Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 704

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Global prevalence of, and risk factors for, gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms: a meta-analysis

Eusebi, Leonardo H, Ratnakumaran, Raguprakash, Yuan, Yuhong, Solaymani-Dodaran, Masoud, Bazzoli, Franco, Ford, Alexander C·2018·Gut
DOI 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313589
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Objectives: Gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms are common in the community, but there has been no definitive systematic review and meta-analysis of data from all studies to estimate their global prevalence, or potential risk factors for them. Design: Medline, Embase and Embase Classic were searched (until September 2016) to identify population-based studies that reported the prevalence of gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms in adults (≥15 years); gastro-oesophageal reflux was defined using symptom-based criteria or questionnaires. The prevalence was extracted for all studies, and according to the criteria used to define it. Pooled prevalence, according to study location and certain other characteristics, OR and 95% CIs were calculated. Results: Of the 14 132 citations evaluated, 102 reported the prevalence of gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms in 108 separate study populations, containing 460 984 subjects. Prevalence varied according to country (from 2.5% in China to 51.2% in Greece) and criteria used to define gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms. When only studies using a weekly frequency of heart burn or regurgitation to define presence were considered, pooled prevalence was 13.3% (95% CI 12.0% to 14.6%). Prevalence was higher in subjects ≥50 years (OR 1.32; 95% CI 1.12 to 1.54), smokers (OR 1.26; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.52), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)/aspirin users (OR 1.44; 95% CI 1.10 to 1.88) and obese individuals (OR 1.73; 95% CI 1.46 to 2.06). Conclusions: The prevalence of gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms varied strikingly among countries, even when similar definitions were used to define their presence. Prevalence was significantly higher in subjects ≥50 years, smokers, NSAID users and obese individuals, although these associations were modest.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313589

