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Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality: systematic review
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether funding of drug studies by the pharmaceutical industry is associated with outcomes that are favourable to the funder and whether the methods of trials funded by pharmaceutical companies differ from the methods in trials with other sources of support. METHODS: Medline (January 1966 to December 2002) and Embase (January 1980 to December 2002) searches were supplemented with material identified in the references and in the authors' personal files. Data were independently abstracted by three of the authors and disagreements were resolved by consensus. RESULTS: 30 studies were included. Research funded by drug companies was less likely to be published than research funded by other sources. Studies sponsored by pharmaceutical companies were more likely to have outcomes favouring the sponsor than were studies with other sponsors (odds ratio 4.05; 95% confidence interval 2.98 to 5.51; 18 comparisons). None of the 13 studies that analysed methods reported that studies funded by industry was of poorer quality. CONCLUSION: Systematic bias favours products which are made by the company funding the research. Explanations include the selection of an inappropriate comparator to the product being investigated and publication bias.
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In the citing paper
“pharmaceutical companies, who fund a substantial number of RCTs, are more likely to seek publication of results with statistically positive outcomes. 9”
From Reporting research results: a moral obligation for all researchers. (2007) · cites this paper as [9]
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“Several investigations show strong associations between the source of funding and the conclusions of research articles [ 219 – 222 ].”
From Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): Explanation and Elaboration (2007) · cites this paper as [222]
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“For example, bias, as indicated by a prevalence of more favourable outcomes, has been demonstrated for clinical research funded by industry compared with studies funded by other sources [257–259].”
From Reporting animal research: Explanation and elaboration for the ARRIVE guidelines 2.0 (2020) · cites this paper as [259]
In the citing paper
“Additionally, different outcomes from the same trials can be a source of pharmaceutical marketing bias.35”
In the citing paper
“Empirical evidence points toward funding source sometimes being associated with estimated treatment effects [30].”
From CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials (2010) · cites this paper as [30]
In the citing paper
“Lexchin and colleagues [166] observed that outcomes of reports of randomized trials and meta-analyses of clinical trials funded by the pharmaceutical industry are more likely to favor the sponsor's product compared to studies with other sources of funding.”
From The PRISMA Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions: Explanation and Elaboration (2009) · cites this paper as [166]
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“75 per 1,000 60 per 1,000 (38-94) Low§,¶,#”
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“In 2003 Lexchin and colleagues found that industry funded research was 4 times more likely to produce positive outcomes compared to research with any other source of sponsorship (Lexchin et al. 2003).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBiondi-Zoccai, G. G. L., Lotrionte, M., Abbate, A., Testa, L., Remigi, E., Burzotta, F., Valgimigli, M., Romagnoli, E., Crea, F., & Agostoni, P. (2006) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.38693.516782.7c · Cited by 149
Grunze, H., Vieta, E., Goodwin, G. M., Bowden, C., LICHT, R. W., Möller, H.-J., Kasper, S., & WFSBP Task Force on Treatment Guidelines for Bipolar Disorders (2011) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.9.4.500 · Cited by 152
Moral Disengagement in the Corporate World
White, J., Bandura, A., & Bero, L. A. (2009) · Accountability in Research · doi:10.1080/08989620802689847 · Cited by 149
“Numerous studies have documented how industries influence research activities to contest the evidence of harmful effects of their products and practices, and to weaken or block regulatory policies (Bekelman et al., 2003; Bero et al., 2007; Cho and Bero, 1996; Levine et al., 2003; Lexchin et al., 2003; Nestle, 2002).”
BackgroundSelf-citationNatalizumab for induction of remission in Crohn's disease
MacDonald, J. K., & McDonald, J. W. (2007) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006097.pub2 · Cited by 148
Using Existing Systematic Reviews in Complex Systematic Reviews
Whitlock, E. P., Lin, J. S., Chou, R., Shekelle, P., & Robinson, K. A. (2008) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-148-10-200805200-00010 · Cited by 144
“Recent studies suggest that even when existing reviews report similar methods and results, conflicts of interest related to the funding source can affect the conclusions (42, 43).”
