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Controlled Clinical Trial of Combined Triiodothyronine and Thyroxine in the Treatment of Hypothyroidism
Open accessAbstract
A -double-blind crossover trial of a combined preparation of triiodothyronine and thyroxine (1:4 ratio) compared with thyroxine alone was conducted with 99 patients previously stabilized on. thyroxine as treatment for hypothyroidism. Four patients were excluded during the trial and eight afterwards owing to gross deficiencies in taking the tablets. Of the remaining 87 patients 42 (48%) had no -preference for either medication, 29 (33%) preferred thyroxine alone, and 16 (18%) the combination. A high incidence of unpleasant symptoms was experienced during the two months' treatment with the combined preparation. The serum protein-bound iodine levels were lowered (mean reduction 1.8 mug./100 ml.) on the combination, but the labelled T(3)-resin sponge uptake values were not altered and remained in the normal range. on both treatments.
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“Earlier studies in the 1960s suggested that LT3 was associated with an excess risk of thyrotoxicosis and its cardiovascular complications (69).”
From Risk of Death and Adverse Effects in Patients on Liothyronine: A Multisource Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [69]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The daily L-T3 dose was administered as a single dose in all trials except four, in which it was divided in two doses [37,40,42,43] .”
From 2012 ETA Guidelines: The Use of L-T4 + L-T3 in the Treatment of Hypothyroidism (2012) · cites this paper as [37]
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In the citing paper
“The L-T3 dose administered during combination therapy varied between 5 and 25 g daily, with the exception of the oldest study in which 40-60 g L-T3 was given [37] .”
From 2012 ETA Guidelines: The Use of L-T4 + L-T3 in the Treatment of Hypothyroidism (2012) · cites this paper as [37]
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“The earliest study from 1970 [37] and the most recent one from 2009 [5] are not included in the meta-analysis, but all other studies (performed between 1999 and 2005) are included in the meta-analysis [34] .”
From 2012 ETA Guidelines: The Use of L-T4 + L-T3 in the Treatment of Hypothyroidism (2012) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“The second of these studies involved administration of high doses of thyroid hormones, including doses of T3 of up to 60 mg/day 52 .”
From A review of the safety of triiodothyronine in combination with levothyroxine for the management of hypothyroidism (2024) · cites this paper as [52]
In the citing paper
“There were few suggestions of AE consistent with iatrogenic thyrotoxicosis due to over treatment with T3, and these (biochemical evidence of increased bone resorption or palpitations) arose in studies where the LT4:T3 ratio of treatment was particularly low (4:1) 39,52 .”
From A review of the safety of triiodothyronine in combination with levothyroxine for the management of hypothyroidism (2024) · cites this paper as [52]
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Jonklaas, J., Bianco, A. C., Bauer, A. J., Burman, K. D., Cappola, A. R., Celi, F. S., Cooper, D. S., Kim, B. W., Peeters, R. P., Rosenthal, M. S., et al. (2014) · Thyroid® · doi:10.1089/thy.2014.0028 · Cited by 1,928
“(528) in 1970, since the dosages of LT4 that were used were higher than those typically used in current clinical practice and the study predated utilization of TSH measurements, both of which may have contributed to TH overreplacement in the study.”
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“In 1970, Smith et al (128) published the first double-blind crossover study to assess the effects of combination therapy with T3 and T4 in patients with hypothyroidism.”
BackgroundTriiodothyronine Levels in Athyreotic Individuals During Levothyroxine Therapy
Jonklaas, J. (2008) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.299.7.769 · Cited by 216
“In 3 other studies, there was either no preference(29,32) or LT4 was the preferred therapy.(31)”
BackgroundWalsh, J. P., Shiels, L., Lim, E. M., Bhagat, C. I., Ward, L. C., Stuckey, B. G. A., Dhaliwal, S. S., Chew, G. T., Bhagat, M. C., & Cussons, A. J. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030249 · Cited by 210
“combined T4/T3 treatment with T4 alone and found that T4 was better tolerated (7); however, the doses of both T4 and T3 that were used would now be regarded as excessive.”
BackgroundClyde, P. W., Harari, A. E., Getka, E. J., & Shakir, K. M. M. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.290.22.2952 · Cited by 195
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“(6), in which serum protein-bound iodine levels and T3–resin uptake were measured.”
