Cited by 1,008Suicide and Self-Harm StudiesHomicide, Infanticide, and Child AbuseInjury Epidemiology and Prevention

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 23 of the 25 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Deliberate self harm in adolescents: self report survey in schools in England

Open access

Hawton, Keith, Rodham, Karen, Evans, Emma, Weatherall, Rosamund·2002·BMJ

DOI 10.1136/bmj.325.7374.1207PMC PMC135492

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

Objective: To determine the prevalence of deliberate self harm in adolescents and the factors associated with it. Design: Cross sectional survey using anonymous self report questionnaire. Setting: 41 schools in England. Participants: 6020 pupils aged 15 and 16 years. Main outcome measure: Deliberate self harm. Results: 398 (6.9%) participants reported an act of deliberate self harm in the previous year that met study criteria. Only 12.6% of episodes had resulted in presentation to hospital. Deliberate self harm was more common in females than it was in males (11.2% v 3.2%; odds ratio 3.9, 95% confidence interval 3.1 to 4.9). In females the factors included in a multivariate logistic regression for deliberate self harm were recent self harm by friends, self harm by family members, drug misuse, depression, anxiety, impulsivity, and low self esteem. In males the factors were suicidal behaviour in friends and family members, drug use, and low self esteem. Conclusions: Deliberate self harm is common in adolescents, especially females. School based mental health initiatives are needed. These could include approaches aimed at educating school pupils about mental health problems and screening for those at risk. What is already known on this topic: Deliberate self harm is a common reason for presentation of adolescents to hospital Community studies from outside the United Kingdom have shown much greater prevalence of self harm in adolescents than hospital based studies What this study adds: Deliberate self harm defined according to strict criteria is common in adolescents, especially females Associated factors include recent awareness of self harm in peers, self harm by family members, drug misuse, depression, anxiety, impulsivity, and low self esteem

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1136/bmj.325.7374.1207

Cites

23 of 23 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance — United States, 1999
Kann, L. K., Kinchen, S. A., Williams, B. I., Ross, J. G., Lowry, R., Grunbaum, J. A., & Kolbe, L. J. (2000) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2000.tb07252.x · Cited by 1,633
Psychiatric Diagnosis in Child and Adolescent Suicide
Shaffer, D. (1996) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830040075012 · Cited by 1,250
Psychiatric Risk Factors for Adolescent Suicide: A Case-Control Study
Brent, D. A., Perper, J. A., MORITZ, G., ALLMAN, C., FRIEND, A., ROTH, C., SCHWEERS, J., BALACH, L., & BAUGHER, M. (1993) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199305000-00006 · Cited by 863
Suicidal Behavior Runs in Families: A Controlled Family Study of Adolescent Suicide Victims
Brent, D. A. (1996) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830120085015 · Cited by 516
A User's Guide to MLwiN version 2.0
Rasbash, J., Steele, F., Browne, W. J., & Goldstein, H. (2004) · Bristol Research (University of Bristol) · Cited by 457
Biological and chemical terrorism: strategic plan for preparedness and response.
Groseclose, S. L., Gray, E. K., Gunter, E. W., Johnson, A. B., Wilson, A. L., Ashford, D. A., Craven, R. B., Gaynes, R. P., Morse, S., Peters, C. J., et al. (2000) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · Cited by 355
Validation of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale for use with adolescents
White, D., Leach, C., Sims, R., Atkinson, M. A., & Cottrell, D. J. (1999) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.175.5.452 · Cited by 352
British Educational Research Association
Stones, E. (1975) · Journal of Education for Teaching International Research and Pedagogy · doi:10.1080/0260747750010113 · Cited by 331
Development of a new self-report questionnaire to measure self esteem
Robson, P. (1989) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170001254x · Cited by 232
Deliberate self-harm in adolescents in Oxford, 1985–1995
Hawton, K., Fagg, J., Simkin, S., Bale, E., & Bond, A. (2000) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1006/jado.1999.0290 · Cited by 150
Self-citation

Show all 25 references

Research works printed but not linked: 1

SPSS . SPSS base 9.0 users' guide. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1999.

