Sociodemographic factors in relation to hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control in a multi-ethnic Asian population: a cross-sectional study
Open accessAbstract
Objectives: Literature suggested that multi-ethnic Western populations experienced differential hypertension outcomes, but evidence is limited in Asia. This study was aimed to determine sociodemographic correlates of hypertension and its awareness, treatment and control among a multi-ethnic Asian population living in Singapore. Setting: We used cross-sectional data of participants from the Multi-Ethnic Cohort (MEC) (n=14 530) recruited in Singapore between 2004 and 2010. Participants: Participants who completed questionnaire and attended health examination, without cardiovascular diseases, cancer, stroke, renal failure, asthma and mental illnesses were included in the study. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine sociodemographics factors associated with hypertension, unawareness of having hypertension, untreated and uncontrolled hypertension. Results: Among 10 215 participants (47.2% Chinese, 26.0% Malay and 26.8% Indian), hypertension prevalence was estimated to be 31.1%. Older age, Malay ethnicity, male, lower educational level and being homemaker or retired/unemployed were factors significantly associated with hypertension. Stratified analysis suggested that age and education were consistently associated with hypertension across all ethnic groups. The proportions of being unaware, untreated and uncontrolled were 49.0%, 25.2% and 62.4%, respectively. Ethnicity and younger age were associated with unawareness; younger age, male and lower educational level were associated with untreated hypertension and older age was associated with uncontrolled hypertension. Conclusions: In this study, ethnic differences in relation to hypertension were associated with sociodemographic variability in ethnic groups. Age and educational level were consistent correlates of hypertension in all ethnic groups. Unawareness and uncontrolled hypertension were common in this Asian population and associated with sociodemographic factors. More targeted strategies may be required to overcome the observed disparities.
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Disparity in education and socioeconomic status has a significant impact on the prevalence and control of hypertension.
“Disparity in education and socioeconomic status has a significant impact on the prevalence and control of hypertension.”
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- Authors
- Liew, S. J., Lee, J. T., Tan, C. S., Koh, C. H. G., Van Dam, R., & Müller-Riemenschneider, F.
- Affiliations
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, Singapore
- Venue
- BMJ Open
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2019-05
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- e025869
- ISSN
- 2044-6055 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6530395
- OpenAlex
- W2944994482
- Cited by
- 98
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 9.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- BMJ Open (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Research Foundation (05/1/21/19/425 and 11/1/21/19/678, 05/1/21/19/425, 11/1/21/19/678)
- National University of Singapore
- Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad
- Medical Research Council
- National Medical Research Council (11/1/21/19/678, 03/1/27/18/216, grant 0838/2004, 0838/2004)
- Biomedical Research Council (grant 03/1/27/18/216, 03/1/27/18/216, 11/1/21/19/678, 05/1/21/19/425)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Health Promotion and Cardiovascular Prevention
- Keywords
- hypertension, hypertension prevalence, hypertension awareness, antihypertensive therapy, blood pressure control, sociodemographic factors, ethnic differences, educational attainment, age, multi-ethnic cohort, Singapore, Asian populations, health disparities
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cross-Sectional Studies, Educational Status, Ethnicity, Female, Humans, Hypertension, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Singapore, Socioeconomic Factors, Cohort Studies, Prevalence, Multivariate Analysis, Logistic Models, Asian People
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