Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality: systematic review
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether funding of drug studies by the pharmaceutical industry is associated with outcomes that are favourable to the funder and whether the methods of trials funded by pharmaceutical companies differ from the methods in trials with other sources of support. METHODS: Medline (January 1966 to December 2002) and Embase (January 1980 to December 2002) searches were supplemented with material identified in the references and in the authors' personal files. Data were independently abstracted by three of the authors and disagreements were resolved by consensus. RESULTS: 30 studies were included. Research funded by drug companies was less likely to be published than research funded by other sources. Studies sponsored by pharmaceutical companies were more likely to have outcomes favouring the sponsor than were studies with other sponsors (odds ratio 4.05; 95% confidence interval 2.98 to 5.51; 18 comparisons). None of the 13 studies that analysed methods reported that studies funded by industry was of poorer quality. CONCLUSION: Systematic bias favours products which are made by the company funding the research. Explanations include the selection of an inappropriate comparator to the product being investigated and publication bias.
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Several investigations show strong associations between the source of funding and the conclusions of research articles.
“Several investigations show strong associations between the source of funding and the conclusions of research articles [ 219 – 222 ].”
From Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): Explanation and Elaboration (2007) · cites this paper as [222]
Bias, indicated by a prevalence of more favourable outcomes, has been demonstrated for clinical research funded by industry compared with studies funded by other sources.
“For example, bias, as indicated by a prevalence of more favourable outcomes, has been demonstrated for clinical research funded by industry compared with studies funded by other sources [257–259].”
From Reporting animal research: Explanation and elaboration for the ARRIVE guidelines 2.0 (2020) · cites this paper as [259]
Using different outcomes from the same trials can introduce pharmaceutical marketing bias.
“Additionally, different outcomes from the same trials can be a source of pharmaceutical marketing bias.35”
Funding source is sometimes associated with estimated treatment effects.
“Empirical evidence points toward funding source sometimes being associated with estimated treatment effects [30].”
From CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials (2010) · cites this paper as [30]
Pharmaceutical companies are more likely to seek publication of results with statistically positive outcomes.
“pharmaceutical companies, who fund a substantial number of RCTs, are more likely to seek publication of results with statistically positive outcomes. 9”
From Reporting research results: a moral obligation for all researchers. (2007) · cites this paper as [9]
Outcomes of reports of randomized trials and meta-analyses of clinical trials funded by the pharmaceutical industry are more likely to favor the sponsor's product compared to studies with other sources of funding.
“Lexchin and colleagues [166] observed that outcomes of reports of randomized trials and meta-analyses of clinical trials funded by the pharmaceutical industry are more likely to favor the sponsor's product compared to studies with other sources of funding.”
From The PRISMA Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions: Explanation and Elaboration (2009) · cites this paper as [166]
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CONSORT 2010 statement: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials
Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., & Moher, D. (2010) · Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics · doi:10.4103/0976-500x.72352 · Cited by 2,165 · see citing works
“Empirical evidence points toward funding source sometimes being associated with estimated treatment effects [30] 5 K.”
CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials
the CONSORT Group, Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., & Moher, D. (2010) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-11-32 · Cited by 1,871 · see citing works
“Empirical evidence points toward funding source sometimes being associated with estimatedeatment effects [30]”
CINeMA: an approach for assessing confidence in the results of a network meta-analysis
Nikolakopoulou, A., Higgins, J. P. T., Papakonstantinou, T., Chaimani, A., Del Giovane, C., Egger, M., & Salanti, G. (2020) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003082 · Cited by 1,935 · see citing works
“• The treatment comparison is studied exclusively or primarily in industry-funded trials [32,33].”
BackgroundMoher, D., Hopewell, S., Schulz, K. F., Montori, V., Gøtzsche, P. C., Devereaux, P. J., Elbourne, D., Egger, M., & Altman, D. G. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.03.004 · Cited by 1,858 · see citing works
GRADE guidelines: 5. Rating the quality of evidence—publication bias
Guyatt, G. H., Oxman, A. D., Montori, V., Vist, G., Kunz, R., Brozek, J., Alonso-Coello, P., Djulbegovic, B., Atkins, D., Falck-Ytter, Y., et al. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.01.011 · Cited by 1,819 · see citing works
“The inclination to rate down for publication bias should increase if most of those small studies are industry sponsored or likely to be industry sponsored (or if the investigators share another conflict of interest) [14,23,28].”