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 996

Learning from prevented suicide in psychiatric inpatient care: An analysis of data from the National Patient Safety Agency
Bowers, L., Dack, C., Gul, N., Thomas, B., & James, K. (2011) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2011.05.008 · Cited by 61
“While this differential in self-harm rates is well known (Hawton et al., 2002), for inpatient completed suicide no such imbalance is consistently reported (Bowers et al., 2010).”
Background
Hearing the voices of young people who self‐harm: Implications for service providers
McAndrew, S., & Warne, T. (2014) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.12093 · Cited by 74
“acts of self-harm, community studies show that many adolescents who self-harm do not receive or seek medical attention (Hawton et al. 2002; Madge et al. 2011).”
Background
The Construction of Self‐Injury in the Clinical Literature: A Sociological Exploration
Chandler, A., Myers, F., & Platt, S. D. (2011) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1943-278x.2010.00003.x · Cited by 61
“There are several other studies that have found an association between self-harm and past experience of abuse (Boudewyn & Liem, 1995; Hawton et al., 2002; Van der Kolk, Perry, & Herman, 1991), but, unlike Romans et al. (1995), these studies give no indication of variation by method of selfharm.”
Result
Understanding Eating Disorders in Elite Gymnastics
Tan, J. O. A., Calitri, R., Bloodworth, A. J., & McNamee, M. (2016) · Clinics in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.csm.2015.10.002 · Cited by 61
Psychological Correlates of Self-Harm within Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual UK University Students
Taylor, P. J., Dhingra, K., Dickson, J. M., & McDermott, E. (2018) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2018.1515136 · Cited by 67
Psychopathological distress predicts suicidal ideation and self-harm in Adolescent Eating Disorder outpatients
Ruuska, J., Kaltiala‐Heino, R., Rantanen, P., & Koivisto, A. (2005) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-005-0473-8 · Cited by 61
“The amount of reported suicidal ideation and suicidal behaviour in this sample was greater than in many adolescent population studies [18,23], resembling the rates found in adolescent major depression [17, 27].”
BackgroundResult
Cross‐National Comparisons of the Association between Alcohol Consumption and Deliberate Self‐Harm in Adolescents
Rossow, I. M., Ystgaard, M., Hawton, K. E., Madge, N. J. H., van Heeringen, K., de Wilde, E. J., DeLeo, D., Fekete, S., & Morey, C. (2007) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.2007.37.6.605 · Cited by 60
Self-citation
The effect of integrating rational emotive behavior therapy and art therapy on self-esteem and resilience
Roghanchi, M., Mohamad, A. R., Mey, S. C., Momeni‎, K., & Golmohammadian, M. (2013) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.aip.2012.12.006 · Cited by 60
Causes of death up to 10 years after admissions to hospitals for self-inflicted, drug-related or alcohol-related, or violent injury during adolescence: a retrospective, nationwide, cohort study
Herbert, A., Gilbert, R. E., Cottrell, D. J., & Li, L. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)31045-0 · Cited by 60
Long-term impact of celebrity suicide on suicidal ideation: results from a population-based study
Fu, K., & YIP, P. S. F. (2007) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2005.045005 · Cited by 59
“Six items from the original scale were selected to assess the tendency to engage in impulsive behaviours such as deliberate self-harm or suicide.”
Background
Self‐Harmful Behaviors in a Population‐Based Sample of Young Adults
Nada‐Raja, S., Skegg, K., Langley, J. D., Morrison, D., & Sowerby, P. (2004) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.34.2.177.32781 · Cited by 59
Self-injury as Embodied Emotion Work: Managing Rationality, Emotions and Bodies
Chandler, A. (2012) · Sociology · doi:10.1177/0038038511422589 · Cited by 59
Psychological factors associated with the incidence and persistence of suicidal ideation
Zhang, Y., Law, C. K., & Yip, P. S. F. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.05.003 · Cited by 66
“We also assessed impulsive state (Hawton et al., 2002; Plutchik et al., 1989), self-esteem(Rosenberg, 1965), hopelessness (BHS; Beck et al.”
Method
Personality, child maltreatment, and substance use: Examining correlates of deliberate self-harm among university students.
Goldstein, A. L., Flett, G. L., Wekerle, C., & Wall, A.-M. (2009) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/a0014847 · Cited by 59
Self-injury in Teenagers Who Lost a Parent to Cancer
Bylund‐Grenklo, T., Kreicbergs, U. C., Hauksdóttir, A., Valdimarsdóttir, U. A., Nyberg, T., Steineck, G., & Fürst, C. J. (2012) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.430 · Cited by 64
The Role of Attachment Style in Predicting Repetition of Adolescent Self‐Harm: A Longitudinal Study
