Influence and management of conflicts of interest in randomised clinical trials: qualitative interview study
Open accessAbstract
Objective: To characterise and analyse the experiences of trial researchers of if and how conflicts of interest had unduly influenced clinical trials they had worked on, what management strategies they had used to minimise any potential influence, and their experiences and views on conflicts of interest more generally. Design: Qualitative interview study. Participants: Trial researchers who had participated in at least 10 clinical trials with methodological or statistical expertise. Researchers differed by geographical location, educational background, and experience with different types of funders. Interviewees were identified by searches on Web of Science and snowball sampling. 52 trial researchers were approached by email; 20 agreed to be interviewed. Setting: Interviews conducted by telephone, recorded, transcribed verbatim, imported to NVivo 12, and analysed by systematic text condensation. Semistructured interviews focused on financial and non-financial conflicts of interest. Results: The interviewees had participated in a median of 37.5 trials and were mainly male physicians who had experience with commercial and non-commercial trial funders. Two predefined themes (influence of conflicts of interest and management strategies) and two additional themes (definition and reporting of conflicts of interest) emerged. Examples of perceived influence of conflicts of interest were: choice of inferior comparator, manipulation of the randomisation process, prematurely stopping the trials, fabrication of data, blocking access to data, and spin (eg, overly favourable interpretation of the results). Examples of strategies to manage conflicts of interest were: disclosure procedures, exclusion of the funder from design and analysis, independent committees, contracts ensuring complete access to the data, and no restriction by the funder on analysis and reporting. Interviewees used different definitions or thresholds for what they considered to be conflicts of interest, and they described different criteria for when to report them. Some interviewees considered non-commercial financial conflicts of interest (eg, funding of trials by governmental health agencies with a political agenda) to be equally or more important than commercial financial conflicts of interest (eg, funding by drug and device companies), but more challenging to report and manage. Conclusion: This study described how trial researchers perceive conflicts of interest unduly influencing clinical trials they had worked on, and the management strategies they used to prevent these influences. The results indicated considerable variability in researchers’ understanding of what conflicts of interest are and when they should be reported.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Undue influence on trials from non-industry funders with a strong interest in a specific trial result has been described, although studied less.
“Undue influence on trials from non-industry funders with a strong interest in a specific trial result has been described,107 although studied less.”
From SPIRIT 2025 explanation and elaboration: updated guideline for protocols of randomised trials (2025) · cites this paper as [107]
Conflicts of interest are most often associated with drug and device industries, but may exist with support from or affiliation with government agencies, charities, and professional and civic organisations, although these associations have been much less investigated.
“Conflicts of interest are most often associated with drug and device industries, but they may exist with support from or affiliation with government agencies, charities (not-for-profit organisations), and professional and civic organisations,107 although these associations have been much less investigated.”
From SPIRIT 2025 explanation and elaboration: updated guideline for protocols of randomised trials (2025) · cites this paper as [107]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Tong, A., Sainsbury, P., & Craig, J. (2007) · International Journal for Quality in Health Care · doi:10.1093/intqhc/mzm042 · Cited by 42,509 · see citing works
RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials
Sterne, J. A. C., Savović, J., Page, M. J., Elbers, R. G., Blencowe, N. S., Boutron, I., Cates, C. J., Cheng, H.-Y., Corbett, M. S., Eldridge, S. M., et al. (2019) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.l4898 · Cited by 33,583 · see citing works
Self-citationSaturation in qualitative research: exploring its conceptualization and operationalization
Saunders, B., Sim, J., Kingstone, T., Baker, S., Waterfield, J., Bartlam, B., Burroughs, H., & Jinks, C. (2018) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-017-0574-8 · Cited by 12,033 · see citing works
SPIRIT 2013 Statement: Defining Standard Protocol Items for Clinical Trials
Chan, A.-W., Tetzlaff, J. M., Altman, D. G., Laupacis, A., Gøtzsche, P. C., Krleža-Jerić, K., Hróbjartsson, A., Mann, H., Dickersin, K., Berlin, J. A., et al. (2013) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-158-3-201302050-00583 · Cited by 7,363 · see citing works
Self-citation(2008) · Cited by 6,727 · see citing works
Consort 2010 statement: extension to cluster randomised trials
Campbell, M. K., Piaggio, G., Elbourne, D. R., Altman, D. G., & for the CONSORT Group (2012) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.e5661 · Cited by 3,510 · see citing works
InterViews : learning the craft of qualitative research interviewing
Brinkmann, S., & Kvale, S. (2015) · VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet) · Cited by 2,605 · see citing works
Systematic text condensation: A strategy for qualitative analysis
Malterud, K. (2012) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494812465030 · Cited by 2,305 · see citing works
Industry sponsorship and research outcome
Lundh, A., Lexchin, J., Mintzes, B., Schroll, J. B., & Bero, L. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.mr000033.pub3 · Cited by 1,697 · see citing works
Self-citationIs there a bias against telephone interviews in qualitative research?
