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Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study
Open accessAbstract
Objective: To explore whether thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration in patients with a diagnosis of hypothyroidism is associated with increased all cause mortality and a higher risk of cardiovascular disease and fractures. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: The Health Improvement Network (THIN), a database of electronic patient records from UK primary care. Participants: Adult patients with incident hypothyroidism from 1 January 1995 to 31 December 2017. Exposure: TSH concentration in patients with hypothyroidism. Main outcome measures: Ischaemic heart disease, heart failure, stroke/transient ischaemic attack, atrial fibrillation, any fractures, fragility fractures, and mortality. Longitudinal TSH measurements from diagnosis to outcomes, study end, or loss to follow-up were collected. An extended Cox proportional hazards model with TSH considered as a time varying covariate was fitted for each outcome. Results: 162 369 patients with hypothyroidism and 863 072 TSH measurements were included in the analysis. Compared with the reference TSH category (2-2.5 mIU/L), risk of ischaemic heart disease and heart failure increased at high TSH concentrations (>10 mIU/L) (hazard ratio 1.18 (95% confidence interval 1.02 to 1.38; P=0.03) and 1.42 (1.21 to 1.67; P<0.001), respectively). A protective effect for heart failure was seen at low TSH concentrations (hazard ratio 0.79 (0.64 to 0.99; P=0.04) for TSH <0.1 mIU/L and 0.76 (0.62 to 0.92; P=0.006) for 0.1-0.4 mIU/L). Increased mortality was observed in both the lowest and highest TSH categories (hazard ratio 1.18 (1.08 to 1.28; P<0.001), 1.29 (1.22 to 1.36; P<0.001), and 2.21 (2.07 to 2.36; P<0.001) for TSH <0.1 mIU/L, 4-10 mIU/L, and >10 mIU/L. An increase in the risk of fragility fractures was observed in patients in the highest TSH category (>10 mIU/L) (hazard ratio 1.15 (1.01 to 1.31; P=0.03)). Conclusions: In patients with a diagnosis of hypothyroidism, no evidence was found to suggest a clinically meaningful difference in the pattern of long term health outcomes (all cause mortality, atrial fibrillation, ischaemic heart disease, heart failure, stroke/transient ischaemic attack, fractures) when TSH concentrations were within recommended normal limits. Evidence was found for adverse health outcomes when TSH concentration is outside this range, particularly above the upper reference value.
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TL;DR
In UK primary care patients with incident hypothyroidism, TSH concentrations within the recommended normal range were not associated with clinically meaningful differences in long-term mortality, cardiovascular disease, or fracture outcomes. Adverse outcomes were seen mainly when TSH was outside normal limits, especially above 10 mIU/L.
Key findings
- Compared with TSH 2-2.5 mIU/L, high TSH (>10 mIU/L) was associated with increased ischaemic heart disease (HR 1.18, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.38; P=0.03) and heart failure (HR 1.42, 95% CI 1.21 to 1.67; P<0.001).
- Low TSH was associated with lower heart failure risk: HR 0.79 (0.64 to 0.99; P=0.04) for TSH <0.1 mIU/L and HR 0.76 (0.62 to 0.92; P=0.006) for 0.1-0.4 mIU/L.
- Mortality was increased at both low and high TSH: HR 1.18 (1.08 to 1.28; P<0.001) for <0.1 mIU/L, HR 1.29 (1.22 to 1.36; P<0.001) for 4-10 mIU/L, and HR 2.21 (2.07 to 2.36; P<0.001) for >10 mIU/L.
- Fragility fracture risk was increased at TSH >10 mIU/L (HR 1.15, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.31; P=0.03); no association was found for all fractures.
Methods
- Retrospective cohort study using The Health Improvement Network (THIN), a UK primary care electronic records database, including adults with incident hypothyroidism from 1 January 1995 to 31 December 2017.
- The analysis included 162,369 patients with hypothyroidism and 863,072 TSH measurements; median follow-up was 6 years, and 23.2% were men and 76.8% women.
- TSH was modelled as a time-varying categorical covariate (annual mean; reference 2-2.5 mIU/L) in extended Cox proportional hazards models for ischaemic heart disease, heart failure, stroke/TIA, atrial fibrillation, all fractures, fragility fractures, and mortality, adjusted for baseline covariates; subgroup analyses were by age and sex.