Glazebrook, K., Townsend, E., & Sayal, K. S. (2015) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12159 · Cited by 58
Deliberate self-harm and associated factors in 17-year-old Swedish students
Landstedt, E., & Gådin, K. G. (2010) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494810382941 · Cited by 58
“In accordance with other studies [8,14,16], the present analyses suggest that experiences of bullying should be considered a risk factor for DSH in both boys and girls.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
How adolescents who cut themselves differ from those who take overdoses
Hawton, K., Harriss, L., & Rodham, K. (2010) · European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-009-0065-0 · Cited by 64
“We have used data from a large study of a representative population of school pupils to examine factors associated with the two main methods of DSH used by adolescents in the community, namely self-cutting and self-poisoning [25, 30].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Factors associated with deliberate self‐harm behaviour among depressed adolescent outpatients
Tuisku, V., Pelkonen, M. U. I., Kiviruusu, O. H., Karlsson, L., Ruuttu, T., & MARTTUNEN, M. J. (2009) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.03.001 · Cited by 58
DSM-V and the Future of Suicidology
Leo, D. D. (2011) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000128 · Cited by 58
“While I wholeheartedly agree with notions that the proportions these phenomena are reaching among our youth require immediate actions (lifetime prevalence of self-injury among adolescents can range as high as 14%; Hawton et al., 2002), we should also go beyond the mere biomedical perspective and include the sociologic…”
Background
Young people's and carers' perspectives on the mental health needs of looked‐after adolescents
Stanley, N. (2007) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2206.2007.00491.x · Cited by 58
“This is a question we have to ask everyone”: asking young people about self‐harm and suicide
O’Reilly, M. J., Kiyimba, N., & Karim, K. (2016) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/jpm.12323 · Cited by 58
“However, only a small percentage of young people present to hospital (Hawton et al. 2012) and recent surveys have indicated that the prevalence of self-harm in adolescents is greater than indicated by hospital figures (Hawton et al. 2002, Green et al. 2005).”
Result
Cross-sectional and temporal association between non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal ideation in young adults: The explanatory roles of thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness
Chu, C., Rogers, M. L., & Joiner, T. E. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.07.061 · Cited by 61
Longitudinal effects of psychological symptoms on non-suicidal self-injury: a difference between adolescents and young adults in China
Wan, Y., Xu, S.-J., Chen, J., Hu, C., & Tao, F. (2014) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0917-x · Cited by 57
“While approximately 7–15 % of school students reported NSSI behavior in the previous year in the United Kingdom and Germany [8, 9].”
BackgroundInfluential
Associations of deliberate self-harm with loneliness, self-rated health and life satisfaction in adolescence: Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 Study
Rönkä, A. R., Taanila, A. M., Koiranen, M., Sunnari, V., & Rautio, A. (2013) · International Journal of Circumpolar Health · doi:10.3402/ijch.v72i0.21085 · Cited by 57
“The prevalence of DSH was 8.7% during the preceding 6 months, which was higher than prevalence found in reports from Australia and England (4,5).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Selbstverletzendes Verhalten im Jugendalter
Plener, P. L., Brunner, R. M., Resch, F., Fegert, J. M., & Libal, G. (2010) · Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1024/1422-4917.a000015 · Cited by 55
Suicidality in the Veterinary Profession
Platt, B., Hawton, K. E., Simkin, S., Dean, R. S., & Mellanby, R. J. (2012) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000143 · Cited by 56
Self-citation
Imaginator: A Proof‐of‐Concept Feasibility Trial of a Brief Imagery‐Based Psychological Intervention for Young People Who Self‐Harm
Simplicio, M. C. D., Appiah‐Kusi, E., Wilkinson, P. O., Watson, P., Meiser‐Stedman, C., Kavanagh, D. J., & Holmes, E. A. (2020) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12620 · Cited by 55
Suicide ideation and social desirability among school-aged young people.
Miotto, P., & Preti, A. (2008) · Journal des adolescens · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.08.004 · Cited by 55
Self-injurious behavior among Greek male prisoners: Prevalence and risk factors
Sakelliadis, E. I., Papadodima, S. A., Sergentanis, T. Ν., Giotakos, O., & Spiliopoulou, C. (2009) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.07.014 · Cited by 55
“Impulsivity by itself has been reported as an independent factor for self-harm [22,37].”
Background
Why Do Adolescents Self-Harm?
Rasmussen, S. A., Hawton, K. E., Philpott‐Morgan, S., & O’Connor, R. C. (2016) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000369 · Cited by 55