BackgroundIndustry sponsorship and research outcome
Lundh, A., Lexchin, J., Mintzes, B., Schroll, J. B., & Bero, L. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.mr000033.pub3 · Cited by 1,697 · see citing works
Self-citationWhy Most Discovered True Associations Are Inflated
Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2008) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e31818131e7 · Cited by 1,495 · see citing works
Smith, G. C. S., & Pell, J. P. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7429.1459 · Cited by 1,155 · see citing works
Evaluation of networks of randomized trials
Salanti, G., Higgins, J. P., Ades, A., & Ioannidis, J. P. (2008) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0962280207080643 · Cited by 1,078 · see citing works
CONSORT 2010 statement: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials
Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., & Moher, D. (2011) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2011.09.004 · Cited by 1,044 · see citing works
“Empirical evidence points toward funding source sometimes being associated with estimatedeatment effects [30]”
Dissemination and publication of research findings: an updated review of related biases
Song, F., Parekh, Hooper, L., Loke, Y., Ryder, J., Sutton, A., Hing, C., Kwok, C., Pang, C., & Harvey, I. (2010) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta14080 · Cited by 1,039 · see citing works
Whittington, C. J., Kendall, T., Fonagy, P., Cottrell, D. J., Cotgrove, A. J., & Boddington, E. (2004) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16043-1 · Cited by 1,055 · see citing works
CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials.
Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., & Moher, D. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.02.005 · Cited by 1,022 · see citing works
Chapter 10: Addressing reporting biases
Egger, M., & Moher, D. (2011) · Cited by 977 · see citing works
Association Between Funding and Quality of Published Medical Education Research
Reed, D. A., Cook, D. A., Beckman, T. J., Levine, R. B., Kern, D. E., & Wright, S. M. (2007) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.298.9.1002 · Cited by 961 · see citing works
Epidemiology and reporting characteristics of systematic reviews.
Moher, D., Tetzlaff, J., Tricco, A. C., Sampson, M., & Altman, D. G. (2007) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040078 · Cited by 891 · see citing works
“Similarly, very few reviews reported being funded by commercial sources, for which such funding has been associated with bias in the results of clinical trials [19].”
BackgroundPublication bias in clinical trials due to statistical significance or direction of trial results
Hopewell, S., Loudon, K., Clarke, M. J., Oxman, A. D., & Dickersin, K. (2009) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.mr000006.pub3 · Cited by 898 · see citing works
Do Pressures to Publish Increase Scientists' Bias? An Empirical Support from US States Data
Fanelli, D. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010271 · Cited by 805 · see citing works
“Quantitative studies have repeatedly shown that financial interests can influence the outcome of biomedical research [27,28] but they appear to have neglected the much more widespread conflict of interest created by scientists’ need to publish.”
BackgroundConflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice
Institute of Medicine (2009) · National Academies Press eBooks · doi:10.17226/12598 · Cited by 824 · see citing works
“2 Another meta-analysis that included non-English-language studies found that studies that favored a drug were four times more likely to be funded by the maker of the drug than any other sponsor (Lexchin et al., 2003).”
BackgroundResultLong term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight: updated meta-analysis
Rucker, D., Padwal, R., Li, S. K., Curioni, C., & Lau, D. C. W. (2007) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39385.413113.25 · Cited by 801 · see citing works
“There were too few sibutramine and rimonabant studies to warrant generation of funnel plots. Nearly all trials were funded by pharmaceutical companies, which may increase the likelihood of positive results.”
BackgroundMartell, B. A., O’Connor, P. G., Kerns, R. D., Becker, W. C., Morales, K. H., Kosten, T. R., & Fiellin, D. A. (2007) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-146-2-200701160-00006 · Cited by 767 · see citing works
“Finally, most trials in this area were sponsored by pharmaceutical companies, which raises concern regarding reporting and interpretation of the data (64, 65).”
BackgroundNicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation
Cahill, K., Stead, L., & Lancaster, T. (2007) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006103.pub2 · Cited by 747 · see citing works
Als-Nielsen, B., Chen, W., Gluud, C., & Kjaergard, L. L. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.290.7.921 · Cited by 746 · see citing works
PRISMA for Abstracts: Reporting Systematic Reviews in Journal and Conference Abstracts
Beller, E. M., Glasziou, P. P., Altman, D. G., Hopewell, S., Bastian, H., Chalmers, I., Gøtzsche, P. C., Lasserson, T., Tovey, D., & for the PRISMA for Abstracts Group (2013) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001419 · Cited by 706 · see citing works
“Explanation: Studies of the relationship between pharmaceutical company funding and results of clinical trials have shown that sponsored studies are more likely to have outcomes favouring the sponsor [29,30].”