Cites

6 of 6 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 6 references

Research works printed but not linked: 129

  1. 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00630.x · DOI
  2. Hom, 2013, Extraesophageal manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease, Gastroenterol Clin North Am, 42, 71, 10.1016/j.gtc.2012.11.004 · DOI
  3. Sidhwa, 2017, Diagnosis and treatment of the extraesophageal manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease, Ann Surg, 265, 63, 10.1097/SLA.0000000000001907 · DOI
  4. Mikami, 2015, Physiology and pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux disease, Surg Clin North Am, 95, 515, 10.1016/j.suc.2015.02.006 · DOI
  5. 10.1097/00000441-200401000-00001 · DOI
  6. 10.1111/nmo.12611 · DOI
  7. 10.1016/S0002-9343(97)00354-9 · DOI · Paper page
  8. Wahlqvist, 2008, Relationship between symptom load of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and health-related quality of life, work productivity, resource utilization and concomitant diseases: survey of a US cohort, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 27, 960, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03671.x · DOI
  9. 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03428.x · DOI
  10. 10.1053/gast.2002.32978 · DOI · Paper page
  11. 10.1371/journal.pone.0089256 · DOI
  12. 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-304269 · DOI
  13. 10.1097/MEG.0b013e328345d429 · DOI
  14. Minatsuki, 2013, Background factors of reflux esophagitis and non-erosive reflux disease: a cross-sectional study of 10,837 subjects in Japan, PLoS ONE, 8, e69891, 10.1371/journal.pone.0069891 · DOI
  15. 10.1186/1741-7015-10-45 · DOI
  16. 10.1038/ajg.2015.18 · DOI
  17. 10.1136/bmj.298.6665.30 · DOI · Paper page
  18. 10.1136/gut.31.9.989 · DOI
  19. 10.3109/00365529108996486 · DOI
  20. Talley, 1992, Dyspepsia and dyspepsia subgroups: a population-based study, Gastroenterology, 102, 1259, 10.1016/0016-5085(92)90764-P · DOI
  21. 10.1007/BF01719573 · DOI
  22. 10.1016/0016-5085(94)90228-3 · DOI · Paper page
  23. 10.3109/07853899509031939 · DOI
  24. Penston, 1996, A survey of dyspepsia in Great Britain, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 10, 83, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.1996.tb00180.x · DOI
  25. 10.1136/gut.42.5.690 · DOI
  26. 10.1097/00042737-199905000-00009 · DOI
  27. Ho, 1999, Patterns of consultation and treatment for heartburn: findings from a Singaporean community survey, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 13, 1029, 10.1046/j.1365-2036.1999.00571.x · DOI
  28. 10.1016/S0002-9343(99)00121-7 · DOI · Paper page
  29. Stanghellini, 1999, Three-month prevalence rates of gastrointestinal symptoms and the influence of demographic factors: results from the Domestic/International Gastroenterology Surveillance Study (DIGEST), Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl, 34, 20, 10.1080/003655299750025237 · DOI
  30. 10.1046/j.1440-1746.2000.02051.x · DOI
  31. 10.1046/j.1443-9573.2000.00001.x · DOI
  32. Haque, 2000, Prevalence, severity and associated features of gastro-oesophageal reflux and dyspepsia: a population-based study, N Z Med J, 113, 178
  33. 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2000.00884.x · DOI
  34. 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.2126_1.x · DOI · Paper page
  35. 10.1136/gut.49.1.66 · DOI
  36. 10.1001/archinte.161.1.45 · DOI · Paper page
  37. 10.1097/00042737-200203000-00012 · DOI
  38. 10.1023/A:1013208713670 · DOI · Paper page
  39. 10.1080/003655202760230874 · DOI
  40. 10.1093/ije/dyg108 · DOI · Paper page
  41. Nader, 2003, Prevalência de pirose em Pelotas, RS, Brasil: estudo de base populacional, Arq Gastroenterol, 40, 31, 10.1590/S0004-28032003000100007 · DOI
  42. 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2003.01737.x · DOI · Paper page
  43. 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2003.01769.x · DOI · Paper page
  44. 10.1080/00365520410003498 · DOI
  45. Schwenkglenks, 2004, Epidemiology and costs of gastroesophageal reflux disease in Switzerland: a population-based study, Soz Praventivmed, 49, 51, 10.1007/s00038-003-2090-y · DOI
  46. 10.1097/01.mcg.0000135364.12794.e5 · DOI
  47. 10.1016/S1542-3565(05)00153-9 · DOI
  48. 10.1080/00365520510015610 · DOI
  49. 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02565.x · DOI
  50. Jafri, 2005, Perception of gastroesophageal reflux disease in urban population in Pakistan, J Coll Physicians Surg Pak, 15, 532
  51. 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02426.x · DOI
  52. 10.1590/S0004-28032005000200011 · DOI
  53. de Oliveira, 2005, Prevalência e fatores associados à doença do refluxo gastroesofágico, Arquivos de gastroenterologia, 42, 116, 10.1590/S0004-28032005000200010 · DOI
  54. 10.1080/00365520510012271 · DOI
  55. 10.1080/00365520510011579 · DOI
  56. Bretagne, 2006, Le reflux gastro-œsophagien dans la population générale française, La Presse Médicale, 35, 23, 10.1016/S0755-4982(06)74515-8 · DOI
  57. Howell, 2006, Low social class is linked to upper gastrointestinal symptoms in an Australian sample of urban adults, Scand J Gastroenterol, 41, 657, 10.1080/00365520500442567 · DOI
