The DOI matches its Crossref record; 23 of the 25 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Deliberate self harm in adolescents: self report survey in schools in England
Open accessAbstract
Objective: To determine the prevalence of deliberate self harm in adolescents and the factors associated with it. Design: Cross sectional survey using anonymous self report questionnaire. Setting: 41 schools in England. Participants: 6020 pupils aged 15 and 16 years. Main outcome measure: Deliberate self harm. Results: 398 (6.9%) participants reported an act of deliberate self harm in the previous year that met study criteria. Only 12.6% of episodes had resulted in presentation to hospital. Deliberate self harm was more common in females than it was in males (11.2% v 3.2%; odds ratio 3.9, 95% confidence interval 3.1 to 4.9). In females the factors included in a multivariate logistic regression for deliberate self harm were recent self harm by friends, self harm by family members, drug misuse, depression, anxiety, impulsivity, and low self esteem. In males the factors were suicidal behaviour in friends and family members, drug use, and low self esteem. Conclusions: Deliberate self harm is common in adolescents, especially females. School based mental health initiatives are needed. These could include approaches aimed at educating school pupils about mental health problems and screening for those at risk. What is already known on this topic: Deliberate self harm is a common reason for presentation of adolescents to hospital Community studies from outside the United Kingdom have shown much greater prevalence of self harm in adolescents than hospital based studies What this study adds: Deliberate self harm defined according to strict criteria is common in adolescents, especially females Associated factors include recent awareness of self harm in peers, self harm by family members, drug misuse, depression, anxiety, impulsivity, and low self esteem
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“the data corroborates the association between depression, anxiety and self-injury [73, 93–101]”
From A 'choice', an 'addiction', a way 'out of the lost': Exploring self-injury in autistic people without intellectual disability (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance — United States, 1999
Kann, L. K., Kinchen, S. A., Williams, B. I., Ross, J. G., Lowry, R., Grunbaum, J. A., & Kolbe, L. J. (2000) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2000.tb07252.x · Cited by 1,633
Psychiatric Diagnosis in Child and Adolescent Suicide
Shaffer, D. (1996) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830040075012 · Cited by 1,250
Psychiatric Risk Factors for Adolescent Suicide: A Case-Control Study
Brent, D. A., Perper, J. A., MORITZ, G., ALLMAN, C., FRIEND, A., ROTH, C., SCHWEERS, J., BALACH, L., & BAUGHER, M. (1993) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199305000-00006 · Cited by 863
Suicidal Behavior Runs in Families: A Controlled Family Study of Adolescent Suicide Victims
Brent, D. A. (1996) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830120085015 · Cited by 516
A User's Guide to MLwiN version 2.0
Rasbash, J., Steele, F., Browne, W. J., & Goldstein, H. (2004) · Bristol Research (University of Bristol) · Cited by 457
Biological and chemical terrorism: strategic plan for preparedness and response.
Groseclose, S. L., Gray, E. K., Gunter, E. W., Johnson, A. B., Wilson, A. L., Ashford, D. A., Craven, R. B., Gaynes, R. P., Morse, S., Peters, C. J., et al. (2000) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · Cited by 355
Validation of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale for use with adolescents
White, D., Leach, C., Sims, R., Atkinson, M. A., & Cottrell, D. J. (1999) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.175.5.452 · Cited by 352
British Educational Research Association
Stones, E. (1975) · Journal of Education for Teaching International Research and Pedagogy · doi:10.1080/0260747750010113 · Cited by 331
Development of a new self-report questionnaire to measure self esteem
Robson, P. (1989) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170001254x · Cited by 232
Deliberate self-harm in adolescents in Oxford, 1985–1995
Hawton, K., Fagg, J., Simkin, S., Bale, E., & Bond, A. (2000) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1006/jado.1999.0290 · Cited by 150
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- SPSS . SPSS base 9.0 users' guide. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1999.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Self-harm and suicide in adolescents
Hawton, K., Saunders, K. E., & O'Connor, R. C. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60322-5 · Cited by 2,306
Self-citationSwannell, S. V., Martin, G. E., Page, A., Hasking, P., & St John, N. J. (2014) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12070 · Cited by 1,624
Almeida, J., Johnson, R. M., Corliss, H. L., Molnar, B. E., & Azrael, D. R. (2009) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-009-9397-9 · Cited by 968
“Self-harm —which includes self-inflicted painful acts such as cutting or burning oneself—is increasingly recognized as a strong risk factor for suicide and suicide attempts, and is also a symptom of depression (Hawton et al. 2002, 2003).”