BackgroundOral Direct-Acting Agent Therapy for Hepatitis C Virus Infection
Falade-Nwulia, O. O., Suarez‐Cuervo, C., Nelson, D. R., Fried, M. W., Segal, J. B., & Sulkowski, M. (2017) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m16-2575 · Cited by 690 · see citing works
“Most of the studies were industry-funded; such studies are more likely to be published if results are favorable (58), but we are not aware of large, unpublished studies in this field and the risk of bias with the objective outcome of SVR is low.”
Backgroundα-Glucosidase Inhibitors for Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
van de Laar, F. A., Lucassen, P. L., Akkermans, R. P., van de Lisdonk, E. H., Rutten, G. E., & van Weel, C. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.1.154 · Cited by 690 · see citing works
“Research funded by pharmaceutical companies is more likely to produce results favoring the tested drug, which is mostly due to publication bias or inappropriate comparators (75).”
Hopewell, S., Clarke, M., Moher, D., Wager, E., Middleton, P., Altman, D. G., Schulz, K. F., & and the CONSORT Group (2008) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050020 · Cited by 674 · see citing works
“51) the odds of having outcomes favouring the sponsor than studies funded by other sources [73].”
BackgroundFrench, J. A., Kanner, A. M., Bautista, J. F., Abou‐Khalil, B., Browne, T. R., Harden, C. L., Theodore, W. H., Bazil, C. W., Stern, J. M., Schachter, S. C., et al. (2004) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000123693.82339.fc · Cited by 654 · see citing works
Bias in clinical intervention research.
Gluud, L. L. (2006) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwj069 · Cited by 636 · see citing works
“Two systematic reviews found similar associations between funding and proindustry conclusions (73, 74).”
BackgroundIndustry sponsorship and research outcome
Lundh, A., Sismondo, S., Lexchin, J., Busuioc, O. A., & Bero, L. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.mr000033.pub2 · Cited by 605 · see citing works
Self-citationSiskind, D. J., McCartney, L., Goldschlager, R., & Kisely, S. R. (2016) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.115.177261 · Cited by 605 · see citing works
Intra-articular Hyaluronic Acid in Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis
Lo, G. H., LaValley, M. P., McAlindon, T. E., & Felson, D. T. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.290.23.3115 · Cited by 599 · see citing works
“ing number of clinical trials funded by industry overall in the current research environment.(35) Findings from a meta-analysis of trials comparing studies that were industry-sponsored with those that were otherwise funded showed that research funded by pharmaceutical companies was less likely to be published and was…”
BackgroundResultNeuraminidase inhibitors for preventing and treating influenza in healthy adults and children
Jefferson, T., Jones, M., Doshi, P., Mar, C. D., Heneghan, C. J., Hama, R., & Thompson, M. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008965.pub3 · Cited by 596 · see citing works
External Validation of a Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR)
Shea, B. J., Bouter, L. M., Peterson, J., Boers, M., Andersson, N., Ortiz, Z., Ramsay, T., Bai, A., Shukla, V. K., & Grimshaw, J. M. (2007) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001350 · Cited by 569 · see citing works
“However, users of OQAQ frequently had to develop their own rules for operationalizing the instrument and OQAQ does not reflect current evidence on sources of potential bias in systematic reviews (for example funding source and conflict of interest [68,69,70]).”
BackgroundReporting animal research: Explanation and Elaboration for the ARRIVE guidelines 2019Preprint
du Sert, N. P., Ahluwalia, A., Alam, S., Avey, M. T., Baker, M., Browne, W. J., Clark, A., Cuthill, I. C., Dirnagl, U., Emerson, M., et al. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/703355 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
“For example, bias, as indicated by a prevalence of more favourable outcomes, has been demonstrated for clinical research funded by industry compared to studies funded by other sources [239-241].”
