The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 42 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Impact of 2008 global economic crisis on suicide: time trend study in 54 countries.
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of the 2008 global economic crisis on international trends in suicide and to identify sex/age groups and countries most affected. DESIGN: Time trend analysis comparing the actual number of suicides in 2009 with the number that would be expected based on trends before the crisis (2000-07). SETTING: Suicide data from 54 countries; for 53 data were available in the World Health Organization mortality database and for one (the United States) data came the CDC online database. POPULATION: People aged 15 or above. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Suicide rate and number of excess suicides in 2009. RESULTS: There were an estimated 4884 (95% confidence interval 3907 to 5860) excess suicides in 2009 compared with the number expected based on previous trends (2000-07). The increases in suicide mainly occurred in men in the 27 European and 18 American countries; the suicide rates were 4.2% (3.4% to 5.1%) and 6.4% (5.4% to 7.5%) higher, respectively, in 2009 than expected if earlier trends had continued. For women, there was no change in European countries and the increase in the Americas was smaller than in men (2.3%). Rises in European men were highest in those aged 15-24 (11.7%), while in American countries men aged 45-64 showed the largest increase (5.2%). Rises in national suicide rates in men seemed to be associated with the magnitude of increases in unemployment, particularly in countries with low levels of unemployment before the crisis (Spearman's rs=0.48). CONCLUSIONS: After the 2008 economic crisis, rates of suicide increased in the European and American countries studied, particularly in men and in countries with higher levels of job loss.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“an economic recession may have an adverse impact on suicide rates ( Chang et al., 2013; Stuckler et al., 2009).”
From The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on self-harm and suicidal behaviour: update of living systematic review (2021) · cites this paper as Chang et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“Each was based on different assumptions, but the models largely focused on the well-characterised impact on suicide rates of periods of economic recession and rises in unemployment ( Chang et al., 2013; Stuckler et al., 2009).”
From The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on self-harm and suicidal behaviour: a living systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as Chang et al., 2013
In the citing paper
“More recently, studies found evidence that there was an upturn in suicide rates during the financial crisis of 2007/2008 set against this overall decline.”
From The global burden of injury: incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years and time trends from the Global Burden of Disease study 2013 (2016) · cites this paper as [38]
In the citing paper
“Across 54 countries globally, suicide rates increased in many age groups, including those aged 15-24 years, following the 2008 global economic crisis (Chang et al., 2013).”
From Social media use, economic recession and income inequality in relation to trends in youth suicide in high-income countries: a time trends analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Chang et al., 2013
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
AGE STANDARDIZATION OF RATES: A NEW WHO STANDARD
Ahmad, O. B., Boschi-Pinto, C., López, A. D., Murray, C. J. L., Lozano, R., & Inoue, M. (2000) · Cited by 1,793
Stuckler, D., Basu, S., Suhrcke, M., Coutts, A., & McKee, M. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61124-7 · Cited by 1,486
Financial crisis, austerity, and health in Europe
Karanikolos, M., Mladovsky, P., Cylus, J., Thomson, S., Basu, S., Stückler, D., Mackenbach, J. P., & McKee, M. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60102-6 · Cited by 1,460
The International Handbook of Suicide and Attempted Suicide
(2000) · doi:10.1002/9780470698976 · Cited by 819
Borges, G., Nock, M. K., Haro Abad, J. M., Hwang, I., Sampson, N. A., Alonso, J., Andrade, L. H., Angermeyer, M. C., Beautrais, A., Bromet, E., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.08m04967blu · Cited by 796
Schmidtke, A., Bille‐Brahe, U., DeLeo, D., Kerkhof, A. J. F. M., Bjerke, T., Crepef, P., Häring, C., Hawton, K., Lönnqvist, J. K., Michel, K., et al. (1996) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1996.tb10656.x · Cited by 784
Gili, M., Roca, M., Basu, S., McKee, M., & Stückler, D. (2012) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/cks035 · Cited by 592
Värnik, P. (2012) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph9030760 · Cited by 483
Effects of the 2008 recession on health: a first look at European data
Stückler, D., Basu, S., Suhrcke, M., Coutts, A. P., & McKee, M. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61079-9 · Cited by 480
Suicides associated with the 2008-10 economic recession in England: time trend analysis
Barr, B., Taylor-Robinson, D., Scott-Samuel, A., McKee, M., & Stuckler, D. (2012) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.e5142 · Cited by 452
Book Review: The International Handbook of Suicide and Attempted Suicide
Rosenman, S. J. (2001) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2001.0949k.x · Cited by 429
Chang, S., Gunnell, D., Sterne, J. A. C., Lu, T., & Cheng, A. T. A. (2009) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.01.010 · Cited by 399
Self-citationIncrease in state suicide rates in the USA during economic recession
Reeves, A., Stuckler, D., McKee, M., Gunnell, D., Chang, S.-S., & Basu, S. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61910-2 · Cited by 347
Self-citationIncreasing mortality during the expansions of the US economy, 1900–1996
Granados, J. A. T. (2005) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyi141 · Cited by 339
Economou, M. P., Madianos, M. G., Peppou, L. Ε., Patelakis, A., & Stefanis, C. N. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.08.008 · Cited by 335
Open verdict v. suicide – importance to research
Linsley, K. R., Schapira, K., & Kelly, T. P. (2001) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.178.5.465 · Cited by 279
Gunnell, D., Middleton, N., Whitley, E., Dorling, D., & Frankel, S. (2003) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00408-2 · Cited by 267
Self-citationLife and death during the Great Depression
Granados, J. A. T., & Roux, A. D. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.0904491106 · Cited by 251
Brainerd, E. L. (2001) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/s0014-2921(01)00108-8 · Cited by 222
Suicides hidden among undetermined deaths
Ohberg, A., & Lönnqvist, J. K. (1998) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1998.tb10069.x · Cited by 203
Budget crises, health, and social welfare programmes
Stückler, D., Basu, S., & McKee, M. (2010) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.c3311 · Cited by 185
Declining Autopsy Rates and Suicide Misclassification
Kapusta, N. D. (2011) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.66 · Cited by 171
Katikireddi, S. V., Niedzwiedz, C. L., & Popham, F. (2012) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001790 · Cited by 168
Suicidal Behaviour and the Labour Market
Platt, S. D., & Hawton, K. E. (2000) · doi:10.1002/9780470698976.ch20 · Cited by 159
Impact of Business Cycles on US Suicide Rates, 1928–2007
Luo, F., Florence, C., Quispe‐Agnoli, M., Ouyang, L., & Crosby, A. E. (2011) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2010.300010 · Cited by 156
Suicide among adults aged 35-64 years--United States, 1999-2010.