BackgroundCharacteristics and functions of non-suicidal self-injury in a community sample of adolescents
Lloyd‐Richardson, E. E., Perrine, N., Dierker, L., & Kelley, M. L. (2007) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170700027x · Cited by 929
“Hawton et al. (2002) reported that 6.9% (n=398) of their sample of adolescents recruited in the UK engaged in NSSI within the previous year.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-injurious behaviors in a college population
Whitlock, J., Eckenrode, J., & Silverman, D. (2006) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2005-2543 · Cited by 874
Sex differences in impulsivity: A meta-analysis.
Cross, C. P., Copping, L. T., & Campbell, A. (2011) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0021591 · Cited by 866
Jacobson, C. M., & Gould, M. S. (2007) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811110701247602 · Cited by 694
“Further, many research studies have failed to separate acts of non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal behaviors, ie, behaviors engaged in with the intent to die as a result of the act (eg, Hawton, Rodham, Evens et al, 2002 ; Hawton, Sumkin, Bale et al, 2004 ; Hurry, 2000 ).”
BackgroundKlonsky, E. D., May, A. M., & Glenn, C. R. (2013) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0030278 · Cited by 692
“The PHQ-A has demonstrated excellent correspondence with structured interview measures of Axis I disorders (Johnson et al., 2002).”
MethodSkegg, K. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67600-3 · Cited by 690
Mehlum, L., Tørmoen, A. J., Ramberg, M., Haga, E., Diep, L. M., Laberg, S., Larsson, B. S., Stanley, B. H., Miller, A. L., Sund, A. M., et al. (2014) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2014.07.003 · Cited by 616
Moran, P., Coffey, C., Romaniuk, H., Olsson, C., Borschmann, R., Carlin, J. B., & Patton, G. C. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61141-0 · Cited by 607
“10,11 Injury to the skin through cutting and burning was the commonest method of self-harm during adolescence, although by young adulthood no one form of self-harm predominated.”
BackgroundMadge, N., Hewitt, A., Hawton, K., Wilde, E. J. D., Corcoran, P., Fekete, S., Heeringen, K. V., Leo, D. D., & Ystgaard, M. (2008) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01879.x · Cited by 750
Self-citationLim, K.-S., Wong, C. H. J., McIntyre, R. S., Wang, J., Zhang, Z., Tran, B. X., Tan, W., Ho, C. S. H., & Ho, R. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16224581 · Cited by 650
“083 NA NA Hawton [61] 2002 United Kingdom 5801 NA 0.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Prevalence of Suicidal Phenomena in Adolescents: A Systematic Review of Population‐Based Studies
Evans, E., Hawton, K. E., Rodham, K., Psychol, C., & Deeks, J. J. (2005) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.2005.35.3.239 · Cited by 552
Self-citationNonsuicidal Self-injury in a College Population: General Trends and Sex Differences
Whitlock, J. L., Muehlenkamp, J. J., Purington, A., Eckenrode, J. J., Barreira, P. J., Abrams, G. B., Marchell, T. C., Kress, V. E. W., Girard, K., Chin, C., et al. (2011) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2010.529626 · Cited by 486
Brunner, R. M., Kaess, M., Parzer, P., Fischer, G., Carli, V., Hoven, C. W., Wasserman, C., Sarchiapone, M., Resch, F., Apter, A. S., et al. (2013) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12166 · Cited by 482
Risk factors and correlates of deliberate self-harm behavior: A systematic review
Fliege, H., Lee, J.-R., Grimm, A., & Klapp, B. F. (2009) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.10.013 · Cited by 428
“In adolescents, six studies found higher self-harm rates for females [45,87,92,93,102,109].”