ResultBhandari, M., Busse, J. W., Jackowski, D., Montori, V. M., Schünemann, H. J., Sprague, S., Mears, D., Schemitsch, E. H., Heels-Ansdell, D., & Devereaux, P. J. (2004) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 550 · see citing works
Leucht, S., Leucht, C., Huhn, M., Chaimani, A., Mavridis, D., Helfer, B., Samara, M., Rabaioli, M., Bächer, S., Cipriani, A., et al. (2017) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16121358 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
Skivington, K., Matthews, L., Simpson, S. A., Craig, P., Baird, J., Blazeby, J. M., Boyd, K., Craig, N. J., French, D., McIntosh, E., et al. (2021) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta25570 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomized trials
Schulz, K., Altman, D., & Moher, D. (2010) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0b013e3181d9d421 · Cited by 3,952 · see citing works
“Empirical evidence points toward funding source sometimes being associated with estimated treatment effects (30).”
BackgroundSertraline versus other antidepressive agents for depression
Cipriani, A., Ferla, T. L., Furukawa, T. A., Signoretti, A., Nakagawa, A., Churchill, R. C., McGuire, H., & Barbui, C. (2010) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006117.pub4 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
Medical Journals Are an Extension of the Marketing Arm of Pharmaceutical Companies
Smith, R. W. (2005) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020138 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Ferguson, C. J., & Brannick, M. Τ. (2011) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/a0024445 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomized trials.
Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., & Moher, D. (2010) · PubMed Central · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Pharmaceuticalization of Society in Context: Theoretical, Empirical and Health Dimensions
Abraham, J. (2010) · Sociology · doi:10.1177/0038038510369368 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
“…to create favourable media and professional receptions for articles showing their drug in a positive light, but delay or withhold publication of negative findings, leading to bias in medical literature read by prescribing doctors (Abraham, 1994a, 1995b; HCHC, 2005: 55–6; Lexchin et al., 2003).”
BackgroundCritical health literacy: A review and critical analysis
Chinn, D. (2011) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.04.004 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Reporting bias in medical research - a narrative review
McGauran, N., Wieseler, B., Kreis, J., Schüler, Y.-B., Kölsch, H., & Kaiser, T. (2010) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-11-37 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
“The role of the pharmaceutical industry An association has been shown between industry sponsorship or industry affiliation of authors and positive research outcomes and conclusions, both in publications of primary studies and in systematic reviews [49,54-63].”
BackgroundHeres, S., Davis, J. M., Maino, K., Jetzinger, E., Kissling, W., & Leucht, S. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.2.185 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Jørgensen, A. W., Hilden, J., & Gøtzsche, P. C. (2006) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.38973.444699.0b · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Margulis, A. V., Pladevall, M., Riera‐Guàrdia, N., Varas‐Lorenzo, C., Hazell, L., Berkman, N. D., Viswanathan, M., & Perez‐Gutthann, S. (2014) · Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.2147/clep.s66677 · Cited by 442 · see citing works
“37 Although it has been noted that industry-sponsored studies are sometimes biased toward the product manufactured by the sponsor, 39–43 there are voices favoring 44 but also opposing 45 the addition of such a question into the Cochrane risk of bias tool.”
Woodruff, T. J., & Sutton, P. (2014) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1307175 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Therapeutic Effects of Hyaluronic Acid on Osteoarthritis of the Knee
Wang, C., Lin, J., Chang, C., Lin, Y., & Hou, S. (2004) · Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery · doi:10.2106/00004623-200403000-00012 · Cited by 430 · see citing works
Grunze, H., Vieta, E., Goodwin, G. M., Bowden, C. L., Licht, R. W., Möller, H., Kasper, S. F., & on behalf of the WFSBP Task Force on Treatment Guidelines for Bipolar Disorders (2013) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622975.2013.770551 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
“Another methodological limitation is sponsor bias (Lexchin et al 2003;Perlis et al 2005;Lexchin and Light 2006;Heres et al 2006) inherent in most single studies on which the guidelines are based.”
BackgroundFostering integrity in research: Definitions, current knowledge, and future directions
Steneck, N. H. (2006) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/pl00022268 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Trial Publication after Registration in ClinicalTrials.Gov: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
Ross, J. S., Mulvey, G. K., Hines, E. M., Nissen, S. E., & Krumholz, H. M. (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000144 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
“However, we also found significantly different publication rates among study types and primary sponsors, consistent with prior research [11].”