“This is in keeping with previous research in adolescent samples from England (Hawton et al., 2002), Scotland (O’Connor et al.”
ResultSelf-citation
Early Adult Outcomes of Adolescents Who Deliberately Poisoned Themselves
Harrington, R., Pickles, A. R., Aglan, A., Harrington, V., Burroughs, H., & Kerfoot, M. (2006) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000194564.78536.f2 · Cited by 55
Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Among a Sample of United States Military Personnel and Veterans Enrolled in College Classes
Bryan, C. J., & Bryan, A. O. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22075 · Cited by 53
A Preliminary Study of an Extension of a Community Dialectic Behaviour Therapy (DBT) Programme to Adolescents in the Looked After Care System
James, A. C., Winmill, L., Anderson, C., & Alfoadari, K. (2010) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/j.1475-3588.2010.00571.x · Cited by 62
Two Pathways to Self-Harm in Adolescence
Uh, S., Dalmaijer, E. S., Šiugždaitė, R., Ford, T. J., & Astle, D. E. (2021) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2021.03.010 · Cited by 54
Cognitive-Behavior Therapy for Low Self-Esteem: A Case Example
Mcmanus, F., Waite, P., & Shafran, R. (2009) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2008.12.007 · Cited by 63
Exploring the relationship between experiential avoidance, coping functions and the recency and frequency of self-harm.
Nielsen, E., Sayal, K., & Townsend, E. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159854 · Cited by 53
Digital media use and subsequent self-harm during a 1-year follow-up of Chinese adolescents
Wang, L., Liu, X., Liu, Z., & Jia, C.-X. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.066 · Cited by 54
Clinical characteristics in schizophrenia patients with or without suicide attempts and non-suicidal self-harm - a cross-sectional study
Mork, E., Walby, F. A., Harkavy‐Friedman, J., Barrett, E. A., Steen, N. E., Lorentzen, S., Andreassen, O. A., Melle, I. S., & Mehlum, L. I. (2013) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-13-255 · Cited by 52
“, of pills or other medication) or tried to harm yourself in some other way (such as cut yourself)?” [26,27].”
Background
A 6-year Longitudinal Study of Self-harm and Suicidal Behaviors among Chinese Adolescents in Hong Kong
Law, B. M. F., & Shek, D. T. L. (2015) · Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2015.10.007 · Cited by 56
School nurses’ involvement, attitudes and training needs for mental health work: a UK‐wide cross‐sectional study
Haddad, M., Butler, G., & Tylee, A. T. (2010) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05432.x · Cited by 52
Age-related differences in self-harm presentations and subsequent management of adolescents and young adults at the emergency department
Diggins, E., Kelley, R., Cottrell, D. J., House, A. O., & Owens, D. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.014 · Cited by 58
Self-Reported Suicidal Behavior in Juvenile Offenders in Custody: Prevalence and Associated Factors
Morgan, J., & Hawton, K. (2004) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910.25.1.8 · Cited by 52
Self-citation
Deliberate self-harm and the nexus of violence, victimization, and mental health problems in the United States
Vaughn, M. G., Salas‐Wright, C. P., DeLisi, M., & Larson, M. J. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.11.041 · Cited by 51
“With respect to sex differences, studies among adolescents have found that women are more likely to engage in DSH (Hawton et al., 2002; Kirkcaldy et al., 2006; Brunner et al., 2007), but this does necessarily hold for adults (Klonsky, 2011).”
Background
Socioeconomic position and self-harm among adolescents: a population-based cohort study in Stockholm, Sweden
Lodebo, B., Möller, J., Larsson, J., & Engström, K. (2017) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-017-0184-1 · Cited by 44
Planejamento suicida entre adolescentes escolares: prevalência e fatores associados
Baggio, L., Palazzo, L., & Aerts, D. R. G. D. C. (2009) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/s0102-311x2009000100015 · Cited by 50
Risk for suicidal problems in poor-help-seeking adolescents with psychotic-like experiences: Findings from a cross-sectional survey of 16,131 adolescents
Nishida, A., Shimodera, S., Sasaki, T., Richards, M., Hatch, S. L., Yamasaki, S., Usami, S., Ando, S., Asukai, N., & Okazaki, Y. (2014) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.09.030 · Cited by 51
The Associations between Non-suicidal Self-Injury and Borderline Personality Disorder Features among Chinese Adolescents
You, J., Leung, F. Y. K., Lai, C. M., & Fu, K. (2012) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2012.26.2.226 · Cited by 54
Parental Detection of Youth's Self‐Harm Behavior
Mojtabai, R., & Olfson, M. (2008) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.2008.38.1.60 · Cited by 50
Attempted suicide and pregnancy