Limitations
- The paper states that it did not differentiate cause of hypothyroidism; assay variability, interference, macro-TSH, age-related TSH shifts, and obesity may affect the sample; some subclinical hypothyroidism may have been miscoded; baseline covariates may have varied over time; median follow-up of 6 years may not capture all long-term outcomes; cause-specific mortality is not recorded in THIN; reverse causality is possible; and osteoporosis is poorly recorded.
- The paper also notes that pituitary disease was not excluded in the primary analysis, although a sensitivity analysis excluding 1,416 (0.9%) patients with pituitary disease had no effect on mortality findings.
- Evident from the text: this is an observational database study, so residual confounding cannot be excluded, and reliance on Read codes and primary care records may introduce misclassification.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Increased mortality was observed in both the lowest and highest TSH categories (hazard ratio 1.18 (1.08 to 1.28; P<0.001), 1.29 (1.22 to 1.36; P<0.001), and 2.21 (2.07 to 2.36; P<0.001) for TSH <0.1 mIU/L, 4-10 mIU/L, and >10 mIU/L.”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Abstract > Results
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In the paper
“This was not the case for stroke/transient ischaemic attack; however, the risk was marginally reduced at TSH concentrations of 3-3.5 mIU/L”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Results > Cardiovascular diseases
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In the paper
“A protective effect for heart failure was seen at low TSH concentrations (hazard ratio 0.79 (0.64 to 0.99; P=0.04) for TSH <0.1 mIU/L and 0.76 (0.62 to 0.92; P=0.006) for 0.1-0.4 mIU/L).”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Abstract > Results
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In the paper
“Compared with the reference TSH category (2-2.5 mIU/L), risk of ischaemic heart disease and heart failure increased at high TSH concentrations (>10 mIU/L) (hazard ratio 1.18 (95% confidence interval 1.02 to 1.38; P=0.03) and 1.42 (1.21 to 1.67; P<0.001), respectively).”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Abstract > Results
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In the paper
“the risk was marginally reduced at TSH concentrations of 3-3.5 mIU/L (hazard ratio 0.86 (0.75 to 0.99; P=0.04)”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Results > Cardiovascular diseases
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In the paper
“An increase in the risk of fragility fractures was observed in patients in the highest TSH category (>10 mIU/L) (hazard ratio 1.15 (1.01 to 1.31; P=0.03)).”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Abstract > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared with the reference TSH category (2-2.5 mIU/L), risk of ischaemic heart disease and heart failure increased at high TSH concentrations (>10 mIU/L) (hazard ratio 1.18 (95% confidence interval 1.02 to 1.38; P=0.03) and 1.42 (1.21 to 1.67; P<0.001), respectively).”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Abstract > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A protective effect for heart failure was seen at low TSH concentrations (hazard ratio 0.79 (0.64 to 0.99; P=0.04) for TSH <0.1 mIU/L and 0.76 (0.62 to 0.92; P=0.006) for 0.1-0.4 mIU/L).”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Abstract > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found a statistically significant increase in risk of ischaemic heart disease and heart failure at high TSH concentrations (>10 mIU/L) compared with the reference category (2-2.5 mIU/L) (hazard ratio 1.18 (95% confidence interval 1.02 to 1.38; P=0.03) and 1.42 (1.21 to 1.67; P<0.001), respectively”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Results > Cardiovascular diseases
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In the paper
“At low TSH concentrations (<0.4 mIU/L), no association with ischaemic heart disease or stroke/transient ischaemic attack was present”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Results > Cardiovascular diseases
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 25
- It may state two separate claims as one. 24
- The quote only partly states this claim. 4
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean age of patients at the time of diagnosis of hypothyroidism was 58.43 (SD 17.15) years.”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 439Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“162 369 patients with hypothyroidism and 863 072 TSH measurements were included in the analysis.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“The study population included 162 369 patients with hypothyroidism; we excluded 1930 patients with a baseline TSH measurement only and no subsequent measurement.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“A total of 863 072 TSH measurements were collected for the analysis.”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Abstract > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 369Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
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In the paper
“The remaining 160 439 included patients contributed a total of 1 073 038 person years, with a median follow-up of 6 years (supplementary table A);”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 439Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“23.2% (n=37 226) of patients were men, and 76.8% (n=123 213) were women.”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 37Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“both the lowest and highest TSH concentrations were associated with increased mortality compared with the reference TSH category (hazard ratio 1.18 (1.08 to 1.28; P<0.001), 1.29 (1.22 to 1.36; P<0.001), and 2.21 (2.07 to 2.36; P<0.001) for TSH <0.1 mIU/L, 4-10 mIU/L, and >10 mIU/L”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Results > All cause mortality