BackgroundInfluentialBrunner, R. M., Parzer, P., Haffner, J., Steen, R., Roos, J., Klett, M., & Resch, F. (2007) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.161.7.641 · Cited by 415
Evans, E., Hawton, K., & Rodham, K. (2004) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.04.005 · Cited by 541
Self-citationDaine, K., Hawton, K. E., Singaravelu, V., Stewart, A., Simkin, S., & Montgomery, P. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077555 · Cited by 369
“This is particularly important given evidence that exposure to others who are self-harming is a major risk factor for self-harm [36,37,38], the fact that such exposure may occur through the internet, and that exposure to self-harm and suicide on the internet may be associated with potentially more dangerous methods of…”
BackgroundSelf-citationRodham, K., Hawton, K. E., & Evans, E. (2004) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200401000-00017 · Cited by 352
Self-citationPlener, P. L., Libal, G., Keller, F., Fegert, J. M., & Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291708005114 · Cited by 372
“Although there are plenty of study-specific data on the prevalence of NSSI in adolescents from the USA, Canada, Australia and the UK (Patton et al. 1997; Hawton et al. 2002 ; Muehlenkamp & Gutierrez, 2004 ; NadaRaja et al. 2004 ; Skegg et al. 2004 ; Laye-Gindhu & Schonert-Reichel, 2005), data on adolescent NSSI are sc…”
BackgroundClinical and social outcomes of adolescent self harm: population based birth cohort study
Mars, B., Heron, J., Crane, C., Hawton, K., Lewis, G., Macleod, J., Tilling, K., & Gunnell, D. (2014) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.g5954 · Cited by 311
Self-citationHawton, K. E., Bergen, H. A., Kapur, N., Cooper, J., Steeg, S., Ness, J., & Waters, K. (2012) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02559.x · Cited by 337
Self-citationSuicide and deliberate self harm in young people
Hawton, K., & James, A. (2005) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.330.7496.891 · Cited by 309
Self-citationThe relationship between self-injurious behavior and suicide in a young adult population.
Whitlock, J., & Knox, K. (2007) · Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.161.7.634 · Cited by 308
Geulayov, G., Casey, D., McDonald, K. C., Foster, P., Pritchard, K., Wells, C., Clements, C., Kapur, N., Ness, J., Waters, K., et al. (2017) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(17)30478-9 · Cited by 319
Self-citationDeliberate self‐harm in adolescents: a study of characteristics and trends in Oxford, 1990–2000
Hawton, K. E., Hall, S., Simkin, S., Bale, L., Bond, A., Codd, S., & Stewart, A. (2003) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00200 · Cited by 295
Self-citationWho are the kids who self‐harm? An Australian self‐report school survey
Leo, D. D., & Heller, T. (2004) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2004.tb06204.x · Cited by 287
Robinson, J., Cox, G., Malone, A., Williamson, M. K., Baldwin, G., Fletcher, K., & O’Brien, M. (2012) · Crisis · doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000168 · Cited by 286
Nonsuicidal self-harm in youth: a population-based survey
Nixon, M. K., Cloutier, P., & Jansson, S. M. (2007) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.061693 · Cited by 283
“Impulsive behaviour has been noted to be strongly associated with nonsuicidal self-harm.(4,7) We found that slightly more than half of youth who reported ever self-harming had sought help for this behaviour.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEvans, E., Hawton, K. E., & Rodham, K. (2005) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.11.001 · Cited by 274
Self-citationA multimethod analysis of impulsivity in nonsuicidal self-injury.
Glenn, C. R., & Klonsky, E. D. (2010) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/a0017427 · Cited by 273
“In addition, consistent with previous research that self-injurers exhibit poorer planning than noninjurers (Evans et al., 1996; Hawton et al., 2002; Herpertz et al., 1997), it is predicted that self-injurers will exhibit less Premeditation than noninjurers.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialKokkevi, A., Rotsika, V., Arapaki, A., & Richardson, C. (2011) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02457.x · Cited by 272
“Suicide ideation and attempts might also be the expression of depressive disorder (Hacker et al., 2006; Hawton et al., 2002; Kandel, Raveis, & Davies, 1991; Laukkanen et al., 2009; Rey Gex et al., 1998), or of low impulse control or some other mental disorder (Gould et al., 1998; Haw & Hawton,…”
BackgroundAn Examination of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Among College Students
Heath, N. L., Toste, J. R., Nedecheva, T., & Charlebois, A. (2008) · Journal of Mental Health Counseling · doi:10.17744/mehc.30.2.8p879p3443514678 · Cited by 271
Interventions for self-harm in children and adolescents
Hawton, K., Witt, K. G., Taylor Salisbury, T. L., Arensman, E., Gunnell, D., Townsend, E., van Heeringen, K., & Hazell, P. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012013 · Cited by 261
Self-citationLundh, L., KARIM, J., & Quilisch, E. (2007) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2007.00567.x · Cited by 258
Mehlum, L. I., Ramberg, M., Tørmoen, A. J., Haga, E., Diep, L. M., Stanley, B., Miller, A. L., Sund, A. M., & Grøholt, B. (2016) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.01.005 · Cited by 263
O’Connor, R. C., Rasmussen, S. A., & Hawton, K. (2009) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.09.008 · Cited by 270
“6% for Scotland and England, respectively) using the same methodology (Hawton et al., 2002; O’Connor, Fraser, et al., 2009; O’Connor, Rasmussen, & Hawton, 2009; O’Connor, Rasmussen, Miles, et al., 2009).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationGiletta, M., Scholte, R. H. J., Engels, R. C. M. E., Ciairano, S., & Prinstein, M. J. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.02.009 · Cited by 251
“*Corresponding author at: Department of Psychology, University of Torino, via Verdi 10, 10124, Torino, Italy.”