Czeizel, A. E. (2010) · Journal of Injury and Violence Research · doi:10.5249/jivr.v3i1.77 · Cited by 50
Self‐harm Risk Among Adolescents and the Phenomenon of the “Blue Whale Challenge”: Case Series and Review of the Literature
Lupariello, F., Curti, S. M., Coppo, E., Racalbuto, S. S., & Vella, G. D. (2018) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1111/1556-4029.13880 · Cited by 56
“The first is that “self-harm in adolescence often has a ‘contagious’ quality, and exposure to self-harm (and suicide) in friends and family members can be a strong influence” (3,10,24,25).”
Background
Testing an equifinality model of nonsuicidal self-injury among early adolescent girls
Keenan, K. E., Hipwell, A. E., Stepp, S. D., & Wroblewski, K. (2014) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579414000431 · Cited by 49
Suicidality and Self-Harm Among Sexual Minorities in Japan
DiStefano, A. S. (2008) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732308322605 · Cited by 53
Childhood Predictors of Deliberate Self-Harm Behavior and Suicide Ideation in Korean Adolescents: A Prospective Population-Based Follow-Up Study
Shin, Y., Chung, Y. K., Lim, K. Y., Lee, Y. M., Oh, E. Y., & Cho, S.-M. (2009) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2009.24.2.215 · Cited by 49
“Deliberate self harm is an act with a non-fatal outcome in which an individual deliberately behaves in ways that suggest they intend to commit self harm (3).”
Background
What are the health outcomes of trans and gender diverse young people in Australia? Study protocol for the Trans20 longitudinal cohort study
Tollit, M. A., Pace, C. C., Telfer, M. M., Hoq, M., Bryson, J. M., Fulkoski, N., Cooper, C., & Pang, K. C. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032151 · Cited by 50
Social predictors of suicidal behaviour in adolescents in Trinidad and Tobago
Ali, A., & Maharajh, H. D. (2005) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-005-0846-9 · Cited by 47
“British adolescents were found to have a rate of 15 % [ 3 ], while South-Brazilians were reported as having a rate of 19 % [4].”
BackgroundInfluential
Harmful or helpful? The role of the internet in self-harming and suicidal behaviour in young people
Bell, J. (2014) · Mental Health Review Journal · doi:10.1108/mhrj-05-2013-0019 · Cited by 46
Predictors of non-suicidal and suicidal self-injurious behaviours, among adolescents and young adults in urban India
Bhola, P., Munivenkatappa, M., Rajappa, V., & Phillip, M. (2017) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2017.04.024 · Cited by 47
Parental Suicide Attempt and Offspring Self-Harm and Suicidal Thoughts: Results From the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) Birth Cohort
Geulayov, G., Metcalfe, C., Heron, J., Kidger, J., & Gunnell, D. (2014) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.12.022 · Cited by 48
Problem parental care and teenage deliberate self-harm in young community adults
Bifulco, A. T., Schimmenti, A., Moran, P. M., Jacobs, C., Bunn, A., & Rusu, A. C. (2014) · Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic · doi:10.1521/bumc.2014.78.2.95 · Cited by 46
“2 (Spring 2014) 97 prevalence rates show a range, with 13% in an English sample (Hawton et al., 2002), rising as high as 30% in an Australian school sample (Pearce & Martin, 1994), and 40% in both Swedish (Bjarehed & Lundh, 2008) and Italian youth (Cerutti, Manca, Presaghi, & Gratz, 2011).”
Background
Prevalence and Risk-Markers of Self-Harm in Autistic Children and Adults
Licence, L., Oliver, C., Moss, J., & Richards, C. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04260-1 · Cited by 45
Suicide, Self-Harm and Survival Strategies in Contemporary Heavy Metal Music: A Cultural and Literary Analysis
Baker, C., & Brown, B. J. (2014) · Journal of Medical Humanities · doi:10.1007/s10912-014-9274-8 · Cited by 45
“Other estimates have found that at least one in ten children and young people have self-harmed (McDougall, Armstrong and Trainor 2010, 32) while others still have suggested the figure is around 6–9 % (Hawton et al. 2002).”
Background
Sex Differences in Childhood Sexual Abuse and Suicide‐Related Behaviors
Rhodes, A. E., Boyle, M. H., Tonmyr, L., Wekerle, C., Goodman, D., Leslie, B., Mironova, P., Bethell, J., & Manion, I. G. (2011) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1943-278x.2011.00025.x · Cited by 52
“Although many studies implemented complex survey sample designs, only some reported on using sampling weights and/or the need to correct variance estimates to account for their survey designs (Hawton et al., 2002; Howard & Wang, 2005; King et al., 2004; Olshen et al., 2007).”
BackgroundInfluential
School Belongingness and Mental Health Functioning across the Primary-Secondary Transition in a Mainstream Sample: Multi-Group Cross-Lagged Analyses
Vaz, S. M. A., Falkmer, M., Parsons, R. W., Passmore, A. E., Parkin, T., & Falkmer, T. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0099576 · Cited by 45