  58. Nocon, 2006, Prevalence and sociodemographics of reflux symptoms in Germany—results from a national survey, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 23, 1601, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02924.x · DOI
  59. 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02733.x · DOI
  60. Rogha, 2006, Gastroesophageal reflux disease in Esfahan, Govaresh, 11, 145
  61. 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.00343.x · DOI
  62. Aletaha, 2007, The Role of Psychosocial Disorders in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, Govaresh, 12, 92
  63. Cheung, 2007, Positive association between gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and irritable bowel syndrome in a Chinese population, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 25, 1099, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03304.x · DOI
  64. 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03366.x · DOI
  65. Kitapçioğlu, 2007, Overlap of symptoms of dyspepsia and gastroesophageal reflux in the community, Turk J Gastroenterol, 18, 14
  66. 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01208.x · DOI
  67. Nouraie, 2007, Epidemiology of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms in Tehran, Iran: a population-based telephone survey, Arch Iran Med, 10, 289
  68. 10.3748/wjg.v13.i41.5486 · DOI
  69. 10.1097/01.mcg.0000225664.68920.96 · DOI
  70. 10.1007/s00455-007-9120-5 · DOI
  71. 10.3748/wjg.14.6388 · DOI
  72. 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03708.x · DOI
  73. van Kerkhoven, 2008, Gastrointestinal symptoms are still common in a general Western population, Neth J Med, 66, 18
  74. 10.1007/s10620-007-9842-0 · DOI
  75. 10.1136/gut.2007.145177 · DOI · Paper page
  76. 10.1097/MCG.0b013e31815ea27b · DOI
  77. Lazebnik, 2009, [Multicentre study “Epidemiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease in Russia”(MEGRE): first results], Eksp Klin Gastroenterol, 6, 4
  78. 10.1111/j.1442-2050.2008.00904.x · DOI
  79. Reshetnikov, 2009, [Gastrointestinal symptoms in adult population of Novosibirsk city: prevalence and risk factors], Ter Arkh, 81, 11
  80. Rey, 2009, Onset and disappearance rates of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms in the Spanish population, and their impact on quality of life, Rev Esp Enferm Dig, 101, 477, 10.4321/S1130-01082009000700005 · DOI
  81. Dean, 2010, The relationship between the prevalence of nighttime gastroesophageal reflux disease and disease severity, Dig Dis Sci, 55, 952, 10.1007/s10620-009-0885-2 · DOI
  82. 10.1186/1471-230X-10-94 · DOI
  83. Jiang, 2010, Epidemiological investigation of gastroesophageal reflux disease in community residents of Haidian District, Beijing, Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi, 44, 516
  84. Bener, 2011, Impact of depression and anxiety disorders on gastrointestinal symp-toms and its prevalence in the general population, Biomed Res, 22, 407
  85. 10.1001/archsurg.2011.248 · DOI
  86. 10.1007/s12664-010-0066-4 · DOI
  87. Moshkowitz, 2011, Gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms: prevalence, sociodemographics and treatment patterns in the adult Israeli population, World J Gastroenterol, 17, 1332, 10.3748/wjg.v17.i10.1332 · DOI
  88. Olafsdottir, 2011, Natural history of heartburn: a 10-year population-based study, World J Gastroenterol, 17, 639, 10.3748/wjg.v17.i5.639 · DOI
  89. Rokonuzzaman, 2011, Epidemiological study of gastro-esophageal reflux disease in rural population, Mymensingh Med J, 20, 463
  90. Dacoll, 2012, [Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease in Uruguay], Gastroenterol Hepatol, 35, 460, 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2012.02.008 · DOI
  91. Djärv, 2012, Physical activity, obesity and gastroesophageal reflux disease in the general population, World J Gastroenterol, 18, 3710, 10.3748/wjg.v18.i28.3710 · DOI
  92. López-Colombo, 2012, The epidemiology of functional gastrointestinal disorders in Mexico: a population-based study, Gastroenterol Res Pract, 2012, 606174, 10.1155/2012/606174 · DOI
  93. Mungan, 2012, Prevalence and demographic determinants of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in the Turkish general population: a population-based cross-sectional study, Turk J Gastroenterol, 23, 323, 10.4318/tjg.2012.0352 · DOI
  94. 10.1111/j.1442-2050.2011.01287.x · DOI · Paper page
  95. Pourhoseingholi, 2012, Epidemiological features of gastro-esophageal reflux disease in Iran based on general population, Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench, 5, 54
  96. Shaha, 2012, Prevalence and risk factors for gastro-esophageal reflux disease in the North-Eastern part of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull, 38, 108, 10.3329/bmrcb.v38i3.14338 · DOI
  97. Ziółkowski, 2012, Prevalence of abdominal symptoms in the Polish population, Prz Gastroenterol, 7, 20
  98. Cela, 2013, Lifestyle characteristics and gastroesophageal reflux disease: a population-based study in Albania, Gastroenterol Res Pract, 2013, 936792, 10.1155/2013/936792 · DOI
