Do the combined blood pressure effects of exercise and antihypertensive medications add up to the sum of their parts? A systematic meta-review
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To compare the blood pressure (BP) effects of exercise alone (EXalone), medication alone (MEDSalone) and combined (EX+MEDScombined) among adults with hypertension. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Scopus, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, SPORTDiscus and the Cochrane Library. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trails (RCTs) or meta-analyses (MAs) of controlled trials that: (1) involved healthy adults>18 year with hypertension; (2) investigated exercise and BP; (3) reported preintervention and postintervention BP and (4) were published in English. RCTs had an EX+MEDScombined arm; and an EXalone arm and/or an MEDSalone arm; and MAs performed moderator analyses. DESIGN: A systematic network MA and meta-review with the evidence graded using the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans Advisory Committee system. OUTCOME: The BP response for EXalone, MEDSalone and EX+MEDScombined and compared with each other. RESULTS: Twelve RCTs qualified with 342 subjects (60% women) who were mostly physically inactive, middle-aged to older adults. There were 13 qualifying MAs with 28 468 participants (~50% women) who were mostly Caucasian or Asian. Most RCTs were aerobic (83.3%), while the MAs involved traditional (46%) and alternative (54%) exercise types. Strong evidence demonstrates EXalone, MEDSalone and EX+MEDScombined reduce BP and EX+MEDScombined elicit BP reductions less than the sum of their parts. Strong evidence indicates EX+MEDScombined potentiate the BP effects of MEDSalone. Although the evidence is stronger for alternative than traditional types of exercise, EXaloneelicits greater BP reductions than MEDSalone. CONCLUSIONS: The combined BP effects of exercise and medications are not additive or synergistic, but when combined they bolster the antihypertensive effects of MEDSalone. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: The protocol is registered at PROSPERO CRD42020181754.
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The BP-lowering effects of exercise training are enhanced when combined with pharmacotherapy.
“with the BP-lowering effects of exercise training enhanced when combined with pharmacotherapy [64].”
From The Identification and Management of High Blood Pressure Using Exercise Blood Pressure: Current Evidence and Practical Guidance (2022) · cites this paper as [64]
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- Authors
- Pescatello, L. S., Wu, Y., Gao, S., Livingston, J., Sheppard, B. B., & Chen, M.-H.
- Affiliations
- University of Connecticut (US)
- Wesleyan University (US)
- ICF International (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pescatello, Linda S
- Venue
- BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2021-01
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- e000895
- ISSN
- 2055-7647 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7818845
- OpenAlex
- W3125663183
- Cited by
- 50
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 1.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- University of Connecticut Center for Excellence in Teaching and Learning (Not Applicable)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- hypertension, blood pressure, physical activity, antihypertensive drugs, combination therapy, synergistic effect, additive effects, aerobic exercise
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