Sullivan, E., Annest, J. L., Luo, F., Simon, T. R., & Dahlberg, L. L. (2013) · PubMed Central · Cited by 155
Suicide and unemployment in Australia 1907–1990
Morrell, S. L., Taylor, R. J., Quine, S., & Kerr, C. B. (1993) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(93)90035-3 · Cited by 144
Evidence for the 2008 economic crisis exacerbating depression in Hong Kong
Lee, S., Guo, W., Tsang, A., Mak, A. D. P., Wu, J. C. Y., Ng, K. L., & Kwok, K. P. S. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.03.007 · Cited by 133
The response of violent mortality to economic crisis in Russia
Gavrilova, N. S., Semyonova, V. G., Николаевна, Е. Г., & Gavrilov, L. A. (2000) · Population Research and Policy Review · doi:10.1023/a:1010621601409 · Cited by 124
Excess suicides and attempted suicides in Italy attributable to the great recession
Vogli, R. D., Marmot, M. G., & Stückler, D. (2012) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2012-201607 · Cited by 115
Swinscow, D. (1951) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.1.4720.1417 · Cited by 99
Suicide among adults aged 35-64 years--United States, 1999-2010.
(2013) · PubMed · Cited by 94
Michie, J. (2014) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315062150-235 · Cited by 78
Mäki, N., & Martikainen, P. (2010) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2009.105908 · Cited by 70
Financial crisis, austerity, and health in Europe
Ayuso‐Mateos, J. L., Barros, P. P., & Gusmão, R. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61663-3 · Cited by 66
STATES’ SPENDING FOR PUBLIC WELFARE AND THEIR SUICIDE RATES, 1960 TO 1995: WHAT IS THE PROBLEM?
Zimmerman, S. L. (2002) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-200206000-00001 · Cited by 63
Major demographic, social and economic factors associated to suicide rates in Latvia 1980–98
Rancāns, E., Renberg, E. S., & Jacobsson, L. (2001) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2001.00007.x · Cited by 60
Chang, S., Sterne, J. A. C., Huang, W., Chuang, H.-L., & Gunnell, D. (2009) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2009.11.005 · Cited by 58
Self-citationEstimating the Degree of Heterogeneity between Event Rates Using Likelihood
Martuzzi, M., & Hills, M. (1995) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/141.4.369 · Cited by 41
Crawford, M., Kuforiji, B., & Ghosh, P. (2009) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2008.084145 · Cited by 29
Shi, Z., Taylor, A. W., Goldney, R. D., Winefield, H. R., Gill, T. K., Tuckerman, J., & Wittert, G. (2010) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s00038-010-0200-1 · Cited by 29
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 42 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [22]Brock A, Griffiths C. Trends in suicide by method in England and Wales, 1979-2001. Health Stat Q 2003; 20: 7-17.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Pierce, M., Hope, H., Ford, T., Hatch, S., Hotopf, M., John, A., Kontopantelis, E., Webb, R., Wessely, S., McManus, S., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30308-4 · Cited by 2,621
Why is depression more common among women than among men?
Kuehner, C. (2017) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30263-2 · Cited by 1,752
The integrated motivational–volitional model of suicidal behaviour
O'Connor, R. C., & Kirtley, O. J. (2018) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2017.0268 · Cited by 1,781
Haagsma, J. A., Graetz, N., Bolliger, I., Naghavi, M., Higashi, H., Mullany, E. C., Abera, S. F., Abraham, J. P., Adofo, K., Alsharif, U., et al. (2016) · Injury Prevention · doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2015-041616 · Cited by 1,302
Self-citationTurecki, G., Brent, D. A., Gunnell, D., O’Connor, R. C., Oquendo, M. A., Pirkis, J., & Stanley, B. H. (2019) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-019-0121-0 · Cited by 1,074
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Chang, S.-S., Stuckler, D., Yip, P., & Gunnell, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Hong Kong Jockey Club (HK)
- Corresponding author
- Chang, S.-S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2013-09-17
- Volume
- 347
- Issue
- sep17 1
- Pages
- f5239-f5239
- ISSN
- 1756-1833 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3776046
- OpenAlex
- W2053391121
- Cited by
- 799
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 83 · 2021: 94 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 104 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 77 · 2013: 7
- FWCI
- 94.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Explore Bristol Research (publishedVersion)
- The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0512-10068)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Employment and Welfare Studies
- Keywords
- suicide, economic recession, excess mortality, unemployment, sex differences, age differences, suicide rates, Europe, Americas, job loss
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, 80 and over, Europe, Female, Humans, Inflation, Economic, Male, Regression Analysis, Social Conditions, Suicide, Unemployment, United States, Global Health, World Health Organization, Databases, Factual, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