  99. Mansour-Ghanaei, 2013, The epidemiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a survey on the prevalence and the associated factors in a random sample of the general population in the Northern part of Iran, Int J Mol Epidemiol Genet, 4, 175
  100. 10.1371/journal.pone.0069876 · DOI
  101. Yönem, 2013, Gastroesophageal reflux disease prevalence in the city of Sivas, Turk J Gastroenterol, 24, 303, 10.4318/tjg.2013.0256 · DOI
  102. do Rosário Dias de Oliveira Latorre, 2014, Epidemiology of upper gastrointestinal symptoms in Brazil (EpiGastro): a population-based study according to sex and age group, World J Gastroenterol, 20, 17388, 10.3748/wjg.v20.i46.17388 · DOI
  103. Min, 2014, Prevalence of uninvestigated dyspepsia and gastroesophageal reflux disease in Korea: a population-based study using the Rome III criteria, Dig Dis Sci, 59, 2721, 10.1007/s10620-014-3243-y · DOI
  104. Murase, 2014, Gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms and dietary behaviors are significant correlates of short sleep duration in the general population: the Nagahama Study, Sleep, 37, 1809, 10.5665/sleep.4176 · DOI
  105. Vossoughinia, 2014, An epidemiological study of gastroesophageal reflux disease and related risk factors in urban population of mashhad, Iran, Iran Red Crescent Med J, 16, e15832, 10.5812/ircmj.15832 · DOI
  106. Cai, 2015, Overlap of gastroesophageal reflux disease and functional bowel disorders in the general Chinese rural population, J Dig Dis, 16, 395, 10.1111/1751-2980.12262 · DOI
  107. 10.3109/00365521.2014.983157 · DOI
  108. Abdullah, 2016, Prevalence, risk factors and socio-epidemiological study of gastroesophageal reflux disease: an urban population based study in Indonesia, Asian Journal of Epidemiology, 9, 18, 10.3923/aje.2016.18.23 · DOI
  109. 10.1111/dote.12310 · DOI
  110. Chirila, 2016, The role of diet in the overlap between gastroesophageal reflux disease and functional dyspepsia, Turk J Gastroenterol, 27, 73, 10.5152/tjg.2015.150238 · DOI
  111. Spantideas, 2016, Gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms in the Greek general population: prevalence and risk factors, Clin Exp Gastroenterol, 9, 143, 10.2147/CEG.S103485 · DOI
  112. Wang, 2016, Prevalence of gastro-esophageal reflux disease and its risk factors in a community-based population in southern India, BMC Gastroenterol, 16, 36, 10.1186/s12876-016-0452-1 · DOI
  113. Enck, 1999, Quality of life in patients with upper gastrointestinal symptoms: results from the Domestic/International Gastroenterology Surveillance Study (DIGEST), Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl, 34, 48, 10.1080/003655299750025264 · DOI
  114. 10.1007/s10654-008-9275-x · DOI
  115. 10.1023/A:1018878717715 · DOI
  116. 10.1016/S0016-5085(97)70025-8 · DOI · Paper page
  117. Hammer, 2003, Symptom clustering in subjects with and without diabetes mellitus: a population-based study of 15,000 Australian adults, Am J Gastroenterol, 98, 391
  118. 10.1080/00365520410008141 · DOI
  119. 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2002.01377.x · DOI
  120. 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01381.x · DOI
  121. 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.41245.x · DOI
  122. 10.1007/s00268-008-9780-9 · DOI
  123. Moghimi-Dehkordi, 2011, Economic burden of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and dyspepsia: a community-based study, Arab J Gastroenterol, 12, 86, 10.1016/j.ajg.2011.03.005 · DOI
  124. Barzkar, 2009, Uninvestigated dyspepsia and its related factors in an Iranian community, Saudi Med J, 30, 397
  125. 10.1136/gut.2004.051821 · DOI · Paper page
  126. Delavari, 2012, The Prevalence of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) in the Islamic Republic of Iran: a systematic review, Middle East J Dig Dis, 4, 5
  127. 10.1007/s00535-011-0429-3 · DOI
  128. Salis, 2011, [Systematic review: Epidemiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease in Latin America], Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam, 41, 60
  129. 10.5056/jnm.2011.17.1.14 · DOI

Cited by

See all 704

Metadata

Authors
Eusebi, L. H., Ratnakumaran, R., Yuan, Y., Solaymani-Dodaran, M., Bazzoli, F., & Ford, A. C.
Affiliations
  • Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  • Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
  • Division of Gastroenterology, Health Sciences Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
  • Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
ORCID
Ford, Alexander C
Venue
Gut
Publisher
BMJ
Published
2017-02-23
Volume
67
Issue
3
Pages
430-440
ISSN
  • 0017-5749
  • 1468-3288
DOI
10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313589
Cited by
704
References
6
Language
en

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Global prevalence of, and risk factors for, gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms: a meta-analysis. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313589
The paper
Eusebi, L. H., Ratnakumaran, R., Yuan, Y., Solaymani-Dodaran, M., Bazzoli, F., & Ford, A. C. (2018). Global prevalence of, and risk factors for, gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms: a meta-analysis. Gut. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313589

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.