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“both the lowest and highest TSH concentrations were associated with increased mortality compared with the reference TSH category (hazard ratio 1.18 (1.08 to 1.28; P<0.001), 1.29 (1.22 to 1.36; P<0.001), and 2.21 (2.07 to 2.36; P<0.001) for TSH <0.1 mIU/L, 4-10 mIU/L, and >10 mIU/L”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Results > All cause mortality
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In the paper
“We obtained similar results in age (≤65 and >65 years) and sex stratified analyses (supplementary tables B-E).”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Results > Cardiovascular diseases
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In the paper
“Similarly, we observed no increase in risk of ischaemic heart disease, heart failure, stroke/transient ischaemic attack, atrial fibrillation, and fractures in patients with hypothyroidism across TSH concentrations within the specified normal range.”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Discussion
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In the paper
“however, mortality was higher in the lowest TSH category (<0.1 mIU/L) and for concentrations above 4 mIU/L.”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Discussion
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The risk of heart failure was elevated when TSH was above 10 mIU/L and lower when TSH was below 0.4 mIU/L.”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Discussion
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In the paper
“the association was non-significant in men and patients aged 65 years or under.”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Results > Fractures
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In the paper
“Interestingly, we found a higher risk of fragility fractures for TSH above 10 mIU/L, driven predominantly by women and patients aged over 65 years.”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Discussion
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In the paper
“However, we found a marginal protective effect at TSH concentrations of 0.1-0.4 mIU/L (hazard ratio 0.86 (0.74 to 1.00; P=0.05)”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Results > Cardiovascular diseases
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In the paper
“In the study dataset, 11.6% and 32.4% of the annual TSH measures were below (<0.4 mIU/L) or above (>4 mIU/L) the recommended optimal range, respectively”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Discussion
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“both the lowest and highest TSH concentrations were associated with increased mortality compared with the reference TSH category (hazard ratio 1.18 (1.08 to 1.28; P<0.001), 1.29 (1.22 to 1.36; P<0.001), and 2.21 (2.07 to 2.36; P<0.001) for TSH <0.1 mIU/L, 4-10 mIU/L, and >10 mIU/L”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Results > All cause mortality
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In the paper
“consequently, levothyroxine is one of the most commonly prescribed drugs in Western countries,2 3”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 2 3
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In the paper
“Current guidelines in Europe and the US recommend that replacement therapy should be aimed at resolving symptoms and achieving “normalisation” of TSH.7 8”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 7 8
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In the paper
“In the UK, GPs are required to maintain a mandatory register of patients with ischaemic heart disease, heart failure, stroke/transient ischaemic attack, and atrial fibrillation as part of the Quality and Outcomes Framework; these diagnoses are therefore well recorded in primary care.”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Methods > Exposure, outcomes, and covariates
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In the paper
“from a physiological standpoint, a continuum of effects may plausibly occur across the spectrum of normal TSH concentrations9”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] source
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In the paper
“Hypothyroidism is a highly prevalent global health problem that can substantially affect patients’ wellbeing.1”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
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In the paper
“and this is likely to increase further in the foreseeable future.4”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] source
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In the paper
“In addition, we did a sensitivity analysis for the mortality outcome by using multiple imputation to impute missing TSH values; covariates used in the imputation were sex, age, body mass index, fifth of Townsend deprivation, smoking status, diabetes, hypertension, and levothyroxine prescription (supplementary methods 1).”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Methods > Missing data
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In the paper
“This is further challenged by evidence suggesting that free thyroxine concentrations are the main driver of the above clinical outcomes.23 24”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 23 24
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“which suggest a wide range for TSH, 0.4-4.0 mIU/L, as an indication for optimal replacement,7 8”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 7 8
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In the paper
“For mortality, the model was also adjusted for Charlson comorbidity index.”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Methods > Analysis
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In the paper
“Mortality data and clinical codes for cardiovascular diseases in THIN have been previously validated.27 28 29”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Methods > Exposure, outcomes, and covariates
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 27 28 29
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In the paper
