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Experience of miscarriage: an interpretative phenomenological analysis
Open accessAbstract
Objective: The objective of the study was to explore the experiences of those who have experienced miscarriage, focusing on men's and women's accounts of miscarriage. Design: This was a qualitative study using a phenomenological framework. Following in-depth semistructured interviews, analysis was undertaken in order to identify superordinate themes relating to their experience of miscarriage. Setting: A large tertiary-level maternity hospital in Ireland. Participants: A purposive sample of 16 participants, comprising 10 women and 6 men, was recruited. Results: 6 superordinate themes in relation to the participant's experience of miscarriage were identified: (1) acknowledgement of miscarriage as a valid loss; (2) misperceptions of miscarriage; (3) the hospital environment, management of miscarriage; (4) support and coping; (5) reproductive history; and (6) implications for future pregnancies. Conclusions: One of the key findings illustrates a need for increased awareness in relation to miscarriage. The study also indicates that the experience of miscarriage has a considerable impact on men and women. This study highlights that a thorough investigation of the underlying causes of miscarriage and continuity of care in subsequent pregnancies are priorities for those who experience miscarriage. Consideration should be given to the manner in which women who have not experienced recurrent miscarriage but have other potential risk factors for miscarriage could be followed up in clinical practice.
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“This was important, since many men explicitly reported a preference not to engage in formal counselling [78] and/or support groups [56, 61].”
From Men’s grief following pregnancy loss and neonatal loss: a systematic review and emerging theoretical model (2020) · cites this paper as [78]
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“However, other men in 10 studies (some overlapping with the above 14 studies) also reported less intense reactions, including stating that their partners experienced worse grief in comparison to them [56, 61, 69, 71–75, 78, 79].”
From Men’s grief following pregnancy loss and neonatal loss: a systematic review and emerging theoretical model (2020) · cites this paper as [78]
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In the citing paper
“In contrast, men with a history of loss in nine qualitative studies [46, 61, 62, 68, 71, 72, 78, 82, 83] did not report different or increased levels of grief.”
From Men’s grief following pregnancy loss and neonatal loss: a systematic review and emerging theoretical model (2020) · cites this paper as [78]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Three studies noted that providers who worked “extra hard” to provide both medical and practical information to men were valued [81], and parents who experienced the support of specialist bereavement care teams, or follow-up telephone calls from care providers, commented positively on this [68, 78].”
From Men’s grief following pregnancy loss and neonatal loss: a systematic review and emerging theoretical model (2020) · cites this paper as [78]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Across these, men discussed widespread taboo, stigma and silence surrounding miscarriage and/or stillbirth which worsened their grief.”
From Men’s grief following pregnancy loss and neonatal loss: a systematic review and emerging theoretical model (2020) · cites this paper as [78]
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“However, some men in qualitative studies also expressed less extreme reactions to the loss, indicating representation of a range of experiences [56, 61, 69, 71–75, 78, 79].”
From Men’s grief following pregnancy loss and neonatal loss: a systematic review and emerging theoretical model (2020) · cites this paper as [78]
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“Yet, in four studies, men did report increased worry about future pregnancies [59, 62, 75, 78].”
From Men’s grief following pregnancy loss and neonatal loss: a systematic review and emerging theoretical model (2020) · cites this paper as [78]
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“Four qualitative studies described how living children could both enhance the reality of the developing baby (thus worsening grief), and make coming to terms with the loss easier.”
From Men’s grief following pregnancy loss and neonatal loss: a systematic review and emerging theoretical model (2020) · cites this paper as [78]
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“In 10 studies, some men reported positive experiences with healthcare staff [46, 60, 61, 64, 68, 73, 75, 78, 81, 82].”
From Men’s grief following pregnancy loss and neonatal loss: a systematic review and emerging theoretical model (2020) · cites this paper as [78]
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In the citing paper
“Experiences of disenfranchisement included questioning their identity as fathers due to confusion surrounding whether their pregnancy was understood as a baby or not [46], only discussing their loss if/when prompted by another bereaved parent [78], and hurtful comments from others which minimised their grief or encouraged them to “move on” from the loss [61, 82].”
From Men’s grief following pregnancy loss and neonatal loss: a systematic review and emerging theoretical model (2020) · cites this paper as [78]
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In the citing paper
“A lack of community acknowledgement and understanding for grief following pregnancy loss was explicitly identified by male participants in seven qualitative studies from the USA [58, 65, 66, 82], Ireland [46, 78] and Australia [61].”
From Men’s grief following pregnancy loss and neonatal loss: a systematic review and emerging theoretical model (2020) · cites this paper as [78]
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In the citing paper
“The phenomenological qualitative study carried out by Meaney, Corcoran, Spillane, et al. (2017) about the experience of miscarriage indicates that this experience has a considerable impact on men and women, and the participants stated that it was important the acknowledgement of the loss by health professionals and more broadly throughout society.”
From Integrative Review of Emotional Care Following Perinatal Loss (2021) · cites this paper as Meaney, Corcoran, Spillane, et al. (2017)
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“In fact, many participants in this interpretative phenomenological study detailed how they could not enjoy the experience of being pregnant because of the fear of recurrent perinatal losses (Meaney, Corcoran, Spillane, et al., 2017).”