BackgroundResultHawton, K., & Harriss, L. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v68n1017 · Cited by 226
Self-citationSelf-harm in adolescents: self-report survey in schools in Scotland
O’Connor, R. C., Rasmussen, S. A., Miles, J., & Hawton, K. E. (2008) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.047704 · Cited by 224
Self-citationMicali, N., Solmi, F., Horton, N. J., Crosby, R. D., Eddy, K. T., Calzo, J. P., Sonneville, K. R., Swanson, S. A., & Field, A. E. (2015) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2015.05.009 · Cited by 248
Geulayov, G., Kapur, N., Turnbull, P., Clements, C., Waters, K., Ness, J., Townsend, E., & Hawton, K. E. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010538 · Cited by 221
Self-citationImpulsivity and self-harm in adolescence: a systematic review
Lockwood, J., Daley, D., Townsend, E., & Sayal, K. S. (2016) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-016-0915-5 · Cited by 213
Griffin, E., McMahon, E. M., McNicholas, F., Corcoran, P. E., Perry, I. J., & Arensman, E. (2018) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-018-1522-1 · Cited by 232
Distinguishing adolescents who think about self-harm from those who engage in self-harm
O'Connor, R. C., Rasmussen, S., & Hawton, K. (2012) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.097808 · Cited by 192
Self-citationHelp-seeking before and after episodes of self-harm: a descriptive study in school pupils in England
Fortune, S. A., Sinclair, J., & Hawton, K. E. (2008) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-369 · Cited by 208
“Full details of the method have been provided elsewhere [5,10].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationDaukantaité, D., Lundh, L., Wångby‐Lundh, M., Claréus, B., Bjärehed, J., Zhou, Y., & Liljedahl, S. (2020) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-020-01533-4 · Cited by 210
Toxicity of antidepressants: rates of suicide relative to prescribing and non-fatal overdose
Hawton, K., Bergen, H., Simkin, S., Cooper, J., Waters, K., Gunnell, D., & Kapur, N. (2010) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.070219 · Cited by 192
Self-citationHawton, K. E., Bale, L., Brand, F., Townsend, E., Ness, J., Waters, K., Clements, C., Kapur, N., & Geulayov, G. (2020) · The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s2352-4642(19)30373-6 · Cited by 192
Self-citationValencia‐Agudo, F., Burcher, G. C., Ezpeleta, L., & Kramer, T. (2018) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.02.012 · Cited by 193
Suicidal phenomena and abuse in adolescents: a review of epidemiological studies
Evans, E., Hawton, K. E., & Rodham, K. (2005) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.06.014 · Cited by 189
Self-citationMars, B., Heron, J., Crane, C., Hawton, K. E., Kidger, J., Lewis, G., Macleod, J., Tilling, K. M., & Gunnell, D. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.07.009 · Cited by 206
Self-citationBjärehed, J., & Lundh, L. (2008) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070701778951 · Cited by 183
“Large-scale survey studies of DSH (e.g. De Leo & Heller, 2004; Hawton et al., 2002; Patton et al., 1997) generally rely on self-report questionnaires consisting”
BackgroundPrevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury in chinese middle school and high school students
Lang, J., & Yao, Y. (2018) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000012916 · Cited by 179
Carter, G., Page, A., Large, M., Hetrick, S., Milner, A. J., Bendit, N., Walton, C., Draper, B., Hazell, P., Fortune, S., et al. (2016) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867416661039 · Cited by 167
“Among adolescents with hospital-treated DSH, taking an overdose was the method reported in the majority of cases (Hawton et al., 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialClaes, L., Houben, A., Vandereycken, W., Bijttebier, P., & Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2009) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.10.012 · Cited by 165
Xing, X., Tao, F., Wan, Y., Xing, C., Qi, X., Hao, J., Su, P., Pan, H., & Huang, L. (2010) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.12.006 · Cited by 160
Internet Pathways in Suicidality: A Review of the Evidence
Durkee, T., Hadlaczky, G., Westerlund, M., & Carli, V. (2011) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph8103938 · Cited by 170
“NSSI rates appear to be higher among females than males [11].”