“Cause specific mortality is not recorded in THIN, so we could not ascertain cause of death.”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Discussion > Strengths and limitations of study
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In the paper
“As we could not confirm diagnoses, a small proportion of patients with subclinical hypothyroidism may have been miscoded as having hypothyroidism in general practice.”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Discussion > Strengths and limitations of study
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In the paper
“Osteoporosis is poorly recorded in primary care, so we could not include osteoporosis as an outcome; we used fragility fracture as an alternative.”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Discussion > Strengths and limitations of study
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In clinical terms, these findings corroborate the current recommendations for management of hypothyroid patients.”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Discussion
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We treated TSH as a time varying covariate; for other variables, we included baseline values in the model, but these too (for example, smoking status, body mass index, and drugs) may have varied over time.”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Discussion > Strengths and limitations of study
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the primary analysis, we did not exclude patients with pituitary disease, in whom TSH concentrations may not accurately reflect circulating thyroid hormone concentrations owing to TSH deficiency being caused by inadequate secretion of TSH.”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Discussion > Strengths and limitations of study
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings may be the result of multiple testing, although each result occurs within the 3-4 mIU/L concentration range.”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Furthermore, assay variability, potential interference with rheumatoid factors or heterophilic antibodies, occasional cases of macro-TSH, the observed age related shift towards higher TSH concentrations in older iodine sufficient patients, and obesity may affect this population based sample to an extent.45 46 47 48”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Discussion > Strengths and limitations of study
What the sources say
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This, combined with the rigorous selection of covariates and a large and well powered study population, enabled us to explore a comprehensive list of relevant outcomes reflecting the full spectrum of cardiovascular disease.”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Discussion > Strengths and limitations of study
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“An earlier study by Flynn et al included multiple TSH measures for each patient but used these to create a single weighted mean value that was used to assign patients to one of four categories (suppressed, low, normal, and high TSH)6; the method did not account for changes in TSH concentration or category during the follow-up period.”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Discussion > Strengths and limitations of study
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“which is largely in line with previous relevant reports.44”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, by showing effects on all cause mortality when hypothyroidism is suboptimally treated, our findings challenge the notion of a “benign” disease and underline the need for diligent monitoring”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Firstly, we did not differentiate the cause of hypothyroidism (for example, autoimmune, post-radioiodine or thyroidectomy, and thyroiditis).”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Discussion > Strengths and limitations of study
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The median follow-up period was six years; this may not be sufficient to observe all long term outcomes.”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Discussion > Strengths and limitations of study
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“From a clinical perspective, this study provides strong support for the current recommendations on the clinical management of hypothyroid patients and validates with hard evidence the latest American Thyroid Association and British Thyroid Association guidelines.7 8”
§ Thyroid replacement therapy, thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations, and long term health outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism: longitudinal study > Discussion > Implications of findings
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
The remaining TSH categories (0.1-0.4 and 4-10 mIU/L) include subclinical thyroid dysfunction.
“We assumed the remaining categories (TSH 0.1-0.4 and 4-10 mIU/L) to include subclinical thyroid dysfunction, serving both ease of interpretation and biological plausibility.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Determining an individual's set point for TSH is not part of routine clinical practice.
“but determining an individual’s set point is not part of routine clinical practice, and replacement treatment is generally targeted in a wide reference range.”
The paper relies on this without support.
TSH concentrations in the wide target range may be achieved by different doses of levothyroxine.
“TSH concentrations in this wide target range may be achieved by different doses of levothyroxine.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Lifelong treatment with thyroid hormone is needed when persistent thyroid hormone deficiency is confirmed.
“Lifelong treatment with thyroid hormone (replacement therapy) is needed when the diagnosis of persistent thyroid hormone deficiency is confirmed;”
The paper relies on this without support.
No specific optimal target for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration exists in the context of thyroid hormone replacement.
