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Farnesoid X receptor activation inhibits inflammation and preserves the intestinal barrier in inflammatory bowel disease
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterised by chronic intestinal inflammation, resulting from dysregulation of the mucosal immune system and compromised intestinal epithelial barrier function. The bile salt, nuclear farnesoid X receptor (FXR), was recently implicated in intestinal antibacterial defence and barrier function. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of FXR agonists in the treatment of intestinal inflammation in complementary in vivo and in vitro models. METHODS: Colitis was induced in wild-type (WT) and Fxr-null mice using dextran sodium sulfate, and in WT mice using trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid. Mice were treated with vehicle or the FXR agonist INT-747, and colitis symptoms were assessed daily. Epithelial permeability assays and cytokine expression analysis were conducted in mouse colon and enterocyte-like cells (Caco-2/HT29) treated with medium or INT-747. Inflammatory cytokine secretion was determined by ELISA in various human immune cell types. RESULTS: INT-747-treated WT mice are protected from DSS- and TNBS-induced colitis, as shown by significant reduction of body weight loss, epithelial permeability, rectal bleeding, colonic shortening, ulceration, inflammatory cell infiltration and goblet cell loss. Furthermore, Fxr activation in intestines of WT mice and differentiated enterocyte-like cells downregulates expression of key proinflammatory cytokines and preserves epithelial barrier function. INT-747 significantly decreases tumour necrosis factor α secretion in activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, purified CD14 monocytes and dendritic cells, as well as in lamina propria mononuclear cells from patients with IBD. CONCLUSIONS: FXR activation prevents chemically induced intestinal inflammation, with improvement of colitis symptoms, inhibition of epithelial permeability, and reduced goblet cell loss. Furthermore, FXR activation inhibits proinflammatory cytokine production in vivo in the mouse colonic mucosa, and ex vivo in different immune cell populations. The findings provide a rationale to explore FXR agonists as a novel therapeutic strategy for IBD.
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“FXR agonists are known to alleviate endoplasmic reticulum stress and suppress oxidative damage by upregulating antioxidant and anti-apoptotic pathways [42, 43].”
From High-throughput human microfluidic organoid-on-a-chip platform for modeling liver diseases and screening nanotherapeutics. (2026) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“Multiple reports regarding TGR5 function (Gadaleta et al., 2011;Hartmann et al., 2018;Inagaki et al., 2006;Vavassori et al., 2009) have indicated that a very fine balance between host-and microbiota-produced bile acids is required to support epithelial barrier function and control the inflammatory response in the intestine.”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Gadaleta et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“Activation of FXR inhibits intestinal inflammation and protects the intestinal barrier in IBD (Gadaleta et al., 2011).”
From Bacteroides dorei BDX-01 alleviates DSS-induced experimental colitis in mice by regulating intestinal bile salt hydrolase activity and the FXR-NLRP3 signaling pathway (2023) · cites this paper as Gadaleta et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“Accordingly, FXR activation by agonists GW4064 or obeticholic acid (OCA) attenuates mucosal injury, ileal barrier permeability, bacterial overgrowth and bacterial translocation in mice and rats 20,21,141,142.”
From The gut microbiome and liver cancer: mechanisms and clinical translation (2017) · cites this paper as [21]
In the citing paper
“treatment with a synthetic agonist of BAR has protective effects in mouse models of colitis, whereas BAR-deficient (Nr1h4−/−) mice exhibit exacerbated pathology (Gadaleta et al., 2011; Vavassori et al., 2009).”
From Understanding the Holobiont: How Microbial Metabolites Affect Human Health and Shape the Immune System (2017) · cites this paper as Gadaleta et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“In the small intestine, they are also very important for the maintenance of epithelial barrier function (Gadaleta et al., 2011; Inagaki et al., 2006).”
From Microbiota-related Changes in Bile Acid & Tryptophan Metabolism are Associated with Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in a Mouse Model of Autism (2017) · cites this paper as Gadaleta et al., 2011
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“strated the ability of this FXR agonist to target all these pathogenic insults [32,39,42,44], also shared in the devel-”
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“FXR activation by OCA also has important anti-inflammatory effects evident by reduced cytokine production [52].”
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“Along these same lines, farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear hormone receptor expressed in the liver, intestines, and kidneys (12).”
BackgroundNovel FXR agonist nelumal A suppresses colitis and inflammation-related colorectal carcinogenesis
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“62 Additionally, bile acid-dependent FXR activation directly promotes the expression of glucocorticoid receptor, a widely recognized cortico-steroid anti-inflammatory receptor.”
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“Activation of FXR strongly induces anti-inflammatory genes (51), suppresses NF-kB activation (52), and reduces inflammation in the intestine (53).”
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Diarrhea in Crohn’s Disease: Investigating the Role of the Ileal Hormone Fibroblast Growth Factor 19
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“Disruption of these barriers is usually associated with a variety of diseases (6, 19).”
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“However, CDCA is a potent FXR agonist [15], and FXR activation suppresses DSS-induced colitis [41,44].”
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“It is known that FXR activation can not only inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine production but can also reduce goblet cell loss and inhibit epithelial permeability (Gadaleta et al., 2011).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Gadaleta, R. M., van Erpecum, K. J., Oldenburg, B., Willemsen, E. C. L., Renooij, W., Murzilli, S., Klomp, L. W. J., Siersema, P. D., Schipper, M. E. I., Danese, S., Penna, G., Laverny, G., Adorini, L., Moschetta, A., & Mil, S. W. C. V.
- Affiliations
- University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
- Mario Negri Sud Foundation (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Mil, Saskia W C van
- ORCID
- Venue
- Gut
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2011-01-17
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 463-472
- ISSN
- 0017-5749 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-3288
- OpenAlex
- W2134059673
- Cited by
- 870
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 72 · 2025: 87 · 2024: 95 · 2023: 75 · 2022: 96 · 2021: 84 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 19.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Gut (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Bari Aldo Moro) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Intercept Pharmaceuticals
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms
- Keywords
- farnesoid X receptor, FXR agonists, inflammatory bowel disease, colitis, intestinal barrier function, epithelial permeability, goblet cell loss, inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, dendritic cells, monocytes, lamina propria, bile salts, DSS-induced colitis
- MeSH terms
- Receptor, Farnesoid X-Activated, Animals, Chenodeoxycholic Acid, Colon, Disease Models, Animal, Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Ileum, Intestinal Absorption, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Cytokines, Dextran Sulfate, Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear, Inflammation Mediators, Caco-2 Cells, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Mice
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