BackgroundSelf-harm in older adults: systematic review
Troya, M. I., Babatunde, O. O., Polidano, K., Bartlam, B., McCloskey, E., Dikomitis, L., & Chew-Graham, C. A. (2019) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2019.11 · Cited by 163
“Despite sharing some characteristics of self-harm with younger populations (e.g. higher percentage in women, those with psychiatric history and those with a previous episode(s) of self-harm), 12,59 there is an increased risk of repetition and suicide in older adults.”
BackgroundDirect and indirect forms of non-suicidal self-injury: Evidence for a distinction
Germain, S. A. S., & Hooley, J. M. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.12.050 · Cited by 158
“They also have decreased self-esteem (Boudewyn and Liem, 1995; Hawton et al., 2002; Lundh et al., 2007; Claes et al., 2010) and higher levels of aggression (Simeon and Favazza, 2001; Brown and Williams, 2007; Brunner et al.”
BackgroundBeing Bullied During Childhood and the Prospective Pathways to Self-Harm in Late Adolescence
Lereya, S. T., Winsper, C., Heron, J., Lewis, G., Gunnell, D., Fisher, H. L., & Dieter Wolke, C. (2013) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.03.012 · Cited by 160
Self-harm, suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among college students.
Toprak, S., Cetin, I., Guven, T., Can, G., & Demircan, C. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.09.009 · Cited by 158
“The required sample size for expected lifetime prevalence of self-harm was 10% (Hawton et al., 2002) ±2% error with a 95% confidence interval.”
BackgroundLilley, R., Owens, D., Horrocks, J. A., House, A. O., Noble, R., Bergen, H. A., Hawton, K. E., Casey, D., Simkin, S., Murphy, E., et al. (2008) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.043380 · Cited by 153
Self-citationCerutti, R., Manca, M., Presaghi, F., & Gratz, K. L. (2010) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.04.004 · Cited by 152
Adolescent self-harm and suicidal thoughts in the ALSPAC cohort: a self-report survey in England
Kidger, J., Heron, J., Lewis, G., Evans, J., & Gunnell, D. (2012) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-12-69 · Cited by 148
“The only previous community-based study of teenage self-harm in England was conducted eight years before the present study [4].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPubertal stage and deliberate self-harm in adolescents
PATTON, G. C., HEMPHILL, S. A., BEYERS, J. M., BOND, L., TOUMBOUROU, J. W., McMORRIS, B. J., & CATALANO, R. F. (2007) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31803065c7 · Cited by 148
“7%, which is slightly lower than previous adolescent surveys (Hawton et al., 2002; Safer, 1997).”
BackgroundAggarwal, S., Patton, G., Reavley, N., Sreenivasan, S. A., & Berk, M. (2017) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764017700175 · Cited by 147
Adolescent self-harm: A school-based study in Northern Ireland
O׳Connor, R. C., Rasmussen, S., & Hawton, K. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.02.015 · Cited by 138
“%) as had previously been reported in England (13.2%, Hawton et al., 2002).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationMehlum, L., Ramleth, R., Tørmoen, A. J., Haga, E., Diep, L. M., Stanley, B. H., Miller, A. L., Larsson, B., Sund, A. M., & Grøholt, B. (2019) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13077 · Cited by 144
Reasons for adolescent deliberate self-harm: a cry of pain and/or a cry for help?