ResultGrunze, H., Vieta, E., Goodwin, G. M., Bowden, C., Licht, R. W., Möller, H.-J., Kasper, S., & WFSBP Task Force On Treatment Guidelines For Bipolar Disorders (2010) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622970903555881 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
“Another methodological limitation is sponsor bias (Lexchin et al. 2003; Perlis et al. 2005; Heres et al. 2006; Lexchin and Light 2006) inherent in many single studies on which the guidelines are based.”
BackgroundNon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for chronic low back pain
Enthoven, W. T. M., Roelofs, P. D. D. M., Deyo, R. A., van Tulder, M. W., & Koes, B. W. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012087 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Tricco, A. C., Chit, A., Soobiah, C., Hallett, D. C., Meier, G., Chen, M. H., Tashkandi, M. F., Bauch, C. T., & Loeb, M. B. (2013) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-153 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
“For the other sources of bias criterion, industry-funded RCTs were scored as ‘unclear’, due to the potential for funding bias [17].”
BackgroundNeuraminidase inhibitors for preventing and treating influenza in adults and children
Jefferson, T., Jones, M. A., Doshi, P., Del Mar, C. B., Hama, R., Thompson, M. J., Spencer, E. A., Onakpoya, I. J., Mahtani, K. R., Nunan, D., et al. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008965.pub4 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Bias in published cost effectiveness studies: systematic review
Bell, C. M., Urbach, D. R., Ray, J. G., Bayoumi, A. M., Rosen, A. B., Greenberg, D., & Neumann, P. J. (2006) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.38737.607558.80 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Long-term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight
Padwal, R. S., Rucker, D., Li, S. K., Curioni, C., & Lau, D. C. (2003) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004094.pub2 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Powered versus manual toothbrushing for oral health
Yaacob, M., Worthington, H. V., Deacon, S. A., Deery, C., Walmsley, A. D., Robinson, P. G., & Glenny, A.-M. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002281.pub3 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Zhou, X., Teng, T., Zhang, Y., Del Giovane, C., Furukawa, T. A., Weisz, J. R., Li, X., Cuijpers, P., Coghill, D., Xiang, Y., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30137-1 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Meta-assessment of bias in science
Fanelli, D., Costas, R., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1618569114 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
“Industry bias: Industry sponsorship may affect the direction and magnitude of effects reported by biomedical studies (21).”
BackgroundOutcome Reporting in Industry-Sponsored Trials of Gabapentin for Off-Label Use
Vedula, S. S., Bero, L. A., Scherer, R. W., & Dickersin, K. (2009) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsa0906126 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Self-citationGrunze, H., Vieta, E., Goodwin, G. M., Bowden, C. L., Licht, R. W., Möller, H., Kasper, S. F., & WFSBP Task Force on Treatment Guide (2009) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622970902823202 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
“Another methodological limitation is sponsor bias (Lexchin et al. 2003; Perlis et al. 2005; Heres et al. 2006; Lexchin and Light 2006) inherent in most single studies on which the guidelines are based.”
BackgroundAlpha-glucosidase inhibitors for type 2 diabetes mellitus
Van de Laar, F. A., Lucassen, P. L., Akkermans, R. P., Van de Lisdonk, E. H., Rutten, G. E., & Van Weel, C. (2005) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003639.pub2 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
The efficacy and safety of exogenous melatonin for primary sleep disorders a meta-analysis
Buscemi, N., Vandermeer, B., Hooton, N., Pandya, R., Tjosvold, L., Hartling, L., Baker, G., Klassen, T. P., & Vohra, S. (2005) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.0243.x · Cited by 399 · see citing works
“Moreover, in light of the potential relationship between study results and funding sources, it is somewhat reassuring that the majority of studies that reported funding source used public, rather than industry, funding.(38,39) However, it should be noted that half of the studies reviewed did not report funding source.”
ResultCataldo, J. K., Prochaska, J. J., & Glantz, S. A. (2010) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2010-1240 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
“This has been true for sponsorship not only from the tobacco industry [30,31] but also from the pharmaceutical [32,33] and chemical industries [34].”
Rising, K., Bacchetti, P., & Bero, L. (2008) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050217 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
“We collected data on characteristics of randomized controlled trials that could influence bias including randomization [20,21], double blinding [21,22], choice of drug comparator [23–26], peer-review status of the publication [27], funding source [28,29], and financial ties of investigators [29,30] because these are c…”
MethodSelf-citationOutcome Reporting Among Drug Trials Registered in ClinicalTrials.gov
Bourgeois, F. T., Murthy, S., & Mandl, K. D. (2010) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-153-3-201008030-00006 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
“Systematic reviews of the literature have shown that industryfunded trials are more than 4 times more likely to report findings supporting their product than are trials without financial interests (34).”
