Increase in state suicide rates in the USA during economic recession
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Past economic recessions have witnessed increased rates of common mental disorders and suicidal behavior in other global regions.
“past economic recessions have witnessed increased rates of common mental disorders and suicidal behavior in other global regions [44, 50].”
From Psychiatric symptoms, risk, and protective factors among university students in quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic in China (2021) · cites this paper as [50]
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“[54] National population sample, USA Ecological study 1999–2010 Inter-time Variables Macroeconomic indicators Pre- and post-recession period State-level unemployment rate Suicidal Behaviours National suicide rate The suicide rate accelerated after the onset of the recession.”
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“…perceived social support from friends, relatives and the community through social contact maintains self-esteem and helps individuals to better cope with unemployment (Bilgiç & Yı lmaz, 2013; C ordoba-Do~na et al., 2016; Reeves et al., 2012, 2014; RuizP erez et al., 2017; Ziersch et al., 2014).”
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“…recorded during previous widespread unemployment in the Great Depression and home foreclosures in the recent Great Recession (Chang et al., 2013; Reeves et al., 2012; Stuckler et al., 2009) show the potential for suicide rates to rise during the COVID‐19 crisis due to widespread lack of living…”
BackgroundCan Labor Market Policies Reduce Deaths of Despair?
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“Our findings for suicide are consistent with other recent research identifying economic correlates of suicide—non-employment, lack of health insurance, home foreclosures and debt crises (Reeves et al. 2012; Chang et al. 2013).”
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“During recessions individuals are more likely to suffer from depression and stress (Cooper, 2011) and suicides are higher (Stuckler et al., 2011; Reeves et al., 2012).”
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“This countercyclical relationship emerges from time-series analysis of the USA [162–166], UK [167–169], Italy [170, 171], Greece [172], Russia [173], Spain [174–176], South Korea [177, 178], and Japan [179].”
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“By focusing on the state level, we replicated and extended prior research on recessions and suicides, which often focus on unemployment as the key economic indicator.(3,5,6) Building on this research, we examined how state variation in foreclosures over time was associated with total and age-specific suicide rates adj…”
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“Suicides in the Western Hemisphere have increased markedly over the past decade, with over 40,000 deaths in the United States in 2012 alone (Drapeau and McIntosh, 2014; Reeves et al., 2012).”
BackgroundRachiotis, G., Stückler, D., McKee, M., & Hadjichristodoulou, C. S. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007295 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“Our findings are consistent with what has been observed during the current crisis in almost all European countries, many of which actually saw a reversal of a long-term decline in suicides,(18) 19 and in the USA where a long-term upward trend accelerated.(20) They are also consistent with research by other groups that…”
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“It is also possible that veterans are overrepresented in populations that are particularly vulnerable to stressors related to suicide, such as the recent economic downturn (25), that affect the U.”
BackgroundIncome Shocks and Suicides: Causal Evidence From Indonesia
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“1There is also correlational evidence highlighting that recessions increase suicides (Chang et al., 2013; Reeves et al., 2012).”
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“While several studies have measured the association between unemployment increase and suicide during the current recession [23-25], only one of them was stratified by sex [26].”
BackgroundMethodGruber, J., Prinstein, M. J., Abramowitz, J. S., Albano, A. M., Aldao, A., Borelli, J. L., Clark, L. A., Davila, J., Forbes, E. E., Gee, D. G., et al. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/desg9 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
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“Unemployed individuals are also prone to increased suicide (Nordt et al., 2015; Reeves et al., 2012).”
BackgroundGrowing sense of social status threat and concomitant deaths of despair among whites
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“There are several studies published until now, suggesting the presence of such a pattern concerning the impact of the economic crisis in European countries [6, 8–18], Asia [19, 20] and the US [15] although different and more complex interpretations also exist [21–26].”
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“Several scholars have examined the potential health consequences of a large-scale economic recession, such as the current downturn (see, among others, Reeves et al., 2012; De Vogli et al., 2013; Drydakis, 2015).”
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“…but the effect on suicides has been mixed, with some evidence that mortality is counter-cyclical (Ruhm, 2000; Lopez-Bernal et al., 2013; M AN US CR IP T AC CE PT ED 4 Reeves et al 2014; Reeves et al., 2012; Barr et al 2012), but another study showing that suicides are procyclical (Neumayer, 2004).”
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“and Reeves et al.(8) estimated that approximately 4500 ‘excess’ US suicides had occurred between 2007 and 2010, and the latter study attributed about 1500 of these to the change in the unemployment rate during the Great Recession.”