Novick, G. (2008) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.20259 · Cited by 1,353 · see citing works
Advantages and Disadvantages of Four Interview Techniques in Qualitative Research
Opdenakker, R. (2008) · Forum qualitative Sozialforschung · doi:10.17169/fqs-7.4.175 · Cited by 1,175 · see citing works
Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice
Institute of Medicine (2009) · National Academies Press eBooks · doi:10.17226/12598 · Cited by 824 · see citing works
Als-Nielsen, B., Chen, W., Gluud, C., & Kjaergard, L. L. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.290.7.921 · Cited by 746 · see citing works
Characteristics of Clinical Trials Registered in ClinicalTrials.gov, 2007-2010
Califf, R. M. (2012) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2012.3424 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Filardo, G., da Graca, B., Sass, D. M., Pollock, B. D., Smith, E. B., & Martinez, M. A.-M. (2016) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.i847 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Reporting bias in medical research - a narrative review
McGauran, N., Wieseler, B., Kreis, J., Schüler, Y.-B., Kölsch, H., & Kaiser, T. (2010) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-11-37 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Assessing risk of bias due to missing results in a synthesis
Page, M. J., Higgins, J. P., & Sterne, J. A. (2019) · Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions · doi:10.1002/9781119536604.ch13 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Are selective COX 2 inhibitors superior to traditional non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs?
Jüni, P., Rutjes, A. W., & Dieppe, P. A. (2002) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7349.1287 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Factors That Can Affect the External Validity of Randomised Controlled Trials
Rothwell, P. M. (2006) · PLoS Clinical Trials · doi:10.1371/journal.pctr.0010009 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Boutron, I., Altman, D. G., Hopewell, S., Vera-Badillo, F., Tannock, I., & Ravaud, P. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2014.56.7503 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Self-citationNoury, J. C. L., Nardo, J. M., Healy, D., Jureidini, J. N., Raven, M. K., Tufănaru, C., & Abi‐Jaoude, E. (2015) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.h4320 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Yavchitz, A., Boutron, I., Bafeta, A., Marroun, I., Charles, P., Mantz, J., & Ravaud, P. (2012) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001308 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Self-citationPage, M. J., Higgins, J. P. T., Clayton, G., Sterne, J. A. C., Hróbjartsson, A., & Savović, J. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159267 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Self-citationFrequency and reasons for outcome reporting bias in clinical trials: interviews with trialists
Smyth, R. M. D., Kirkham, J. J., Jacoby, A., Altman, D. G., Gamble, C., & Williamson, P. R. (2011) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.c7153 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Ahn, R., Woodbridge, A., Abraham, A., Saba, S., Korenstein, D., Madden, E., Boscardin, W., & Keyhani, S. (2017) · British medical journal · doi:10.1136/bmj.i6770 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Women in Academic Medicine — Progress and Challenges
Hamel, M. B., Ingelfinger, J. R., Phimister, E. G., & Solomon, C. G. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejme068143 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Why Having a (Nonfinancial) Interest Is Not a Conflict of Interest
Bero, L. A., & Grundy, Q. (2016) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2001221 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Testing Treatments: Better Research for Better Healthcare
Evans, I., Thornton, H., Chalmers, I., & Glasziou, P. (2006) · Bond University Research Portal (Bond University) · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Zwierzyna, M., Davies, M., Hingorani, A. D., & Hunter, J. (2018) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.k2130 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Norris, S. L., Burda, B. U., Holmer, H. K., Ogden, L. A., Fu, R. F., Bero, L. A., Schünemann, H. J., & Deyo, R. A. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.12.011 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Wise, J. (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.f1738 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors
van der Weyden, M. V. (2006) · doi:10.2349/biij.2.4.e54-13 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Addressing Bias and Conflict of Interest Among Biomedical Researchers
Bero, L. A. (2017) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2017.3854 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Panagiotou, O. A., Contopoulos-Ioannidis, D. G., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.f707 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Constraints on Publication Rights in Industry-Initiated Clinical Trials
Gøtzsche, P. C., Hróbjartsson, A., Johansen, H. K., Haahr, M. T., Altman, D. G., & Chan, A.-W. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.295.14.1645 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationFinancial Conflict-of-Interest Policies in Clinical Research
Boyd, E. A., Cho, M. K., & Bero, L. A. (2003) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00001888-200308000-00002 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Dangers of neglecting non-financial conflicts of interest in health and medicine