BackgroundInfluentialSawka, A. M., Gerstein, H. C., Marriott, M. J., MacQueen, G. M., & Joffe, R. T. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030139 · Cited by 175
Treatment of Hypothyroidism with Combinations of Levothyroxine plus Liothyronine
Escobar-Morreale, H. F., Botella-Carretero, J. I., del Rey, F. E., & de Escobar, G. M. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-0184 · Cited by 160
“With levothyroxine plus liothyronine, the plasma PBI and the free T4 index decreased, whereas the T3-resin uptake values were not altered (29).”
BackgroundInfluentialNygaard, B., Jensen, E. W., Kvetny, J., Jarløv, A., & Faber, J. (2009) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-09-0542 · Cited by 153
Hoang, T. D., Olsen, C. H., Mai, V. Q., Clyde, P. W., & Shakir, M. K. M. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-4107 · Cited by 151
Thyroid Hormone Replacement Therapy
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“Synthetic Liothyronine Sodium (T 3 ) Synthetic liothyronine sodium (T 3 ), despite its superior absorption from the gastrointestinal tract compared with L-T 4 (table 1 ), is not used in thyroid hormone replacement therapy except under exceptional circumstances, such as in myxoedema coma or in thyroid cancer patients i…”
Combination Treatment with T4 and T3: Toward Personalized Replacement Therapy in Hypothyroidism?
Biondi, B., & Wartofsky, L. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-3399 · Cited by 124
The history and future of treatment of hypothyroidism
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“In a trial of L-thyroxine monotherapy at doses of 200 to 300 mcg/d versus L-thyroxine (80 mcg) plus L-triiodothyronine (20 mcg) daily, patients receiving the combination had such symptoms as palpitations, nervousness, tremor, and perspiration (35).”
Depressive Symptoms and Oral Contraceptives
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Thyroxine alone or thyroxine plus triiodothyronine replacement therapy for hypothyroidism
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Clinical aspects of thyroid function during ageing
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Bunevičius, R., & Prange, A. J. (2000) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145700001826 · Cited by 78
Diagnosis and treatment of levothyroxine pseudomalabsorption.
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“Randomized clinical trials Research into combinations of synthetic LT4 and LT3 began in 1967 (210, 211).”
BackgroundWhy does anyone still use desiccated thyroid USP?
JACKSON, I. M. D., & Cobb, W. E. (1978) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(78)90057-8 · Cited by 71
The emergence of levothyroxine as a treatment for hypothyroidism
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Liothyronine and Desiccated Thyroid Extract in the Treatment of Hypothyroidism
Idrees, T., Palmer, S., Maciel, R. M. B., & Bianco, A. C. (2020) · Thyroid® · doi:10.1089/thy.2020.0153 · Cited by 58
“However, in this case, TH replacement doses were higher, 160–240 mcg/day LT4 and 40– 60 mcg/day LT3 (108).”
Johannsen, D. L., Galgani, J. E., Johannsen, N. M., Zhang, Z., Covington, J. D., & Ravussin, E. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040837 · Cited by 57
“[10,11], complaints of palpitations, irritability, dizziness, tremor, perspiration and shortness of breath have slowed this endeavor.”
BackgroundThyroxine and treatment of hypothyroidism: seven decades of experience
Mateo, R. C. I., & Hennessey, J. V. (2019) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-019-02006-8 · Cited by 57
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The Role of Inositol in Thyroid Physiology and in Subclinical Hypothyroidism Management
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“On the other hand, studies comparing monotherapy with combined therapy, pointed out that subjects were unable to distinguish treatment and although as many as 18% preferred the combined approach, there was a relatively high incidence of side effects among those using the combination, making the topic more controversia…”
ResultDissatisfaction with thyroxine therapy — could the patients be right?
Walsh, J. P. (2002) · Current Opinion in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s1471-4892(02)00209-6 · Cited by 47
Oral Thyroxine: Variation in Biologic Action and Tablet Content
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Hormone Replacement After Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery
Schäffler, A. (2010) · Deutsches Ärzteblatt international · doi:10.3238/arztebl.2010.0827 · Cited by 46
Tariq, A., Wert, Y., Cheriyath, P., & Joshi, R. (2018) · Southern Medical Journal · doi:10.14423/smj.0000000000000823 · Cited by 43
“From previous meta-analyses, only two studies reported significant atrial arrhythmias.(17,42) It is important to point out that our study did not titrate LT4 to supraphysiologic levels for which thyrotoxicosis was a concern before starting any combination therapy.”