“During adolescence, girls have a higher prevalence of depression and eating disorders, and engage more in suicidal ideation and suicide attempts than boys, who are more prone to engage in high risk behaviours and commit suicide more frequently [6,7].”
Background
Suicidal tendencies and attitude towards freedom to choose suicide among Lithuanian schoolchildren: results from three cross-sectional studies in 1994, 1998, and 2002
Žemaitienė, N., & Zaborskis, A. (2005) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-5-83 · Cited by 45
“Findings of the anonymous questionnaires conducted in different countries suggest that approximately 20%-30% of adolescents have been having thoughts of suicide and from 2% to 12% of young people claim about attempts to commit suicide [13,18-21].”
Background
Risk Factors Associated with Suicide Attempts and Other Self‐injury Among Hong Kong Adolescents
Wong, J. P. S., Stewart, S. M., Ho, S. Y., & Lam, T. (2007) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.2007.37.4.453 · Cited by 45
Practical review of self-mutilation in horses
McDonnell, S. M. (2008) · Animal Reproduction Science · doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2008.04.012 · Cited by 45
“The behavior includes the elements and order of the natural interactive sequence typical of encounters between two stallions, except that the stallion himself is the target of his intermale behavior.”
Background
Incidence and risk factors for suicide attempts in a general population of young people: A Danish register-based study
Christiansen, E., Larsen, K. J., Agerbo, E., Bilenberg, N., & Stenager, E. N. (2012) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867412463737 · Cited by 44
“%) of adolescents with deliberate self-harm are hospitalized after the episode (Hawton et al., 2002; Rossow and Wichstrom, 1997; Ystgaard et al., 2003).”
Background
Deliberate Self-Harm: The Interplay Between Attachment and Stress
Hallab, L., & Covic, T. (2010) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1375/bech.27.2.93 · Cited by 44
“…2002; Young, van Beinum, Sweeting, & West, 2007), followed by self-hitting and scratching (Laye-Gindhu & Schonert-Reichl, 2005; Muehlenkamp, 2005; Ross & Heath, 2002), overdosing (De Leo & Heller, 2004; Fortune & Hawton, 2005b), and self-poisoning (Hawton & James, 2005; Hawton et al., 2002).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Psychometric analysis of the Self-Harm Inventory using Rasch modelling
Latimer, S., Covic, T., Cumming, S., & Tennant, A. (2009) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-9-53 · Cited by 46
“In non-clinical populations, the estimates range between 12% and 66% in high school students [3,9,10], and 12% and 38% in college/university students [11-14].”
Background
A Systematic Literature Review of Experiences of Professional Care and Support Among People Who Self-Harm
Lindgren, B., Svedin, C. G., & Werkö, S. S. (2017) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2017.1319309 · Cited by 55
Association of birth order with adolescent mental health and suicide attempts: a population-based longitudinal study
Easey, K., Mars, B., Pearson, R. M., Heron, J., & Gunnell, D. (2019) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-018-1266-1 · Cited by 44
Parents of young people with self-harm or suicidal behaviour who seek help – a psychosocial profile
Morgan, S., Rickard, E., Noone, M., Boylan, C., Carthy, A., Crowley, S., Butler, J., Guérin, S., & Fitzpatrick, C. (2013) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/1753-2000-7-13 · Cited by 44
“Background Deliberate self harm (DSH) is a common problem among adolescents in both community and clinical samples [1-4].”
Background
Polyvictimization and Risk for Suicidal Phenomena in a Community Sample of Spanish Adolescents
Soler, L., Segura, A., Kirchner, T., & Forns, M. (2013) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-12-00103 · Cited by 43
“Whatever the case, there is considerable evidence indicating that many suicide attempts and episodes of deliberate self-harm do not receive medical attention (Choquet & Menke, 1989; Hawton et al., 2002), because too few resources are devoted to these issues.”
BackgroundResult
Suicidal Ideation among Attendees of a West African HIV Clinic
Ogundipe, O. A., Olagunju, A. T., & Adeyemi, J. D. (2014) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2014.915776 · Cited by 43
Attempted Suicide, Self-Harm, and Psychological Disorder Among Young Offenders in Custody
Moore, E., Gaskin, C., & Indig, D. (2015) · Journal of Correctional Health Care · doi:10.1177/1078345815584849 · Cited by 43
The Relationship between the UPPS-P Impulsivity Dimensions and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Characteristics in Male and Female High-School Students
Claes, L., & Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2013) · Psychiatry Journal · doi:10.1155/2013/654847 · Cited by 43
“Hindawi Publishing Corporation Psychiatry Journal Volume 2013, Article ID 654847, 5 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/654847”
BackgroundInfluential