From Integrative Review of Emotional Care Following Perinatal Loss (2021) · cites this paper as Meaney, Corcoran, Spillane, et al., 2017
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In the citing paper
“During subsequent pregnancies after a miscarriage the participants manifested high levels of anxiety and they expressed how they focus on gestational weeks as goals, including exceeding the gestational age they had suffered the loss (Meaney, Corcoran, Spillane, et al., 2017).”
From Integrative Review of Emotional Care Following Perinatal Loss (2021) · cites this paper as Meaney, Corcoran, Spillane, et al., 2017
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In the citing paper
“Four qualitative studies described how living children could both enhance the reality of the developing baby (thus worsening grief), and make coming to terms with the loss easier.”
From Men’s grief following pregnancy loss and neonatal loss: a systematic review and emerging theoretical model (2020) · cites this paper as [78]
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Citations
Cites
Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis: Theory, Method and Research
(2010) · QMiP Bulletin · doi:10.53841/bpsqmip.2010.1.10.44 · Cited by 8,189
Introducing Qualitative Research in Psychology
Willig, C. (2001) · Cited by 3,012
Biggerstaff, D. L., & Thompson, A. (2008) · Qualitative Research in Psychology · doi:10.1080/14780880802314304 · Cited by 867
Risk factors for first trimester miscarriage—results from a UK-population-based case-control study
Maconochie, N., Doyle, P., Prior, S., & Simmons, R. (2007) · BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2006.01193.x · Cited by 387 · cited 1×
“to identify potential risk factors as the underlying aetiology of miscarriage is not well understood.(2) Studies indicate the need for familial and social support following miscarriage as it can”
Psychological morbidity following miscarriage
Lok, I. H., & Neugebauer, R. (2007) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2006.11.007 · Cited by 302 · cited 1×
“7–14 These studies also report that the high levels of stress and anxiety experienced can endure for 6–12 months following miscarriage.(8) In contrast, an interventional study in the”
Grief Following Miscarriage: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature
Brier, N. (2008) · Journal of Women's Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2007.0505 · Cited by 287 · cited 1×
“dren is associated with a relatively greater desire for children.(29) Wong et al(27) also highlight how, given this belief, it is also assumed that women with children will be less emotionally distressed and are less likely to receive emotional”
Miscarriage as a traumatic event: A review of the literature and new implications for intervention
Lee, C. W., & Slade, P. (1996) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(95)00579-x · Cited by 253
Anxiety following miscarriage and the subsequent pregnancy
Geller, P. A., Kerns, D., & Klier, C. M. (2004) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(03)00042-4 · Cited by 208
A national survey on public perceptions of miscarriage
Bardos, J., Hercz, D., Friedenthal, J., Missmer, S. A., & Williams, Z. (2015) · Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0000000000000859 · Cited by 205 · cited 1×
“A study from the USA also indicated that people believe that miscarriage is a rare complication of pregnancy.(25) The participants from this study believed that improvement of information provision would be beneficial in allowing individuals to better prepare for the possibility that their pregnancy could end in misca…”
Expectant care versus surgical treatment for miscarriage
Nanda, K., Lopez, L. M., Grimes, D. A., Peloggia, A., & Nanda, G. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003518.pub3 · Cited by 151
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Limbo, 2014, “Being sure”: women's experience with inevitable miscarriage, MCN, 39, 165
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Cabral-Pacheco, G. A., Garza-Veloz, I., Castruita-De la Rosa, C., Ramirez-Acuña, J. M., Perez-Romero, B. A., Guerrero-Rodriguez, J. F., Martinez-Avila, N., & Martinez-Fierro, M. L. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21249739 · Cited by 1,820
Dimitriadis, E., Menkhorst, E. M., Saito, S., Kutteh, W. H., & Brosens, J. J. (2020) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-020-00228-z · Cited by 772
Obst, K. L., Due, C., Oxlad, M., & Middleton, P. (2020) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-019-2677-9 · Cited by 222
Campillo, I. S. L., Meaney, S., McNamara, K., & O’Donoghue, K. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017802 · Cited by 134
Self-citationRecurrent pregnancy loss: couples’ perspectives on their need for treatment, support and follow up
Koert, E., Malling, G. M. H., Sylvest, R., Krog, M. C., Kolte, A. M., Schmidt, L., & Nielsen, H. S. (2018) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dey362 · Cited by 116
Metadata
- Authors
- Meaney, S., Corcoran, P., Spillane, N., & O'Donoghue, K.
- Affiliations
- University College Cork (IE)
- Corresponding author
- Meaney, S
- ORCID
- Venue
- BMJ Open
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2017-03
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- e011382
- ISSN
- 2044-6055 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5372116
- OpenAlex
- W2600339366
- Cited by
- 136
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 12.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- BMJ Open (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Health and Contraception
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Reproductive System and Pregnancy
- Keywords
- miscarriage, lived experience, grief, loss, reproductive history, continuity of care, recurrent pregnancy loss, miscarriage risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Abortion, Spontaneous, Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Delivery of Health Care, Female, Grief, Humans, Ireland, Male, Parents, Pregnancy, Quality of Health Care, Social Support, Reproductive Health Services, Qualitative Research
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