ResultBiondi, B., Bartalena, L., Chiovato, L., Lenzi, A., Mariotti, S., Pacini, F., Pontecorvi, A., Vitti, P., & Trimarchi, F. (2016) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-016-0511-z · Cited by 44
“Hyperthyroid symptoms may increase significantly after L-T3 administration [24], and persistently elevated serum TT3 and FT3 levels may be a risk factor for the development of atrial arrhythmias and progression of acute myocardial ischemia [25, 26].”
BackgroundCombination L-T3 and L-T4 therapy for hypothyroidism
Wartofsky, L. (2013) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity · doi:10.1097/01.med.0000432611.03732.49 · Cited by 42
“[12] examined the responses to T4 therapy alone versus combined with T3 (80 mg T4/20 mg T3) in 87 hypothyroid patients.”
MethodKaminski, J., Miasaki, F. Y., Paz-Filho, G., Graf, H., & Carvalho, G. A. D. (2016) · Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1590/2359-3997000000192 · Cited by 42
“These showed no positive results regarding patient preference toward LT4/LT3 therapy and revealed a high incidence of hyperthyroid symptoms (possibly due to excessive doses of LT4/LT3) (10).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialde Carvalho, G. A., Paz-Filho, G., Mesa, C. O., & Graf, H. (2018) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-17-0947 · Cited by 41
Evaluation of sodium l-thyroxine (T4) requirement in replacement therapy of hypothyroidism
Abbassi, V., & Aldigé, C. R. (1977) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(77)80656-2 · Cited by 39
Akirov, A., Fazelzad, R., Ezzat, S., Thabane, L., & Sawka, A. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00477 · Cited by 37
Time for a reassessment of the treatment of hypothyroidism
Midgley, J. E. M., Toft, A. D., Larisch, R., Dietrich, J. W., & Hoermann, R. (2019) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-019-0365-4 · Cited by 36
Liothyronine Use in Hypothyroidism and its Effects on Cancer and Mortality
Planck, T., Hedberg, F., Calissendorff, J., & Nilsson, A. (2021) · Thyroid® · doi:10.1089/thy.2020.0388 · Cited by 35
“To date, at least 12 randomized controlled trials have examined the effect of combined LT4/LT3 treatment with varying results (9–20).”
Thyroid hormone replacement: current status and challenges
Okosieme, O. E. (2011) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1517/14656566.2011.600307 · Cited by 33
“0 0 Variable NA No (QOL, M, PP) Appelhof, 2005 [82] 141 100.”
BackgroundRegalbuto, C., Maiorana, R., Alagona, C., Paola, R. D., Cianci, M., Alagona, G., Sapienza, S., Squatrito, S., & PEZZINO, V. (2007) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2006.0084 · Cited by 32
“For these reasons after LT4 = LT3 ingestion some patients complain of pal-pitations, irritability, dizziness, and tremor (41).”
Kraut, E., & Farahani, P. (2015) · Clinical and investigative medicine · doi:10.25011/cim.v38i6.26194 · Cited by 30
Escobar-Morreale, H. F., Botella-Carretero, J. I., & Morreale de Escobar, G. (2015) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2014.10.004 · Cited by 30
Critical Approach to Hypothyroid Patients With Persistent Symptoms
Biondi, B., Celi, F. S., & McAninch, E. A. (2023) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgad224 · Cited by 30
The Swinging Pendulum in Treatment for Hypothyroidism: From (and Toward?) Combination Therapy
McAninch, E. A., & Bianco, A. C. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00446 · Cited by 27
“For example, in studies utilizing doses of LT3 75–100 mcg/day, angina and congestive heart failure were observed (82); in another trial, palpitations, irritability, nervousness, dizziness, tremor, and perspiration were observed on LT4 (80 mcg) plus LT3 (20 mcg) daily (83).”
BackgroundBrigante, G., Santi, D., Boselli, G., Margiotta, G., Corleto, R., Monzani, M. L., Craparo, A., Locaso, M., Sperduti, S., Roy, N., et al. (2023) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1093/ejendo/lvad172 · Cited by 22
Combination Thyroid Hormone Replacement; Knowns and Unknowns
Taylor, P. N., Eligar, V. S., Muller, I., Scholz, A., Dayan, C. M., & Okosieme, O. E. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00706 · Cited by 22
“It is worth noting that one of the key early studies which favored LT4 monotherapy in terms of patient preference over LT3:LT4 combination treatment (71) used up to 60 mcg of LT3 a day.”