Scoliers, G., Portzky, G., Madge, N. J. H., Hewitt, A., Hawton, K. E., de Wilde, E. J., Ystgaard, M., Arensman, E., Leo, D. D., Fekete, S., et al. (2008) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-008-0469-z · Cited by 170
Self-citationThe co-occurrence of aggression and self-harm: Systematic literature review
O’Donnell, O., House, A. O., & Waterman, M. G. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.12.051 · Cited by 150
“Given that many episodes of self-harm do not lead to healthcare presentation, these figures are likely to be underestimates (Kapur et al., 1998; Hawton et al., 2002; Rodham et al., 2005; Taylor and Cameron, 1998).”
BackgroundThe association between internet addiction and self-injurious behaviour among adolescents
Lam, L. T.-M., Peng, Z., Mai, J., & Jing, J. (2009) · Injury Prevention · doi:10.1136/ip.2009.021949 · Cited by 140
“It has been reported that the population-based prevalence of teenage self-injurious behaviour in the UK is among the highest in Europe with a self-reported lifetime prevalence ranging from 2% to 9%.”
BackgroundLang, C. M., & Sharma-Patel, K. (2011) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838010386975 · Cited by 165
Badoud, D., Luyten, P., Fonseca‐Pedrero, E., Eliez, S., Fonagy, P., & Debbané, M. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145892 · Cited by 177
Poor sleep quality and nightmares are associated with non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents
Liu, X., Chen, H., Bo, Q.-G., Fan, F., & Jia, C.-X. (2016) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-016-0885-7 · Cited by 148
“In addition, given that many NSSI adolescents may never come to medical attention or result in hospitalization, selfreport measures remains a valuable source of information [48, 49].”
BackgroundSinclair, J., & Green, J. (2005) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.38441.503333.8f · Cited by 135
Kaess, M., Parzer, P., Haffner, J., Steen, R., Roos, J., Klett, M., Brunner, R. M., & Resch, F. (2011) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-597 · Cited by 137
“This is consistent with findings from many other studies that reported emotional and behavioural problems to be strongly associated with suicidal behaviour and gave evidence for a correlation of suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts with both internalizing and externalizing problems [20,38-42].”
ResultOutcomes of public concern in schizophrenia
Kooyman, I., Dean, K., Harvey, S. B., & Walsh, E. (2007) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.191.50.s29 · Cited by 138
Adolescents’ views on preventing self-harm
Fortune, S. A., Sinclair, J., & Hawton, K. E. (2007) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-007-0273-1 · Cited by 136
“Two recent large-scale community-based surveys of self-harm in adolescents in England have shown that the prevalence of selfharm is much higher than indicated by hospital presentation alone [17, 19].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationBehind impulsive suicide attempts: Indications from a community study
Wyder, M., & De Leo, D. (2007) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.02.015 · Cited by 132
“73) (De Leo and Heller, 2004; Hawton et al., 2002; Kingsbury et al., 1999; Plutchik and Van Praag, 1989; Ystgaard et al., 2003).”
WILSTRAND, C., Lindgren, B., Gilje, F., & Olofsson, B. (2007) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2007.01045.x · Cited by 133
The Nature and Extent of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in a Non-Clinical Sample of Young Adults
Hasking, P. A., Momeni, R., Swannell, S., & Chia, S. (2008) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811110802100957 · Cited by 132
The impact of self-harm by young people on parents and families: a qualitative study
Ferrey, A. E., Hughes, N. D., Simkin, S., Locock, L., Stewart, A., Kapur, N., Gunnell, D., & Hawton, K. E. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009631 · Cited by 158
Self-citationMars, B., Heron, J., Biddle, L., Donovan, J., Holley, R., Piper, M., Potokar, J. P., Wyllie, C., & Gunnell, D. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.06.001 · Cited by 131
“The prevalence of self-harm in ALSPAC is somewhat higher than other population-based studies that have investigated selfharm (Evans et al., 2005; Hawton et al., 2002).”
BackgroundParents' perspectives on adolescent self-harm: Qualitative study
Oldershaw, A., Richards, C., Simic, M., & Schmidt, U. H. (2008) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.045930 · Cited by 131
Epidemiology and phenomenology of nonsuicidal self-injury.