ResultReporting of conflicts of interest in meta-analyses of trials of pharmacological treatments
Roseman, M. (2011) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2011.257 · Cited by 145
“Pharmaceutical industry funding and author-industry financial ties are associated with a bias toward favorable results even when controlling for other study characteristics.(12,13) Based on empirical evidence of bias related to COI, an Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality systematic review of tools used to rate…”
BackgroundResultOsland, E., Hossain, M. B., Khan, S., & Memon, M. A. (2013) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1177/0148607112474825 · Cited by 143
From Evidence-based Medicine to Marketing-based Medicine: Evidence from Internal Industry Documents
Spielmans, G. I., & Parry, P. I. (2010) · Journal of Bioethical Inquiry · doi:10.1007/s11673-010-9208-8 · Cited by 151
“It is well-known that studies funded by a drug manufacturer are much more likely to yield positive results than studies of the same drug conducted by researchers not tied to the sponsor (Lexchin et al. 2003).”
BackgroundDickersin, K., & Chalmers, I. (2011) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1258/jrsm.2011.11k042 · Cited by 149
The Commodification of Academic Research
(2010) · University of Pittsburgh Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctt7zw87p · Cited by 143
Origin and funding of the most frequently cited papers in medicine: database analysis
Patsopoulos, N. A., Ioannidis, J. P. A., & Analatos, A. A. (2006) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.38768.420139.80 · Cited by 142
Fox, C., & Albertson, K. (2011) · Criminology & Criminal Justice · doi:10.1177/1748895811415580 · Cited by 141
“A systematic review by Lexchin et al. (2003) found 30 separate studies examining the impact of funding on the outcomes of trials.”
BackgroundGhimire, S., Kyung, E., Kang, W., & Kim, E. (2012) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-13-77 · Cited by 140
“It has previously been shown that studies funded by pharmaceutical companies have four times the odds of having outcomes favorable to the sponsor than do studies funded by other sources, causing publication bias [27].”
BackgroundEmotion processing in the minimally conscious state
Bekinschtein, T. A. (2004) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2003.034876 · Cited by 140
Wan, K. H.-N., Chen, L. J., & Young, A. L. (2015) · The Ocular Surface · doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2014.12.006 · Cited by 138
Monitoring global health: time for new solutions
Murray, C. J. L., López, A. D., & Wibulpolprasert, S. (2004) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.329.7474.1096 · Cited by 132
Sponsorship bias in clinical research
Lexchin, J. (2012) · International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine · doi:10.3233/jrs-2012-0574 · Cited by 141
Self-citationSize of the treatment effect on cognition of cholinesterase inhibition in Alzheimer's disease
Rockwood, K. J. (2004) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2003.029074 · Cited by 134
20 µg versus >20 µg estrogen combined oral contraceptives for contraception
Gallo, M. F., Nanda, K., Grimes, D. A., Lopez, L. M., & Schulz, K. F. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003989.pub5 · Cited by 133
Industry Sponsorship and Authorship of Clinical Trials Over 20 Years
Buchkowsky, S., & Jewesson, P. (2004) · The Annals of Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1345/aph.1d267 · Cited by 121
Science and the sources of hype
Caulfield, T., & Condit, C. (2012) · Public Health Genomics · doi:10.1159/000336533 · Cited by 152
Medical Students' Exposure to and Attitudes about the Pharmaceutical Industry: A Systematic Review
Austad, K., Avorn, J., & Kesselheim, A. S. (2011) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001037 · Cited by 131
Industry collaboration, scientific sharing, and the dissemination of knowledge
Evans, J. A. (2010) · Social Studies of Science · doi:10.1177/0306312710379931 · Cited by 136
“From these relationships, authors and meta-analysts (for example, Lexchin et al., 2003) infer that scientists censor findings harmful to a sponsoring company’s products.”
BackgroundLee, K. P., Boyd, E. A., Holroyd-Leduc, J. M., Bacchetti, P., & Bero, L. A. (2006) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00418.x · Cited by 130
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Lexchin, J., Bero, L. A., Djulbegovic, B., & Clark, O.
- Affiliations
- York University (CA)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lexchin, Joel
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2003-05-29
- Volume
- 326
- Issue
- 7400
- Pages
- 1167-1170
- ISSN
- 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- 1468-5833
- PMC
- PMC156458
- OpenAlex
- W2136284733
- Cited by
- 2,147
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 89 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 86 · 2017: 84 · 2016: 82 · 2015: 100 · 2014: 114 · 2013: 107 · 2012: 150
- FWCI
- 10.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.bmj.com/company/legal-information/terms-conditions/legal-information/tdm-licencepolicy (tdm)
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Issues, ethics and legal aspects › Pharmaceutical industry and healthcare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy
- Keywords
- pharmaceutical industry sponsorship, research bias, publication bias, trial quality, research funding sources, comparator selection, conflicts of interest
- MeSH terms
- Clinical Trials as Topic, Drug Industry, Financing, Organized, Publishing, Research, Research Support as Topic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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