ResultA comparison of thyroxine and desiccated thyroid in patients with primary hypothyroidism
Sawin, C. T., Hershman, J. M., Fernandez-Garcia, R., Ghazvinian, S., Ganda, O. P., & AZUKIZAWA, M. (1978) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s0026-0495(78)80024-9 · Cited by 21
Sub-laboratory hypothyroidism and the empirical use of Armour thyroid.
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To, J., Goldberg, A. S., Jones, J. M., Zhang, J., LOWE, J. M., Ezzat, S., Gilbert, J. D., Zahedi, A., Segal, P., & Sawka, A. M. (2014) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2014.0418 · Cited by 19
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Trends in costs and prescribing for liothyronine and levothyroxine in England and wales 2011–2020
Stedman, M., Taylor, P., Premawardhana, L., Okosieme, O., Dayan, C., & Heald, A. H. (2021) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.14414 · Cited by 16
“However, early studies were small, used somewhat higher doses of liothyronine than used in clinical practice, and resulted in adverse symptoms consistent with thyrotoxicosis.(3) Subsequent more recent trials failed to show convincing benefit for combined thyroid hormone replacement and thus clinical guidelines advise…”
ResultBiondi, B., Pucci, M., Pontieri, G., Formisano, P., & Esposito, R. (2023) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2023.0135 · Cited by 15
Heald, A. H., Premawardhana, L., Taylor, P., Okosieme, O., Bangi, T., Devine, H., Livingston, M., Javed, A., Moreno, G. Y. C., Watt, T., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/ijcp.14967 · Cited by 14
Progress Toward and Challenges Remaining for Thyroid Tissue Regeneration
Romitti, M., & Costagliola, S. (2023) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endocr/bqad136 · Cited by 13
Mazzaferri, E. L. (2006) · Yearbook of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0084-3873(08)70611-4 · Cited by 12
Bahl, S., Taylor, P. N., Premawardhana, L. D., Stedman, M., Heald, A., Dayan, C. M., & Okosieme, O. E. (2025) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaf449 · Cited by 11
“Earlier studies in the 1960s suggested that LT3 was associated with an excess risk of thyrotoxicosis and its cardiovascular complications (69).”
Latrofa, F., & Pinchera, A. (2007) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-517-6_7 · Cited by 11
Mazzaferri, E. L. (2006) · Yearbook of Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0084-3741(08)70362-7 · Cited by 10
Triiodothyronine alongside levothyroxine in the management of hypothyroidism?
Gottwald-Hostalek, U., & Kahaly, G. J. (2021) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1080/03007995.2021.1984219 · Cited by 9
Bjerkreim, B. A., Hammerstad, S. S., Gulseth, H. L., Berg, T. J., Lee-Ødegård, S., & Eriksen, E. F. (2022) · Journal of Thyroid Research · doi:10.1155/2022/6423023 · Cited by 8
Liothyronine and levothyroxine prescribing in England: A comprehensive survey and evaluation
Stedman, M., Taylor, P., Premawardhana, L., Okosieme, O., Dayan, C., & Heald, A. H. (2021) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/ijcp.14228 · Cited by 8
“Furthermore, early clinical studies used unduly high doses of LT3 that sometimes resulted in unpleasant adverse effects from iatrogenic thyrotoxicosis.(3) Accordingly, existing clinical guidelines do not support the routine use of LT3 in the management of hypothyroidism.”
Combined therapy with levothyroxine and liothyronine for hypothyroidism
Fischman, A., & Domínguez, J. M. (2018) · Medwave · doi:10.5867/medwave.2018.08.7375 · Cited by 7
Gottwald-Hostalek, U., & Tayrouz, Y. (2024) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1080/03007995.2024.2435460 · Cited by 6
“The second of these studies involved administration of high doses of thyroid hormones, including doses of T3 of up to 60 m g/day 52 .”
Therapeutic options in systemic AL amyloidosis.
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Natural desiccated thyroid for the treatment of hypothyroidism?
Heald, A. H., Taylor, P., Premawardhana, L., Stedman, M., & Dayan, C. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1309159 · Cited by 5
“With its more favorable pharmacokinetics allowing for once daily dosing and clinical trial evidence (9), levothyroxine monotherapy has prevailed as the treatment of choice for primary hypothyroidism.”