Safety evaluation of topical applications of ethanol on the skin and inside the oral cavity
Lachenmeier, D. W. (2008) · Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology · doi:10.1186/1745-6673-3-26 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Boswood, A., Häggström, J. U., Gordon, S. G., Wess, G., Stepien, R. L., Oyama, M. A., Keene, B. W., Bonagura, J. D., MacDonald, K. A., Patteson, M. W., et al. (2016) · Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/jvim.14586 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
“Potential explanations of the increased likelihood of industry-sponsored research having positive findings include the following: Industrial sponsors might be more likely to support studies that are likely to succeed, industrial sponsors might design studies with an inappropriate comparator group, or there might be pu…”
BackgroundWhat’s in a p? Reassessing best practices for conducting and reporting hypothesis-testing research
Meyer, K., Witteloostuijn, A., & Beugelsdijk, S. (2017) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/s41267-017-0078-8 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Sertraline versus other antidepressive agents for depression
Cipriani, A., Ferla, T. L., Furukawa, T. A., Signoretti, A., Nakagawa, A., Churchill, R. C., McGuire, H., & Barbui, C. (2009) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006117.pub2 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Combined oral contraceptive pills for treatment of acne
Arowojolu, A. O., Gallo, M. F., Lopez, L. M., & Grimes, D. A. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004425.pub6 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Citalopram versus other anti-depressive agents for depression
Cipriani, A., Purgato, M., Furukawa, T. A., Trespidi, C., Imperadore, G., Signoretti, A., Churchill, R. C., Watanabe, N., & Barbui, C. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006534.pub2 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Reproducible Research Practices and Transparency across the Biomedical Literature
Iqbal, S. A., Wallach, J. D., Khoury, M. J., Schully, S. D., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2016) · PLOS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002333 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Perlis, R. H., Perlis, C. S., Wu, Y., Hwang, C., Joseph, M., & Nierenberg, A. A. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.10.1957 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Pharmaceutical company funding and its consequences: A qualitative systematic review
Sismondo, S. (2007) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2007.08.001 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
“performed a similar systematic review, of the quantitative analyses of the relationships between research funding and outcomes, methodology, or publication; this review was broader in dates (1966–2002) and in languages of publication [4].”
MethodNewer generation antidepressants for depressive disorders in children and adolescents
Hetrick, S. E., McKenzie, J. E., Cox, G. R., Simmons, M. B., & Merry, S. N. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004851.pub3 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Evidence-based medicine has been hijacked: a report to David Sackett
Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.02.012 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
“[16] Lexchin J, Bero LA, Djulbegovic B, Clark O.”
BackgroundScreening for Depression in Adult Patients in Primary Care Settings: A Systematic Evidence Review
O’Connor, E., Whitlock, E. P., Beil, T. L., & Gaynes, B. N. (2009) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-11-200912010-00007 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
“This evidence may not be generalizable to primary care because of recruitment of motivated patients, exclusion of patients with the most severe depression or suicidal patients, high withdrawal rates (81), and sponsorship by the drug industry (which has been shown to be more likely to demonstrate positive effects than…”
Background
- Authors
- Lexchin, J., Bero, L. A., Djulbegovic, B., & Clark, O.
- Affiliations
- York University (CA)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lexchin, Joel
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2003-05-29
- Volume
- 326
- Issue
- 7400
- Pages
- 1167-1170
- ISSN
- 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- 1468-5833
- PMC
- PMC156458
- OpenAlex
- W2136284733
- Cited by
- 2,147
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 89 · 2019: 74 · 2018: 86 · 2017: 84 · 2016: 82 · 2015: 100 · 2014: 114 · 2013: 107 · 2012: 150
- FWCI
- 10.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.bmj.com/company/legal-information/terms-conditions/legal-information/tdm-licencepolicy (tdm)
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmaceutical industry and healthcare
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Global Public Health Policies and Epidemiology
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy
- Keywords
- pharmaceutical industry sponsorship, research bias, publication bias, trial quality, research funding sources, comparator selection, conflicts of interest
- MeSH terms
- Clinical Trials as Topic, Drug Industry, Financing, Organized, Publishing, Research, Research Support as Topic
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