Rodham, K., & Hawton, K. E. (2009) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11875-003 · Cited by 139
Self-citationStallard, P. N., Spears, M. R., Montgomery, A. A., Phillips, R., & Sayal, K. S. (2013) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-13-328 · Cited by 130
“; licensee BioMed Central Commons Attribution License (http://creativec reproduction in any medium, provided the or 9-14% [1-6].”
Decision making and problem solving in adolescents who deliberately self-harm
Oldershaw, A., Grima, E., Jollant, F., Richards, C., Simic, M., Taylor, L. M. W., & Schmidt, U. H. (2008) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291708003693 · Cited by 136
“The majority of the SH participants in our community sample were self-cutters and female, which reflects previous demographic observations of this group (Hawton et al. 2002) and supports the notion that these findings may be generalized.”
ResultYstgaard, M., Arensman, E., Hawton, K., Madge, N., van Heeringen, K., Hewitt, A., Jan de Wilde, E., De Leo, D., & Fekete, S. (2009) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.10.010 · Cited by 127
“Findings from population-based studies indicate that some 10e20% of teenagers who engage in deliberate self-harm present to hospital as a result of this act (Hawton et al., 2002; Pages et al., 2004; Ystgaard et al., 2003).”
InfluentialSelf-citationThe risk-taking and self-harm inventory for adolescents: Development and psychometric evaluation.
Vrouva, I., Fonagy, P., Fearon, P. R. M., & Roussow, T. (2010) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0020583 · Cited by 142
“This is in accordance with literature in which SH is defined at the behavioral level with no reference to intent (Hawton et al., 2002), because suicidal acts and self-destructive behavior may often be interchangeable in nature.”
ResultBaetens, I., Claes, L., Hasking, P., Smits, D., Grietens, H., Onghena, P., & Martin, G. (2015) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-013-9861-8 · Cited by 122
“In line with Heath et al. (2009), we found no gender differences in the prevalence of NSSI although, consistent with earlier research (e.”
ResultHawton, K. E., & Harriss, L. (2008) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1521/suli.2008.38.6.650 · Cited by 123
Self-citationSocial context during non-suicidal self-injury indicates suicide risk
Glenn, C. R., & Klonsky, E. D. (2008) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.08.020 · Cited by 124
Bhui, K. S., McKenzie, K. J., & Rasul, F. (2007) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-7-336 · Cited by 120
“There were only two national studies; one investigated adult admissions for self poisoning in England, Scotland and Wales [25]; the other was a self report school based study of adolescents [19].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialDigital Self-Harm Among Adolescents
Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2017) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.06.012 · Cited by 120
Personality and misconduct correlates of body modification and other cultural deviance markers
Nathanson, C., Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2005) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2005.09.002 · Cited by 118
James, A. C., Taylor, A., Winmill, L., & Alfoadari, K. (2008) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/j.1475-3588.2007.00470.x · Cited by 114
“To be included in the study subjects had to have a history of more than six months of severe and persistent DSH, defined after Hawton et al. (2002) as: an act with a non-fatal outcome in which an individual deliberately did one or more of the following: self cutting; jumping from a height which…”
BackgroundRobinson, J., Hetrick, S., Cox, G., Bendall, S., Yuen, H. P., Yung, A., & Pirkis, J. (2016) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12137 · Cited by 108
Metadata
- Authors
- Hawton, K., Rodham, K., Evans, E., & Weatherall, R.
- Affiliations
- Warneford Hospital (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hawton, Keith
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2002-11-23
- Volume
- 325
- Issue
- 7374
- Pages
- 1207-1211
- ISSN
- 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- 1468-5833
- PMC
- PMC135492
- OpenAlex
- W2123869797
- Cited by
- 1,008
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 65 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 77 · 2013: 54 · 2012: 62
- FWCI
- 26.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.bmj.com/company/legal-information/terms-conditions/legal-information/tdm-licencepolicy (tdm)
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Injury Epidemiology and Prevention
- Keywords
- self-harm, adolescents, prevalence, risk factors, sex differences, peer influence, drug abuse, depression, anxiety, impulsivity, low self-esteem, suicidal behavior, school mental health, hospital presentations
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Cross-Sectional Studies, England, Female, Humans, Male, Risk Factors, Prevalence, Multivariate Analysis, Self-Injurious Behavior, Sex Distribution
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
