Outreach education for integration of HIV/AIDS care, antiretroviral treatment, and tuberculosis care in primary care clinics in South Africa: PALSA PLUS pragmatic cluster randomised trial
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OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether PALSA PLUS, an on-site educational outreach programme of non-didactic, case based, iterative clinical education of staff, led by a trainer, can increase access to and comprehensiveness of care for patients with HIV/AIDS. DESIGN: Cluster randomised trial. SETTING: Public primary care clinics offering HIV/AIDS care, antiretroviral treatment (ART), tuberculosis care, and ambulatory primary care in Free State province, South Africa. PARTICIPANTS: Fifteen clinics all implementing decentralisation and task shifting were randomised. The clinics cared for 400,000 general primary care patients and 10,136 patients in an HIV/AIDS/ART programme. There were 150 nurses. INTERVENTION: On-site outreach education in eight clinics; no such education in seven (control). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Provision of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis among patients referred to the HIV/AIDS/ART programme, and detection of cases of tuberculosis among those in the programme. Proportion of patients in the programme enrolled through general primary care consultations. RESULTS: Patients referred to the HIV/AIDS programme through general primary care at intervention clinics were more likely than those at control clinics to receive co-trimoxazole prophylaxis (41%, (2253/5523) v 32% (1340/4210); odds ratio 1.95, 95% confidence interval 1.11 to 3.40), and tuberculosis was more likely to be diagnosed among patients with HIV/AIDS/ART (7% (417/5793) v 6% (245/4343); 1.25, 1.01 to 1.55). Enrolment in the HIV/AIDS and ART programme through HIV testing in general primary care was not significantly increased (53% v 50%; 1.19, 0.51 to 2.77). Secondary outcomes were similar, except for weight gain, which was higher in the intervention group (2.3 kg v 1.9 kg, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Though outreach education is an effective and feasible strategy for improving comprehensiveness of care and wellbeing of patients with HIV/AIDS, there is no evidence that it increases access to the ART programme. It is now being widely implemented in South Africa. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN 24820584.
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Clear positive impacts on health worker morale have been documented in parallel qualitative evaluations, with non-physician clinicians reporting empowerment and improved agency to manage patients.
“Clear positive impacts on health worker morale have been documented in parallel qualitative evaluations, with non-physician clinicians reporting a sense of empowerment and improved agency to manage patients 92,93 .”
From Integrated care for people with long-term mental and physical health conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (2019) · cites this paper as [92]
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- Authors
- Zwarenstein, M., Fairall, L. R., Lombard, C., Mayers, P., Bheekie, A., English, R. G., Lewin, S., Bachmann, M. O., & Bateman, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Cape Town (ZA)
- South African Medical Research Council (ZA)
- University of the Western Cape (ZA)
- University of East Anglia (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Zwarenstein, M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2011-04-21
- Volume
- 342
- Issue
- apr21 1
- Pages
- d2022-d2022
- ISSN
- 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- 1468-5833
- PMC
- PMC3080737
- OpenAlex
- W2116888597
- Cited by
- 77
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 3.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- International Development Research Centre
- University of Cape Town
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
- Keywords
- HIV care, antiretroviral therapy, tuberculosis, primary care, educational outreach, clinical teaching, task shifting, decentralization, cotrimoxazole prophylaxis, tuberculosis case detection, HIV care access, nurse training, South Africa
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Ambulatory Care, Anti-Infective Agents, Female, Health Personnel, Humans, Male, Microbiology, Primary Health Care, South Africa, Tuberculosis, Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination, Cluster Analysis, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections, Anti-HIV Agents
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