COVID-19 pandemic and the social determinants of health
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Lauren Paremoer and colleagues call for action to create a fairer and more sustainable post-covid world
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“Social determinants of health, including poorer socioeconomic status, adverse working conditions, decreased access to healthcare or social exclusion may have contributed to these findings.(46,47) The following clinical risk factorswere associatedwithworst COVID-19 outcomes in CoCARE: ECOG PS 2, pre-existing comorbidit…”
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“…discrimination, individuals who are stateless, incarcerated, live in inadequate housing, or that have chronic health conditions), the pandemic substantially magnified gaps in inequality, with potentially negative implications on their long-term physical, socioeconomic, and mental wellbeing [67,68].”
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“Some scholars concentrated on the structural factors that lead to the current health inequities and proposed pro-equity laws and policies [23].”
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“Previous studies have mostly focused on the distribution and determinants of the COVID-19 pandemic by different dimensions such as social determinants of mortality [16, 17], disparities [18], social and mental health [18], food security status [19], and labor markets [20].”
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“ethnicity, or race, among other factors [4].”
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“Women were estimated to be doing three quarters of the unpaid care work, and this has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic [7, 47].”
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“COVID‐19 exposed the inequities that resulted in heavy reliance on the use of readily home remedies.(5) These inequalities in modern healthcare partly led to people resorting to the use of other healthcare alternatives, some of them being the use of home remedies.”
BackgroundAtwoli, L., Baqui, A. H., Benfield, T., Bosurgi, R., Godlee, F., Hancocks, S., Horton, R., Laybourn‐Langton, L., Monteiro, C. A., Norman, I. J., et al. (2021) · Universitas Médica · doi:10.11144/javeriana.umed62-3.call · Cited by 19 · see citing works
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“Women (migrant and non-migrant) constitute the majority of caregivers in health and social care facilities, in private households and in their own homes, and this has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic [35,36].”
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“8 These social determinants comprise broader policy environment and socioeconomic and environmental factors that indirectly or directly impact health by moulding individuals’ living, schooling, working life, and ageing choices and conditions that are actionable with effective responses.”
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“Additionally, understanding how social and environmental determinants of health affect communities pre-and post-disaster is vital to creating “interventions [that] tackle systematically reproduced conditions of vulnerability” [26].”
BackgroundRacial and Ethnic Disparities in Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
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“127,128 Evidence is growing that health outcomes in marginalized groups are not predetermined by genetic factors linked to their race, but instead are biological responses in fl uenced by discrimination.”
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“SDHs have interacted with gender [27], ethnicity, class and other factors to increase COVID-19 related inequalities [28, 29].”
BackgroundSocioeconomic Inequalities in COVID-19 Vaccination and Infection in Adults, Catalonia, Spain
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“However, the impact of the pandemic has not been uniform across or within countries (2).”
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COVID-19 and Kidney Disease: Progress in Health Inequity From Low-Income Settings
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“The pandemic exposed the pre-existing inequities and healthcare deficiencies in healthcare worldwide[98], but countries with lower resources suffered to a greater extent[19].”
BackgroundEconomic and Psychosocial Impact of COVID-19 in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos
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Long Covid requires a global response centred on equity and dialogue
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“Within societies, socio-economic inequality has exacerbated the effects of both COVID-19 and Long Covid [2].”
BackgroundHousing Insecurity and Asthma Outcomes
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“Their heightened susceptibility is not just due to biological factors but also stems from the interplay of social determinants and healthcare disparities they face [7, 8].”
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“and working with trade unions on issues of work conditions, such as gig employment and casualised work (25,26).”
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- Authors
- Paremoer, L., Nandi, S., Serag, H., & Baum, F.
- Affiliations
- University of Cape Town (ZA)
- The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (US)
- Flinders University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Nandi, Sulakshana
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2021-01-28
- Volume
- 372
- Pages
- n129
- ISSN
- 1756-1833 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7842257
- OpenAlex
- W3123581252
- Cited by
- 553
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 109 · 2022: 99 · 2021: 240
- FWCI
- 70.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Public Health Policies and Education
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare Systems and Challenges
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, social determinants of health, health equity, post-pandemic society, sustainability, health policy
- MeSH terms
- Food Insecurity, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Female, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Male, Public Policy, Socioeconomic Factors, Vulnerable Populations, Health Status Disparities, Social Determinants of Health
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