Wiersma, M., Kerridge, I., & Lipworth, W. L. (2017) · Journal of Medical Ethics · doi:10.1136/medethics-2017-104530 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Susceptibility to Fraud in Systematic Reviews: Lessons from the Reuben Case
Marret, E., Elia, N., Dahl, J. B., McQuay, H. J., Møiniche, S., Moore, R. A., Straube, S., & Tramèr, M. R. (2009) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0b013e3181c14c3d · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Women’s Representation Among Lead Investigators of Clinical Trials in Oncology
Ludmir, E. B., Mainwaring, W., Miller, A. B., Lin, T. A., Jethanandani, A., Espinoza, A. F., & Holliday, E. B. (2019) · JAMA Oncology · doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.2196 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Investigator experiences with financial conflicts of interest in clinical trials
Rochon, P. A., Sekeres, M., Hoey, J., Lexchin, J., Ferris, L. E., Moher, D., Wu, W., Kalkar, S. R., Van Laethem, M., Gruneir, A., et al. (2011) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-12-9 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Access to data in industry-sponsored trials
Lundh, A., Krogsbøll, L. T., & Gøtzsche, P. C. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61871-0 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationTesting Treatments: Better Research for Better Healthcare (2nd edn)
Deshpande, N. (2013) · Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care · doi:10.1136/jfprhc-2013-100604 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
What to do with a clinical trial with conflicts of interest
Lundh, A., Boutron, I., Stewart, L. A., & Hróbjartsson, A. (2019) · BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjebm-2019-111230 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationAkl, E. A., Karl, R., & Guyatt, G. H. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.12.013 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
ICMJE (2024) · Ewha Medical Journal · doi:10.12771/emj.2024.e48 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Expression of concern: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of oral cancer
Horton, R. C. (2006) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68014-8 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Lundh, A., Rasmussen, K., Østengaard, L., Boutron, I., Stewart, L. A., & Hróbjartsson, A. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2019.12.005 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationPage, M. J., Boutron, I., Nejstgaard, C. H., Altman, D. G., & Hróbjartsson, A. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2018.01.004 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationFrom protocol to published report: a study of consistency in the reporting of academic drug trials
Berendt, L., Callréus, T., Petersen, L. G., Bach, K. F., Poulsen, H. E., & Dalhoff, K. (2016) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1189-4 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Lundh, A., & Bero, L. A. (2017) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.j176 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
CONSORT 2025 explanation and elaboration: updated guideline for reporting randomised trials
Hopewell, S., Chan, A.-W., Collins, G. S., Hróbjartsson, A., Moher, D., Schulz, K. F., Tunn, R., Aggarwal, R., Berkwits, M., Berlin, J. A., et al. (2025) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2024-081124 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Self-citationSPIRIT 2025 explanation and elaboration: updated guideline for protocols of randomised trials
Hróbjartsson, A., Boutron, I., Hopewell, S., Moher, D., Schulz, K. F., Collins, G. S., Tunn, R., Aggarwal, R., Berkwits, M., Berlin, J. A., et al. (2025) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2024-081660 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Self-citationBendotti, H., Lawler, S., Chan, G., GARTNER, C. E., Ireland, D., & Marshall, H. (2023) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076231211634 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
D'Souza, R. S., Klasová, J., Kleppel, D. J., Prokop, L. J., & Hussain, N. (2024) · Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine · doi:10.1136/rapm-2024-105903 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Study designs in medical research and their key characteristics
Nowak, D. J. (2024) · Journal of Medical Science · doi:10.20883/medical.e928 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
D'Souza, R. S., Her, Y. F., Morsi, M., Soleymani, H., Banks, D., Miclau, T. A., Ekhtiari, E., Cho, D. J., Prokop, L. J., & Hussain, N. (2025) · Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine · doi:10.1136/rapm-2025-107160 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Gagnon, M., & Dong, B. M. (2023) · Cochrane Evidence Synthesis and Methods · doi:10.1002/cesm.12011 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Perspectives on non-financial conflicts of interest in health-related journals: A scoping review
Wiersma, M., Kerridge, I., & Lipworth, W. L. (2024) · Accountability in Research · doi:10.1080/08989621.2024.2337046 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Conflicted and confused? Health harming industries and research funding in leading UK universities
Collin, J., Wright, A., Hill, S. E., & Smith, K. E. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.n1657 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Mashaqbeh, H., Alzoubi, K. H., Khabour, O. F., & Abu-Farha, R. (2022) · Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science · doi:10.7324/japs.2022.120815 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Beyond simple disclosure: addressing concerns about industry influence on public health
