behaviour in friends and family members, drug use, and low self esteem. Conclusions: Deliberate self harm is common in adolescents, especially females. School based mental health initiatives are needed. These could include approaches aimed at educating school pupils about mental health problems and screening for those at risk. What is already known on this topic: Deliberate self harm is a common reason for presentation of adolescents to hospital Community studies from outside the United Kingdom have shown much greater prevalence of self harm in adolescents than hospital based studies What this study adds: Deliberate self harm defined according to strict criteria is common in adolescents, especially females Associated factors include recent awareness of self harm in peers, self harm by family members, drug misuse, depression, anxiety, impulsivity, and low self esteem

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Apter, A. (2014) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2014.07.011
An Unusual Case of Self-Harming Behavior
Tümüklü, M., Arslan, A., Çelıkel, F. Ç., & Cumurcu, B. E. (2009) · The Primary Care Companion to The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/pcc.08l00765
VAST – a Tool for Recognising Vulnerable Children in the Classroom and Developing a Care Pathway of Intervention
Hall, B. P., Haddow, S., & Place, M. (2009) · International Journal of Education · doi:10.5296/ije.v1i1.231
“In the case of self-injury, it is a behaviour that, once established, tends to be resistant to treatment efforts (Zila & Kiselica, 2001), and since only a small proportion of young people who cut are seen by health agencies (Hawton et al., 2002), trying to intervene with this behaviour directly through health agencies…”
Background
Factors determining self-harm
Shakya, Y., Acharya, R., Gupta, M., Banjara, M., & Prasad, P. (2011) · Journal of Institute of Medicine Nepal · doi:10.3126/joim.v32i3.4954
Intoxicant use increased among Norwegian adolescents between 1992 and 2002, and attempted suicides increased among girls
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Authors: Hawton, K., Rodham, K., Evans, E., & Weatherall, R.
Affiliations: Warneford Hospital (GB)
University of Oxford (GB)
Corresponding author: Hawton, Keith
Venue: BMJ
Publisher: BMJ
Published: 2002-11-23
Volume: 325
Issue: 7374
Pages: 1207-1211
ISSN: 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
0959-8138
1468-5833
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.325.7374.1207
PMC: PMC135492
OpenAlex: W2123869797
Cited by: 1,008
References: 25
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 65 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 77 · 2013: 54 · 2012: 62
FWCI: 26.93
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.bmj.com/company/legal-information/terms-conditions/legal-information/tdm-licencepolicy (tdm)
Locations: BMJ (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Injury Epidemiology and Prevention
Keywords: self-harm, adolescents, prevalence, risk factors, sex differences, peer influence, drug abuse, depression, anxiety, impulsivity, low self-esteem, suicidal behavior, school mental health, hospital presentations
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Cross-Sectional Studies, England, Female, Humans, Male, Risk Factors, Prevalence, Multivariate Analysis, Self-Injurious Behavior, Sex Distribution

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Deliberate self harm in adolescents: self report survey in schools in England

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