BackgroundPresent Trends and Outlook for the Future — Part I
Medvei, V. C. (1982) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-7304-6_22 · Cited by 5
Lowe, J. C. (2009) · Cited by 5
Tratamiento actual del hipotiroidismo: una revisión crítica
Escobar-Morreale, H. F. (2001) · Endocrinología y Nutrición · doi:10.1016/s1575-0922(01)73509-7 · Cited by 5
“Cuando se administraban combina-ciones de T 4 y T 3 , reduciendo sensiblemente la dosis de T 4 administrada, se mantenía el eutiroidismo clínico y se nor-malizaba el PBI plasmático 5,6 .”
BackgroundThyroid function disorders and cardiovascular system
Troshina, E. A., Yukina, M. Y., Ogneva, N. A., & Mazurina, N. V. (2010) · Clinical and experimental thyroidology · doi:10.14341/ket20106112-19 · Cited by 4
“Пять [18, 53, 56, 60, 66] проведенных до этого похожих ис следований также не выявили достоверных преиму ществ комбинированной терапии гипотиреоза.”
Potential uses of T3 in the treatment of human disease
Danzi, S. E., & Klein, I. L. (2005) · Clinical cornerstone · doi:10.1016/s1098-3597(05)80052-3 · Cited by 4
Medikamentöse Behandlung der chronisch verlaufenden Glomerulonephritiden: Contra
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Les Dysthyroïdies dans le Service de Médecine Interne de l’Hôpital National de Niamey – Niger
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Лечение первичного гипотиреоза: нерешенные вопросы
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Lindner, H. H. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1529791 · Cited by 2
“Some cited reports of thyrotoxicity with excessive doses of DTE (31) and T4/T3 (32), and the high T3 levels after doses to argue that DTE and T3 should not be prescribed.”
BAN, Y., HAMADA, N., MOMOTANI, N., MINURA, T., NISHIKAWA, Y., ITO, K., & IINO, S. (1979) · Folia Endocrinologica Japonica · doi:10.1507/endocrine1927.55.9_1038 · Cited by 1
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Pediatric Iatrogenic Movement Disorders
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Peut-on mieux traiter l'hypothyroïdie?
Schlienger, J.-L. (2000) · La Revue de Médecine Interne · doi:10.1016/s0248-8663(00)88933-x
Cyborg Butterflies, Liminal Medicine: Thyroid Hormone Treatment, 1890-1970
Crandell, A. S., Hausman, B. L., Collier, J. H., & Berge, A. F. L. (2011) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)
Study on the TRH test during the course of the treatment of primary hypothyroidism
Enomoto, H., Inoue, K., & Enomoto, K. (1977) · Folia Endocrinologica Japonica · doi:10.1507/endocrine1927.53.6_719
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Is combination therapy appropriate for hypothyroidism?
Linder, L., & Clements, J. N. (2015) · JAAPA · doi:10.1097/01.jaa.0000470438.14941.98
Kant, R., & Verma, V. K. (2018) · Endocrinology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.4172/2161-1017.1000e127
“In some of these studies patients preferred combination LT4/LT3 even though no or minimal statistically significant differences were observed in primary outcomes [6-19].”
BackgroundHesse, V., Lauterbach, H., & Stoll, W. (1977) · Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf01490240
“Da eine pr/izise Einstellung mit KombinationsprS_paraten schwierig und uniibersichtlich ist, und zudem Kombinationspr/iparate gegen~ber L-Thyroxin eine h6here Komplikationsrate aufweisen [12], sollte die therapeutische Anwendung von Kombinationsprfiparaten mit relativ hohem T3-Anteil iiberdacht werden und zumindest Pr…”
BackgroundPresent Trends and Outlook for the Future — Part III
Medvei, V. C. (1982) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-7304-6_24
Oyama, T. (1973) · Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-65561-6_15
Metadata
- Authors
- Smith, R. N., Taylor, S. A., & Massey, J. C.
- Affiliations
- Sheffield Children's Hospital (GB)
- ORCID
- Taylor, S. A.
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 1970-10-17
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 5728
- Pages
- 145-148
- ISSN
- 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- 1468-5833
- PMC
- PMC1819870
- OpenAlex
- W2054161925
- Cited by
- 106
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 2.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Abbott Laboratories
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
- Keywords
- hypothyroidism, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, drug preference, adverse drug reactions, serum protein-bound iodine, thyroid hormone replacement
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Clinical Trials as Topic, Drug Synergism, Female, Humans, Hypothyroidism, Male, Middle Aged, Thyroid Function Tests, Thyroxine, Tremor, Triiodothyronine
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