“No specific optimal target for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration exists in the context of thyroid hormone replacement”
The paper relies on this without support.
Whether variation in TSH concentration within normal limits may significantly affect patients' outcomes remains unclear.
“Whether variation in TSH concentration within normal limits may significantly affect patients’ outcomes remains unclear”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“In younger individuals, increased risks of adverse outcomes were observed in patients with TSH concentrations less than 0•1 mIU/L (but not 0•1-0•4 mIU/L), in terms of all-cause mortality, 160 atrial fibrillation, and stroke risk.161”
From Hypothyroidism (2024) · cites this paper as [160]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These risks were particularly more pronounced in those with serum TSH levels that are consistently at the extremes (<0.1 or >10.0 mU/L).”
From ETA guidelines for the use of levothyroxine sodium preparations in monotherapy to optimize the treatment of hypothyroidism (2025) · cites this paper as [72]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Analyses of real-world data from patient registries have demonstrated that the levels of serum TSH outside the reference intervals, in patients with LT4-treated hypothyroidism, are associated with adverse health outcomes, including ischemic heart disease events, cardiac dysrhythmias, fractures, and heart failure (5, 72, 73).”
From ETA guidelines for the use of levothyroxine sodium preparations in monotherapy to optimize the treatment of hypothyroidism (2025) · cites this paper as [72]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Excessive LT4 treatment in patients of high age is associated with an increased mortality.”
From Risks of suboptimal and excessive thyroid hormone replacement across ages (2023) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“A recent retrospective cohort study of more than 150,000 patients with incident hypothyroidism of whom 97% received LT4 therapy during the follow-up period, showed that there was an association between the highest TSH concentration and increased risk of heart failure both in patients younger and older than 65 years; whereas, the increased risk of ischemic heart disease remained significant only in”
From Risks of suboptimal and excessive thyroid hormone replacement across ages (2023) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“The risk of stroke/transient ischemic attack was not increased in any patients.”
From Risks of suboptimal and excessive thyroid hormone replacement across ages (2023) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“whereas, the increased risk of ischemic heart disease remained significant only in patients ≤ 65 years [43].”
From Risks of suboptimal and excessive thyroid hormone replacement across ages (2023) · cites this paper as [43]
In the citing paper
“However, several studies showed insufficiently treated overt and/or subclinical hypothyroidism as well as excessively replaced hypothyroid patients associated with increased early mortality risk in older patients [41–44].”
From Risks of suboptimal and excessive thyroid hormone replacement across ages (2023) · cites this paper as [43]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Abstract overstates the number of patients included in the analysis
MinorThe abstract says 162,369 patients were included, but the Results section says 1,930 of those patients were excluded, leaving 160,439 included patients.
“162 369 patients with hypothyroidism and 863 072 TSH measurements were included in the analysis.”
“The study population included 162 369 patients with hypothyroidism; we excluded 1930 patients with a baseline TSH measurement only and no subsequent measurement. The remaining 160 439 included patients contributed a total of 1 073 038 person years”
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
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Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 54 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–139 of 139
Thyroid Functions and Cognitive Decline in the Elderly
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Metadata
- Authors
- Thayakaran, R., Adderley, N. J., Sainsbury, C., Torlinska, B., Boelaert, K., Šumilo, D., Price, M., Thomas, G. N., Toulis, K. A., & Nirantharakumar, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde (GB)
- 424 General Military Hospital (GR)
- Health Data Research UK (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Nirantharakumar, Krishnarajah
- ORCID
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2019-09-03
- Volume
- 366
- Pages
- l4892
- ISSN
- 1756-1833 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- PMC
- PMC6719286
- OpenAlex
- W2971614705
- Semantic Scholar
- bf5bdeaf372dfe7b221183446c75c400d3f317b4
- Cited by
- 138
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 12.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Keywords
- hypothyroidism, thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroid hormone replacement, levothyroxine, all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, stroke, atrial fibrillation, fracture, fragility fractures, TSH suppression, time-varying covariates, primary care, Health Improvement Network, health outcomes, dose-response relationship
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Cardiovascular Diseases, Female, Humans, Hypothyroidism, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Reference Values, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, Thyroid Gland, Thyrotropin, Thyroxine, Fractures, Bone
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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