Self-Harm Intervention: Family Therapy (SHIFT), a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial of family therapy versus treatment as usual for young people seen after a second or subsequent episode of self-harm
Wright-Hughes, A. M., Graham, L., Farrin, A. J., Collinson, M., Boston, P., Eisler, I., Fortune, S. A., Green, J., House, A. O., Owens, D., et al. (2015) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-015-1007-4 · Cited by 43
“nity level, the most common methods of self-harm are cutting and overdose [10].”
BackgroundMethod
Global public concern of childhood and adolescence suicide: a new perspective and new strategies for suicide prevention in the post-pandemic era
Kim, S., Park, J., Lee, H., Lee, H., Woo, S., Kwon, R., Kim, S., Koyanagi, A., Smith, L., Rahmati, M., et al. (2024) · World Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s12519-024-00828-9 · Cited by 49
“Previous suicide ideation and attempts are among the strongest predictors of incident suicide deaths [74–76].”
Self‐injury in youths who lost a parent to cancer: nationwide study of the impact of family‐related and health‐care‐related factors
Bylund‐Grenklo, T., Kreicbergs, U. C., Valdimarsdóttir, U. A., Nyberg, T., Steineck, G., & Fürst, C. J. (2014) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.3515 · Cited by 51
Making Sense of an Unknown Terrain
Hughes, N. D., Locock, L., Simkin, S., Stewart, A., Ferrey, A. E., Gunnell, D., Kapur, N., & Hawton, K. E. (2015) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732315603032 · Cited by 53
Self-citation
A Review of Empirical Treatment Studies for Adolescent Nonsuicidal Self-Injury
Brausch, A. M., & Girresch, S. K. (2012) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.26.1.3 · Cited by 42
“In a sample of high school students between the ages of 15 and 16 years, depression was significantly associated with self-injurious behavior among females (Hawton et al., 2002).”
BackgroundInfluential
Prevalence and correlates of lifetime deliberate self-harm and suicidal ideation in naturalistic outpatients: The Leiden Routine Outcome Monitoring study
de Klerk, S., van Noorden, M. S., van Giezen, A. E., Spinhoven, P., den Hollander-Gijsman, M. E., Giltay, E. J., Speckens, A. E. M., & Zitman, F. G. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.03.021 · Cited by 42
“With regard to psychiatric symptoms, adolescents with DSHI showed higher levels of depressive (Hawton et al., 2002) and anxiety symptoms, and used more alcohol (Haavisto et al.”
BackgroundInfluential
Low health literacy and psychological symptoms potentially increase the risks of non-suicidal self-injury in Chinese middle school students
Zhang, S., Tao, F., Wu, X., Tao, S., & Fang, J. Q. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-1035-y · Cited by 44
Psychosocial interventions for self-harm, suicidal ideation and suicide attempt in children and young people: What? How? Who? and Where?
Cox, G., & Hetrick, S. (2017) · Evidence Based Mental Health · doi:10.1136/eb-2017-102667 · Cited by 42
Menarche and menstrual problems are associated with non-suicidal self-injury in adolescent girls
Liu, X., Liu, Z., Fan, F., & Jia, C.-X. (2018) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-018-0861-y · Cited by 44
Open to interpretation? Inconsistent reporting of lifetime nonsuicidal self-injury across two common assessments.
Robinson, K., & Wilson, M. (2020) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000830 · Cited by 47
Polydrug use by European adolescents in the context of other problem behaviours
Kokkevi, A., Kanavou, E., Richardson, C., Fotiou, A., Papadopoulou, S., Monshouwer, K., Matias, J., & Olszewski, D. (2014) · Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.2478/nsad-2014-0026 · Cited by 42
The relationship between deliberate self-harm behavior, body dissatisfaction, and suicide in adolescents: current concepts
Greydanus, D. E., & Apple, R. W. (2011) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare · doi:10.2147/jmdh.s11569 · Cited by 42
Child and Adolescent Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempts: Evidence from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project
Carbone, J. T., Holzer, K. J., & Vaughn, M. G. (2019) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.10.017 · Cited by 47
A pragmatic randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation of family therapy versus treatment as usual for young people seen after second or subsequent episodes of self-harm: the Self-Harm Intervention – Family Therapy (SHIFT) trial
Cottrell, D. J., Wright-Hughes, A. M., Collinson, M., Boston, P., Eisler, I., Fortune, S. A., Graham, L., Green, J., House, A. O., Kerfoot, M., et al. (2018) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta22120 · Cited by 43
Research on the Relationships between Psychological Problems and School Bullying and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury among Rural Primary and Middle School Students in Developing Areas of China
Li, X., Chen, F., Lin, Y., Jia, Z., Tucker, W., He, J., Cui, L., & Yuan, Z. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17103371 · Cited by 41