BackgroundCurrent and Future Challenges in the Delivery of Mental Healthcare during COVID-19
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“Our findings for suicide are consistent with other recent research identifying economic correlates of suicide-- nonemployment, lack of health insurance, home foreclosures and debt crises (Reeves et al. 2012; Chang et al. 2013).”
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Firearm possession and violent death: A critical review
Stroebe, W. (2013) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2013.07.025 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“…by the cultural, economic, and demographic factors that affect people's motivation to commit suicide (e.g., Durkheim, 1887/2002; Neymayer, 2003; Reeves et al., 2012; Stuckler, Basu, Suhrcke, Coutts, & McKee, 2009) or murder (e.g., Land, McCall, & Cohen, 1990; Fajnzylber, Lederman & Loarza,…”
BackgroundSex-specific and age-specific suicide mortality by method in 58 countries between 2000 and 2015
Wu, Y., Schwebel, D. C., Huang, Y., Ning, P., Cheng, P., & Hu, G. (2020) · Injury Prevention · doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043601 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Population Health Concerns During the United States’ Great Recession
Althouse, B. M., Allem, J.-P., Childers, M., Dredze, M. H., & Ayers, J. W. (2014) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2013.10.008 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Suicidal Ideation Among Community-Dwelling Adults in the United States
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“Background There is long-standing interest in the influence of macroeconomic changes on population-level suicide rates [1], most recently in relation to the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) [2–7], which occurred over the period 2007 to 2010 in high-income countries.”
BackgroundBasu, S., Rehkopf, D. H., Siddiqi, A., Glymour, M. M., & Kawachi, I. I. (2016) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwv249 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationSuicide, recession, and unemployment
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“…unemployment and general economic hardship have led to an increase in suicide rates and mental disorder among the general adult population in the United States and Europe (Kentikelenis et al. 2011; Stuckler et al. 2011; Barr et al. 2012; Reeves et al. 2012; De Vogli et al. 2013; Gili et al. 2013).”
BackgroundDebate: The impact of school closures and lockdown on mental health in young people
Townsend, E. (2020) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.12428 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“poormental health and suicide rates (Reeves et al., 2012).”
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Tracking search engine queries for suicide in the United Kingdom, 2004–2013
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Self-citationPrevención del suicidio en España: una necesidad clínica no resuelta
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“The most consistent data supporting such an association came from developed countries in the Anglo-Saxon world.(6,7) In contrast, in Spain the data were discrepant.”
The harder they fall? Sex and race/ethnic specific suicide rates in the U.S. foreclosure crisis
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“…prior research suggests that the economic downturn contributed to rising suicide rates over the recessionary period (Phillips and Nugent, 2014; Reeves et al., 2012; Stuckler and Basu, 2013), comparatively little work has examined to extent to which the strain of wide-spread home foreclosures…”
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Economic uncertainty and suicide in the United States
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Brodalumab and suicidal ideation in the context of a recent economic crisis in the United States
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Suicidio, desempleo y recesión económica en España
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Age-period-cohort analysis of suicide mortality by gender among white and black Americans, 1983–2012
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“Socioeconomic factors could also influence certain cohort effects because those in middle age may be more vulnerable to economic stress [41, 45].”
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Income or Job Loss and Psychological Distress During the COVID-19 Pandemic
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Italians on the Age of COVID-19: The Self-Reported Depressive Symptoms Through Web-Based Survey
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“Suicide rates could rise during an economic recession, and families from lower and middle-class backgrounds may be particularly affected by risk factors such as unemployment (Nordt, Warnke, Seifritz, & Kawohl, 2015; Reeves et al., 2012).”
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“Prior studies have analyzed the health effects of the economic recession and show that during times of poor economic activity and high unemployment, health risk factors are usually significantly impacted negatively, however most of these studies have focus on psychological outcomes (Reeves et al., 2012; Ayers et al.,…”
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The Ultimate Goal of Prevention and the Larger Context for Translation
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- Authors
- Reeves, A., Stuckler, D., McKee, M., Gunnell, D., Chang, S.-S., & Basu, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Reeves, Aaron
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-11
- Volume
- 380
- Issue
- 9856
- Pages
- 1813-1814
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- OpenAlex
- W1969568002
- Cited by
- 347
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 34.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (publishedVersion)
- The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) (submittedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (RP-PG-0610-10026)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Employment and Welfare Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- suicide rates, economic recession, mental health, excess mortality, United States
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Suicide, Unemployment, United States, Economic Recession
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