Raynes‐Greenow, C. H., Gaudino, J. A., Wilson, R. T., Advani, S., Weiss, S. H., & Al‐Delaimy, W. K. (2021) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004824 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Nagendrababu, V., Murray, P. E., Faggion, C. M., & Dummer, P. M. H. (2021) · International Endodontic Journal · doi:10.1111/iej.13599 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Critical Appraisal of Randomized Controlled Trials: An Overview
Maheshwarappa, H. M., & Majumder, S. (2023) · Indian Journal of Respiratory Care · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-11010-1040 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Anand, A. C., & Acharya, S. (2022) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jceh.2022.01.008 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Gysling, S., Khan, A., & Caruana, E. J. (2022) · Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery · doi:10.1053/j.semtcvs.2021.11.022 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Conflict of Interest and Commitment and Research Integrity
Redman, B. K. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-27111-3_6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Identifying and Minimizing Incentives for Competing Interests in Sports Medicine Publications
Shrier, I., Impellizzeri, F. M., & Stovitz, S. D. (2024) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-024-02037-w · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Enhanced independence: De-biasing processes in psychedelic research and beyond
Cheung, K., Ehrenkranz, R. C., & Yaden, D. B. (2025) · Research Ethics · doi:10.1177/17470161251326588 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A Study on the Scientific Reliability of Notification Data in the Foods with Function Claims
Suzuki, I., Chiba, T., Yoshimatsu, K., & Takebayashi, J. (2024) · Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) · doi:10.3358/shokueishi.65.31 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Vedula, S. S., Hróbjartsson, A., & Page, M. J. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-52636-2_183 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationVedula, S. S., Hróbjartsson, A., & Page, M. J. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-52677-5_183-1
Self-citationConflicts of Interest in Cardiology JournalsPreprint
Manga, K. M. S., Manga, A. B., & Piper, B. J. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.01.21.23284840
Publishing industry-sponsored studies.
Salonia, A., & Capogrosso, P. (2023) · Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1093/jsxmed/qdad003
Mascareñas-García, M., Rivero-de-Aguilar, A., Pérez-Ríos, M., Ruano-Raviña, A., Llaneza-González, M., Candal-Pedreira, C., Rey-Brandariz, J., & Varela-Lema, L. (2023) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2023-331733 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Conflict-of-Interest Discount in the Marketplace of IdeasPreprint
Barrios, J. M., Lancieri, F., Levy, J., Singh, S. K., Valletti, T., & Zingales, L. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4979205 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Interessenkonflikt und Verpflichtung und Forschungsintegrität
Redman, B. K. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-92469-9_6
Intégrité scientifique, intelligence artificielle et sécurité de la recherche
Denis, F. (2026) · Santé Publique · doi:10.3917/spub.262.0007
Addressing Conflicts of Interest in Clinical Trials
Lundh, A., & Hróbjartsson, A. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-27479-3_6
Self-citationNaon, E. J., & Cagang, A. C. (2026) · Psychology and Education A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.70838/pemj.590201
The Lived Experiences of Young Professional Teachers of Samal Tribe
Ibrahim, A., & BANTULO, J. S. (2026) · Psychology and Education A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.70838/pemj.591004
Bade, L. J. D., & ESPINOSA, F. (2026) · Psychology and Education A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.70838/pemj.600710
Developing high-quality research questions
Covvey, J. R., Gionfriddo, M. R., Kalarchian, M. A., Nolfi, D., & McClendon, C. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-44607-8.00008-x
Clinical Trial Prediction Markets
Zaorsky, N. G. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco-26-01303
- Authors
- Østengaard, L., Lundh, A., Tjørnhøj-Thomsen, T., Abdi, S., Gelle, M. H. A., Stewart, L. A., Boutron, I., & Hróbjartsson, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern Denmark (DK)
- Odense University Hospital (DK)
- University of York (GB)
- Inserm (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Østengaard, Lasse
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2020-10-27
- Volume
- 371
- Pages
- m3764
- ISSN
- 1756-1833 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7590918
- OpenAlex
- W3097362881
- Cited by
- 35
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4
- FWCI
- 3.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0507-10259)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmaceutical industry and healthcare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ethics in Clinical Research
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Academic integrity and plagiarism
- Keywords
- conflicts of interest, randomized controlled trials, research integrity, conflict management strategies, conflict of interest disclosure, commercial funding, data access
- MeSH terms
- Female, Humans, Male, Research Personnel, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Conflict of Interest, Qualitative Research
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