“84%, which is higher than the previous survey results of Chinese students [29,30], indicating that the NSSI problem in rural primary and middle school students in China’s developing areas cannot be ignored.”
Result
Family environment, expressed emotion and adolescent self-harm: A review of conceptual, empirical, cross-cultural and clinical perspectives
Michelson, D., & Bhugra, D. (2012) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/09540261.2012.657613 · Cited by 42
“Wedig and Nock (2007) investigated FMSS-EE and its relationship to selfharm in a mixed sample of 36 adolescents, aged 12 – 17 years, recruited from the community and outpatient mental health clinics in Boston, USA.”
Result
Help-seeking behaviour following school-based screening for current suicidality among European adolescents
Cotter, P., Kaess, M., Corcoran, P. E., Parzer, P., Brunner, R. M., Keeley, H., Carli, V., Wasserman, C., Hoven, C. W., Sarchiapone, M., et al. (2015) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1016-3 · Cited by 48
“A number of European populationbased studies have shown that only 10–20 % of young people who engaged in deliberate self harm received help from the health services [7–10].”
Background
Violence, self-harm and drug or alcohol misuse in adolescents admitted to hospitals in England for injury: a retrospective cohort study
Herbert, A., Gilbert, R. E., González-Izquierdo, A., & Li, L. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006079 · Cited by 41
Mapping non suicidal self-injury in adolescence: Development and confirmatory factor analysis of the Impulse, Self-harm and Suicide Ideation Questionnaire for Adolescents (ISSIQ-A)
Carvalho, C. B., Nunes, C. C. D. A., Castilho, P., da Motta, C., Caldeira, S. N., & Pinto‐Gouveia, J. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.01.031 · Cited by 41
“Several authors pointed out that self-harm is often related to suicidal ideations and attempts, and, can precede suicide if untreated (Hawton et al., 1999; Hawton, 2002; Brausch and Gutierrez, 2010; Martin et al., 2010; Hamza et al., 2012; Zetterqvist et al., 2013), constituting the main risk factor for suicide (NHS,…”
BackgroundInfluential
Self-harm in Oxford, England: epidemiological and clinical trends, 1996–2010
Hawton, K. E., Haw, C., Casey, D., Bale, L., Brand, F., & Rutherford, D. (2014) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0990-1 · Cited by 41
Self-citation
Self-Harm in Adolescents: A Self-Report Survey in Schools from Lisbon, Portugal
Guerreiro, D. F., Sampaio, D., Figueira, M. L., & Madge, N. J. H. (2015) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2015.1004480 · Cited by 41
Co‐occurrence of self‐reported disordered eating and self‐harm in UK university students
Wright, F., Bewick, B. M., Barkham, M., House, A. O., & Hill, A. J. (2009) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466509x410343 · Cited by 41
“3%) were similar, and comparable to that found in UK adolescents (Hawton et al., 2002).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Switching methods of self-harm at repeat episodes: Findings from a multicentre cohort study
Owens, D., Kelley, R., Munyombwe, T., Bergen, H. A., Hawton, K. E., Cooper, J., Ness, J., Waters, K., West, R. M., & Kapur, N. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.03.051 · Cited by 49
“In the community, the pattern of self-harm among adults, and especially older adults, is unknown but it is clear that teenagers undertake considerably more self-injury than self-poisoning – although they do also report a great many self-poisoning episodes (Hawton et al., 2002).”
BackgroundSelf-citation

Authors: Hawton, K., Rodham, K., Evans, E., & Weatherall, R.
Affiliations: Warneford Hospital (GB)
University of Oxford (GB)
Corresponding author: Hawton, Keith
Venue: BMJ
Publisher: BMJ
Published: 2002-11-23
Volume: 325
Issue: 7374
Pages: 1207-1211
ISSN: 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
0959-8138
1468-5833
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.325.7374.1207
PMC: PMC135492
OpenAlex: W2123869797
Cited by: 1,008
References: 25
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 65 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 77 · 2013: 54 · 2012: 62
FWCI: 26.93
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.bmj.com/company/legal-information/terms-conditions/legal-information/tdm-licencepolicy (tdm)
Locations: BMJ (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Injury Epidemiology and Prevention
Keywords: self-harm, adolescents, prevalence, risk factors, sex differences, peer influence, drug abuse, depression, anxiety, impulsivity, low self-esteem, suicidal behavior, school mental health, hospital presentations
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Cross-Sectional Studies, England, Female, Humans, Male, Risk Factors, Prevalence, Multivariate Analysis, Self-Injurious Behavior, Sex Distribution

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Deliberate self harm in adolescents: self report survey in schools in England

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks