Previous prenatal loss as a predictor of perinatal depression and anxiety
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Prenatal loss, the death of a fetus/child through miscarriage or stillbirth, is associated with significant depression and anxiety, particularly in a subsequent pregnancy. AIMS: This study examined the degree to which symptoms of depression and anxiety associated with a previous loss persisted following a subsequent successful pregnancy. METHOD: Data were derived from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children cohort, a longitudinal cohort study in the west of England that has followed mothers from pregnancy into the postnatal period. A total of 13,133 mothers reported on the number and conditions of previous perinatal losses and provided self-report measures of depression and anxiety at 18 and 32 weeks' gestation and at 8 weeks and 8, 21 and 33 months postnatally. Controls for pregnancy outcome and obstetric and psychosocial factors were included. RESULTS: Generalised estimating equations indicated that the number of previous miscarriages/stillbirths significantly predicted symptoms of depression (β = 0.18, s.e. = 0.07, P<0.01) and anxiety (β = 0.14, s.e. = 0.05, P<0.01) in a subsequent pregnancy, independent of key psychosocial and obstetric factors. This association remained constant across the pre- and postnatal period, indicating that the impact of a previous prenatal loss did not diminish significantly following the birth of a healthy child. CONCLUSIONS: Depression and anxiety associated with a previous prenatal loss shows a persisting pattern that continues after the birth of a subsequent (healthy) child. Interventions targeting women with previous prenatal loss may improve the health outcomes of women and their children.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
3 of 21 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Previous prenatal loss (miscarriage or stillbirth) is associated with elevated depression and anxiety, particularly during a subsequent pregnancy.
“Prenatal loss, the death of a fetus/child through miscarriage or stillbirth, is associated with significant depression and anxiety, particularly in a subsequent pregnancy.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
“Women exhibit significantly elevated levels of depression and anxiety in the weeks and months following the loss, compared with samples of pregnant, community or postpartum women.5–10”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · boosted
“women with a history of prenatal loss are consistently reported to exhibit significantly elevated rates of anxiety and depressive symptoms during a subsequent pregnancy.14–18”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 10 sources checked- cites [5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [6] source
- cites [7] source
The Introduction says the cohort included women with a previous stillbirth or late miscarriage, and the Discussion reports significantly higher depression and state anxiety in the third trimester of their subsequent pregnancy. The claim is broader than the study: participants’ losses occurred after 18 weeks’ gestation, so it does not establish the association for earlier miscarriages. The Discussion also says the elevation was concentrated among women who conceived within 12 months of the loss. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [8]
- cites [9] source
- cites [10]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [14] source
- cites [15] source
- cites [16] source
- cites [17] source
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
- Findingown data
The association between previous prenatal loss and depressive and anxiety symptoms did not differ significantly across pre- and postnatal assessments.
“This association remained constant across the pre- and postnatal period”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“For neither depressive nor anxiety symptoms was there an interaction between time of assessment and prenatal loss; that is, the association between prenatal loss and depressive and anxiety symptoms was not significantly different across the pre- and postnatal assessments”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Results · plain
- Findingown data
The difference between previous stillbirth and previous miscarriage in predicting depression and anxiety symptoms was not significant (P = 0.27).
“Results indicated that the difference between stillbirth and miscarriage was not significant (P = 0.27).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
A greater number of previous miscarriages/stillbirths was significantly associated with more depressive symptoms in a subsequent pregnancy, after adjustment for key psychosocial and obstetric factors (β = 0.18, s.e. = 0.07, P < 0.01).
“Generalised estimating equations indicated that the number of previous miscarriages/stillbirths significantly predicted symptoms of depression (β = 0.18, s.e. = 0.07, P < 0.01) and anxiety (β = 0.14, s.e. = 0.05, P < 0.01) in a subsequent pregnancy, independent of key psychosocial and obstetric factors.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The set of covariates included in the models adequately controls for confounding of the association between previous prenatal loss and depressive/anxiety symptoms.
- Findingown data
A greater number of previous miscarriages/stillbirths was significantly associated with more anxiety symptoms in a subsequent pregnancy, after adjustment for key psychosocial and obstetric factors (β = 0.14, s.e. = 0.05, P < 0.01).
“Generalised estimating equations indicated that the number of previous miscarriages/stillbirths significantly predicted symptoms of depression (β = 0.18, s.e. = 0.07, P < 0.01) and anxiety (β = 0.14, s.e. = 0.05, P < 0.01) in a subsequent pregnancy, independent of key psychosocial and obstetric factors.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The set of covariates included in the models adequately controls for confounding of the association between previous prenatal loss and depressive/anxiety symptoms.
- Findingown data
For each additional prenatal loss, there was an increase of approximately one-quarter of a standard deviation in mood symptoms.
“for each additional prenatal loss there was a corresponding increase of approximately one-quarter of a standard deviation in mood symptoms.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductcitation
Self-reports of prenatal loss may underestimate the number of losses because mothers are often unaware of early miscarriages.
“Self-reports of prenatal loss may be underestimated insofar as mothers are often unaware of spontaneous early miscarriages.4”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [4] source
- Study design and conductreasoning
Participants reported previous miscarriages and stillbirths retrospectively, which could be subject to recall bias.
“Participants were asked about the number of miscarriages and stillbirths experienced retrospectively, which could be subject to recall bias.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
The impact of a previous prenatal loss on depressive and anxiety symptoms does not diminish significantly following the birth of a healthy child.
“indicating that the impact of a previous prenatal loss did not diminish significantly following the birth of a healthy child.”
- Also stated in: § Main findings · plain
“We found no evidence that affective symptoms associated with previous prenatal loss resolve with the birth of a healthy child.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Birth weight and gestational age adequately index the birth of a healthy child.
- Also stated in: § Main findings · plain
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 11
- May combine two claims. 7
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationPostpartum depression has deleterious effects on maternal-child attachment, child behaviour, and cognitive and neuroendocrine outcomes that persist into adolescence.
“which in turn has deleterious effects on maternal–child attachment, child behaviour, and cognitive and neuroendocrine outcomes that persist into adolescence.36–40”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 5 sources checked- cites [36] source
- cites [37] source
The section on antenatal anxiety and behavioural/emotional problems identifies postnatal depression as a known risk factor for children's behavioural/emotional problems. It does not establish effects on maternal–child attachment or cognitive and neuroendocrine outcomes, nor persistence into adolescence; this study assessed child outcomes at 47 months (Method). (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [38] source
The Interviews and Interview data sections (page not available) examine grief after stillbirth and report that the women did not develop debilitating depression. A search for maternal–child attachment, child behaviour, cognitive or neuroendocrine outcomes, and effects persisting into adolescence found no passage addressing those effects of postpartum depression. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [39] source
- cites [40] source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataAnalyses using categorical cut-off scores for depression and anxiety produced substantively comparable results to continuous scale analyses.
“We found substantively comparable results using this alternate scaling.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe effect of prenatal loss on anxious symptoms was not distinguishable from its effect on depressive symptoms; the association with anxious symptoms was confounded by the association with depressive symptoms and high covariation (>r = 0.70).
“It was not. The association between prenatal loss and anxious symptoms was confounded by the association between prenatal loss and depressive symptoms and the high degree of covariation between anxious and depressive symptoms (>r = 0.70 at each assessment).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataMany psychosocial and sociodemographic covariates were associated with depressive and anxiety symptom scores.
“Results indicate that, as expected, many of the psychosocial and sociodemographic covariates were associated with depressive and anxiety symptom scores.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone givenControls for pregnancy outcome and obstetric and psychosocial factors were included in the analyses.
“Controls for pregnancy outcome and obstetric and psychosocial factors were included.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Study design and conductnone givenThe study was unable to assess the impact of time since previous loss as a predictor of postpartum mood because reliable information on timing was not available.
“Finally, as noted, we were unable to assess the impact of time since loss as a potential predictor of postpartum mood.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenEthical approval for all measures was obtained from the ALSPAC Ethics and Law Committee and local research ethics committees.
“Ethical approval for all measures was obtained from the ALSPAC Ethics and Law Committee and from local research ethics committees.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitationAnxiety was measured using the Crown-Crisp Experiential Index (CCEI), a validated self-rating inventory that correlates with the State and Trait subscales of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.
“Maternal anxiety at each occasion was measured using the anxiety items from the Crown–Crisp Experiential Index (CCEI), a validated self-rating inventory.21 It has been shown to correlate with the State (0.70) and Trait (0.76) subscales of the Spielberger State–Trait Anxiety Inventory.22”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitationDepression was assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), a 10-item self-report questionnaire shown to be valid in and outside the postnatal period.
“Depression was assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), a 10-item self-report questionnaire that has been extensively used and shown to be valid in and outside the postnatal period.23”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [23] source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningThe study is able to assess the psychological impact of prenatal loss but is not positioned to examine biological hypotheses about shared risk underlying both prenatal loss and depressive/anxiety symptoms.
“Accordingly, the current study is able to assess the psychological impact of prenatal loss, but is not positioned to examine biological hypotheses that there may be risk underlying both prenatal loss and the experience of depressive and anxiety symptoms.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe study used a large community sample (ALSPAC) with detailed and repeated assessments of depressive and anxiety symptoms in the prenatal and postnatal period, and follow-up well past the postnatal period.
“Strengths of the study include the large community sample and detailed and repeated assessments of depressive and anxiety symptoms in the prenatal and postnatal period; the follow-up well past the postnatal period is a particular novelty in this area of study.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.
InterpretationcitationThe current findings underscore the view that pregnancy and childbirth are major life events that can trigger affective illness episodes.
“The current findings underscore the view that pregnancy and childbirth are major life events, a careful assessment of which may reveal information of value in understanding psychiatric morbidity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationBoth prenatal depression and anxiety are among the biggest predictors of postpartum depression.
“Both prenatal depression and anxiety are among the biggest predictors of postpartum depression,34,35”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
The paper relies on this without support.
The set of covariates included in the models adequately controls for confounding of the association between previous prenatal loss and depressive/anxiety symptoms.
“Controls for pregnancy outcome and obstetric and psychosocial factors were included.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The missing data are missing at random.
“The impact of missing data was characterised by model estimates through two well-established missing data mechanisms: the missing completely at random assumption and the missing at random assumption.26”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Birth weight and gestational age adequately index the birth of a healthy child.
“The current study extends this work by showing that the impact persists well past the subsequent pregnancy and despite the birth of a healthy child (indexed here by birth weight and gestational age of the subsequent child).”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Depression cut-off differs between methods and results
MinorThe methods define probable major depression using an EPDS score of 12 or higher, but the results describe Table 2 as counting only scores greater than 12. These rules classify women scoring exactly 12 differently.
“A cut-off score of ≥ 12 is recommended to identify cases of probable major depression.24”
“Table 2 shows the percentage and number of women who scored greater than 12 on the EPDS, which is indicative of a case of probable major depression, grouped by the number of losses.”
Cites
Detection of Postnatal Depression: Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale
Cox, J. L., Holden, J. M., & Sagovsky, R. (1987) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.150.6.782 · Cited by 14,183 · see citing works
State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults
Spielberger, C. D. (2012) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t06496-000 · Cited by 3,479 · see citing works
Rates and risk of postpartum depression – a meta-analysis
O'hara, M. W., & Swain, A. M. (1996) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/09540269609037816 · Cited by 3,116 · see citing works
Antenatal risk factors for postpartum depression: a synthesis of recent literature
Robertson, E., Grace, S., Wallington, T., & Stewart, D. E. (2004) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2004.02.006 · Cited by 1,886 · see citing works
Analysis of Semiparametric Regression Models for Repeated Outcomes in the Presence of Missing Data
Robins, J. M., Rotnitzky, A. G., & Zhao, L. P. (1995) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1995.10476493 · Cited by 1,574 · see citing works
ALSPAC–The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children
Golding, Pembrey, Jones, & The Alspac Study Team (2001) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-3016.2001.00325.x · Cited by 1,549 · see citing works
Self-citationThe course of anxiety and depression through pregnancy and the postpartum in a community sample
Heron, J., O'Connor, T. G., Evans, J., Golding, J., & Glover, V. (2004) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2003.08.004 · Cited by 1,151 · see citing works
Self-citationMaternal antenatal anxiety and children's behavioural/emotional problems at 4 years
O'Connor, T. G., Heron, J., Golding, J., Beveridge, M., & Glover, V. (2002) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.180.6.502 · Cited by 1,070 · see citing works
Self-citationScreening for depression during pregnancy with the edinburgh depression scale (EDDS)
Murray, D., & Cox, J. L. (1990) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646839008403615 · Cited by 973 · see citing works
Maternal depression and psychiatric outcomes in adolescent offspring: A 13-year longitudinal study
Halligan, S. L., Murray, L., Martins, C., & Cooper, P. J. (2007) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.06.010 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Maternal prenatal cortisol and infant cognitive development: moderation by infant–mother attachment
Bergman, K., Sarkar, P., Glover, V., & O'Connor, T. G. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.01.002 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
Self-citationMelki, I. S., Beydoun, H. A., Khogali, M., Tamim, H., & Yunis, K. A. (2004) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2003.012690 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Brockington, I., & Guédeney, A. (1999) · Infant Observation · doi:10.1080/13698039908400552 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Annual Summary of Vital Statistics—2003
Martin, J. A., Kochanek, K. D., Strobino, D. M., Guyer, B., & MacDorman, M. F. (2005) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2004-2695 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Stillbirth as risk factor for depression and anxiety in the subsequent pregnancy: cohort study
Hughes, P. M., Turton, P., & Evans, C. D. H. (1999) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.318.7200.1721 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Brockington, I. (1996) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192621269.001.0001 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Life Events and Endogenous Depression: A Puzzle Reexamined
Brown, G. W. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950070017006 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Updated and revised nomenclature for description of early pregnancy events
Farquharson, R. G., Jauniaux, E., & Exalto, N. (2005) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dei167 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Analysis of Semiparametric Regression Models for Repeated Outcomes in the Presence of Missing Data
Robins, J. M., Rotnitzky, A. G., & Zhao, L. P. (1995) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2291134 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Halligan, S. L., Herbert, J., Goodyer, I., & Murray, L. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.09.011 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Major Depressive Disorder in the 6 Months After Miscarriage
Neugebauer, R. (1997) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03540290035029 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Pregnancy After Perinatal Loss: The Relationship Between Anxiety and Prenatal Attachment
Armstrong, D., & Hutti, M. (1998) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.1998.tb02609.x · Cited by 178 · see citing works
(1992) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Controlled prospective study on the mental health of women following pregnancy loss
(1996) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.153.2.226 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Depressive symptoms in women in the six months after miscarriage
Neugebauer, R., Kline, J., O’Connor, P., Shrout, P., Johnson, J., Skodol, A., Wicks, J., & Susser, M. (1992) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0002-9378(92)91839-3 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Disorganised Attachment Behaviour among Infants Born Subsequent to Stillbirth
Hughes, P. M., Turton, P., Hopper, E. I., McGauley, G., & Fonagy, P. (2001) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00776 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Grief and Depression After Miscarriage: Their Separation, Antecedents, and Course
Beutel, M., Deckardt, R., von Rad, M., & Weiner, H. (1995) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199511000-00003 · Cited by 140 · cited 3× · see citing works
“5,9,6,27 The current study extends this work by showing that the impact persists well past the subsequent pregnancy and despite the birth of a healthy child (indexed here by birth weight and gestational age of the subsequent child).”
A 1-year longitudinal study of psychological morbidity after miscarriage
Lok, I. H., Yip, A. S.-K., Lee, D. T.-S., Sahota, D., & Chung, T. K.-H. (2010) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.12.048 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Birtchnell, J., Evans, C., & Kennard, J. (1988) · British Journal of Medical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1988.tb02787.x · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Pregnancy Subsequent to Perinatal Loss: Parental Anxiety and Depression
Theut, S. K., Pedersen, F. A., Zaslow, M. J., & Rabinovich, B. A. (1988) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-198805000-00004 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
MURRAY, L., HALLIGAN, S. L., ADAMS, G., PATTERSON, P., & GOODYER, I. M. (2006) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579406060263 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
The emotional reaction to a stillbirth
Wolff, J. R., Nielson, P. E., & Schiller, P. (1970) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/0002-9378(70)90207-3 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
The Influence of Perinatal Loss on Anxiety in Multigravidas
Côté‐Arsenault, D. (2003) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1177/0884217503257140 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationArmstrong, D. S., Hutti, M. H., & Myers, J. A. (2009) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2009.01069.x · Cited by 95 · see citing works
The impact of perinatal loss on adjustment to subsequent pregnancy
Franche, R.-L., & Mikail, S. F. (1999) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(98)00438-9 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Wong, M. K., Crawford, T. J., Gask, L. L., & Grinyer, A. (2003) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 61 · see citing works
A 2-year follow-up of women who have experienced early miscarriage
Cordle, C. J., & Prettyman, R. J. (1994) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646839408408866 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Long-term consequences of miscarriage: the depressive disorders and the following pregnancy
Garel, M., Blondel, B., Lelong, N., Bonenfant, S., & Kaminski, M. (1994) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646839408409086 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Mennie, M., Axworthy, D., Liston, W. A., & Brock, D. J. H. (1997) · Prenatal Diagnosis · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0223(199709)17:9 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Controlled Prospective Study of the Mental Health of Women Following Pregnancy Loss
Janssen, H. J. E. M., Cuisinier, M. C. J., Hoogduin, K. A. L., et al. (1996) · Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey · doi:10.1097/00006254-199609000-00004 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
4 of the 46 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- 1998, Birth Statistics 1996, England and Wales
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Burden, C., Bradley, S., Storey, C., Ellis, A., Heazell, A. E. P., Downe, S., Cacciatore, J., & Siassakos, D. (2016) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-016-0800-8 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
“Moreover, as the majority women conceive within a year of the loss [7], negative psychological effects of the loss may continue into subsequent pregnancies, despite the birth of a healthy child [8].”
BackgroundPregnant women voice their concerns and birth expectations during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy
Ravaldi, C., Wilson, A., Ricca, V., Homer, C., & Vannacci, A. (2021) · Women and Birth · doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2020.07.002 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Blackmore, E. R., Gustafsson, H., Gilchrist, M., Wyman, C., & G O’Connor, T. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.008 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
“For example, women who experienced a previous miscarriage might experience significant pregnancy-related anxiety, but they also show (perhaps comparable) significant elevations on conventional symptom measures (Blackmore et al., 2011; DeBackere et al., 2008).”
Self-citationDepression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after perinatal loss in a population-based sample
Gold, K. J., Leon, I., Boggs, M. E., & Sen, A. (2016) · Journal of Women's Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2015.5284 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Psychosocial Factors of Antenatal Anxiety and Depression in Pakistan: Is Social Support a Mediator?
Waqas, A., Raza, N., Lodhi, H. W., Muhammad, Z., Jamal, M., & Rehman, A. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116510 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
“Antenatal depression has been found to be associated with domestic violence [14,15], low social support [13,16,17], social conflict [16], low income [17], antenatal anxiety [17,18], unwanted pregnancy [18,19], history of depression [13,18,19] and previous prenatal loss [20,21], while antenatal anxiety has been associa…”
Parent Health and Functioning 13 Months After Infant or Child NICU/PICU Death
Youngblut, J. M., Brooten, D. A., Cantwell, G. P., del Moral, T., & Totapally, B. (2013) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2013-1194 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
“5) 11 (33) 22 (67) 3 (50) 3 (50) Asthma, n = 29 25 (14) 4 (7.”
Mills, T., Ricklesford, C., Cooke, A., Heazell, A., Whitworth, M., & Lavender, T. (2014) · BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/1471-0528.12656 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Hunter, A., Tussis, L., & MacBeth, A. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.004 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
“…and Hutti, 1998; Armstrong, 2002; Hutti et al., 2011), self-report measures (Bergner et al., 2008; Debackere et al., 2008; DeBackere et al., 2008; Robertson Blackmore et al., 2011) and variation across studies in terms of perinatal loss definitions, types of losses and types of anxiety measured.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialIncreased Risk for Postpartum Psychiatric Disorders Among Women with Past Pregnancy Loss
Giannandrea, S. A. M., Cerulli, C., Anson, E. A., & Chaudron, L. H. (2013) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2012.4011 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Robinson, G. E. (2013) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.08.012 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Advanced maternal age and risk perception: A qualitative study
Bayrampour, H., Heaman, M. I., Duncan, K. A., & Tough, S. (2012) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/1471-2393-12-100 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
“Previous prenatal loss was recently documented as a predictor of depression and anxiety in subsequent pregnancies, independent of other psychosocial and obstetric factors [38].”
BackgroundHutti, M. H., Armstrong, D. S., Myers, J. A., & Hall, L. A. (2015) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1111/1552-6909.12539 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“In addition, the mother is at greater risk for experiencing postpartum depression after the subsequent pregnancy following a perinatal loss (Armstrong 2007; Blackmore et al., 2011).”
BackgroundQuality of life and psychological distress in women with recurrent miscarriage: a comparative study
Tavoli, Z., Mohammadi, M., Tavoli, A., Moini, A., Effatpanah, M., Khedmat, L., & Montazeri, A. (2018) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-018-0982-z · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Côté‐Arsenault, D., & Denney‐Koelsch, E. M. (2016) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.02.033 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“Prior pregnancy loss may also negatively impact subsequent pregnancy experiences, parenting, and child outcomes due to fear of another loss, anxiety during pregnancy and hypervigilance of living children (Blackmore et al., 2011; Côt e-Arsenault, 2007; O'Leary and Warland, 2012; Theut et al., 1992).”
BackgroundSelf-citationReardon, D. C. (2018) · SAGE Open Medicine · doi:10.1177/2050312118807624 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Psychosocial factors associated with paternal postnatal depression
deMontigny, F., Girard, M.-E., Lacharité, C., Dubeau, D., & Devault, A. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.01.048 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“, 2012), a higher number of prior miscarriages (Blackmore et al., 2011), a more precarious state of health and lower socioeconomic status (Beeghly et al.”
BackgrounddeMontigny, F., Verdon, C., Meunier, S., & Dubeau, D. (2017) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-017-0742-9 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“…to those of the general population within 6 months to 1 year (Brier 2008; Broen et al. 2006; Janssen et al. 1996; Cumming et al. 2007; Lok et al. 2010), while others have indicated that depressive symptoms persist long after the loss, for up to 3 years (Beutel et al. 1995; Blackmore et al. 2011).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAssociation Between High Ambient Temperature and Risk of Stillbirth in California
Basu, R., Sarovar, V., & Malig, B. J. (2016) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwv295 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“Stillbirth may be associated with higher monetary costs than livebirth (7) and can contribute to symptoms of depression and anxiety that may continue through subsequent pregnancies (8).”
BackgroundFisher, J., Tran, T., Tran, T. D., Dwyer, T., Nguyen, T., Casey, G. J., Simpson, J. A., Hanieh, S., & Biggs, B. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.09.007 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Infertility and Perinatal Loss: When the Bough Breaks
Bhat, A., & Byatt, N. (2016) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-016-0663-8 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Shi, P., Ren, H., Li, H., & Dai, Q. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.12.085 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Definition and Multiple Factors of Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion
La, X., Wang, W., Zhang, M., & Li, L. (2021) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-33-4187-6_11 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Gravensteen, I. K., Jacobsen, E.-M., Sandset, P. M., Helgadottir, L. B., Rådestad, I., Sandvik, L., & Ekeberg, Ø. (2018) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-018-1666-8 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“Studies are also conflicting as to whether or not the symptoms of anxiety and depression diminish after the birth of a healthy baby [8, 15, 16].”
BackgroundShaohua, L., & Shorey, S. (2021) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.103871 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Women’s Experiences of Coping With Pregnancy Termination for Fetal Abnormality
Lafarge, C., Mitchell, K., & Fox, P. (2013) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732313484198 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“Previous prenatal loss affects the mental health of women who conceive again, with typically higher levels of anxiety and depression being observed among those who have experienced a loss compared to those who have not (Blackmore et al., 2011).”
BackgroundHealthcare professionals’ experiences of perinatal loss: A systematic review
Gandino, G., Bernaudo, A., Fini, G. D., Vanni, I., & Veglia, F. (2017) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105317705981 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
A Randomized Trial of a Bereavement Intervention for Pregnancy Loss
Johnson, O. P., & Langford, R. W. (2015) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1111/1552-6909.12659 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“Of all pregnancies in the United States, 15% to 25% end in fetal loss or spontaneous miscarriage, which has been recognized as the most common complication of pregnancy (Blackmore et al., 2011; Kersting & Wagner 2012; Murphy & Philpin, 2010).”
BackgroundAssociation of Stillbirth With Ambient Air Pollution in a California Cohort Study
Green, R., Sarovar, V., Malig, B. J., & Basu, R. (2015) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwu460 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Fuente-Solana, E. I. D. L., Suleiman‐Martos, N., Pradas‐Hernández, L., Gómez‐Urquiza, J. L., la Fuente, G. A. C., & Albendín‐García, L. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16142585 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“Possibly, for this reason, levels of PA are lower among nurses working in the antepartum area [71,72].”
BackgroundDepression and Anxiety Following Early Pregnancy Loss
Nynas, J., Narang, P., Kolikonda, M. K., & Lippmann, S. (2015) · The Primary Care Companion For CNS Disorders · doi:10.4088/pcc.14r01721 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Understanding the experience of miscarriage in the emergency department
MacWilliams, K., Hughes, J., Aston, M., Field, S., & Moffatt, F. W. (2016) · Journal of Emergency Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jen.2016.05.011 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Meredith, P., Wilson, T., Branjerdporn, G., Strong, J., & Desha, L. (2017) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-016-1200-9 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“Importantly, the consequences of previous perinatal loss may extend to a subsequent pregnancy [16, 17].”
BackgroundGao, L., Qu, J., & Wang, A. Y. (2019) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2019.1652730 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Scheidt, C. E., Hasenburg, A., Kunze, M., Waller, E., Pfeifer, R., Zimmermann, P., Hartmann, A., & Waller, N. (2012) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.08.017 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“with this finding an absence of significant differences concerning psychological distress and symptoms depending on the gestational age at the time of the loss was reported by Robertson Blackmore and colleagues [6].”
BackgroundInfluentialEvaluation of the Perinatal Grief Intensity Scale in the Subsequent Pregnancy After Perinatal Loss
Hutti, M. H., Armstrong, D. S., & Myers, J. A. (2013) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1111/1552-6909.12249 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Ban, L., Tata, L. J., West, J., Fiaschi, L., & Gibson, J. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043462 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“In addition, since women’s prior pregnancy history could affect the risk of subsequent pregnancy loss, or of developing mental illness during later pregnancies, [28,29] we also extracted information on the number of previous known live births (a proxy of parity) for each pregnancy.”
BackgroundSpontaneous Pregnancy Loss in Denmark Following Economic Downturns
Bruckner, T. A., Mortensen, L. H., & Catalano, R. A. (2016) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kww003 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Nelson, L. H., Saulsbery, A. I., & Lenz, K. M. (2018) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.09.002 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Protective and risk factors for women’s mental health after a spontaneous abortion
deMontigny, F., Verdon, C., Meunier, S., Gervais, C., & Côté, I. (2020) · Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/1518-8345.3382.3350 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Indeed, some researchers found that advanced gestational age and prior loss were associated with worse mental health(11-13), while others found no significant association(11).”
BackgroundPoleshuck, E. L., & Woods, J. R. (2014) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0036044 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“First trimester losses are associated with increased risk for the onset of depression and anxiety up to three years later (Blackmore et al., 2011).”
BackgroundGold, K. J., Sen, A., & Leon, I. (2018) · Illness, Crisis & Loss · doi:10.1177/1054137317740800 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“There appears to be a normative spike in anxiety and depression during the pregnancy following a loss which typically resolves after the birth of a healthy baby (Blackmore et al., 2011; DeBackere, Hill, & Kavanaugh, 2008), and we theorized that feelings of guilt might be increased among currently pregnant women so we…”
BackgroundPsychosocial impact of perinatal loss among Muslim women
Sutan, R., & Miskam, H. M. (2012) · BMC Women's Health · doi:10.1186/1472-6874-12-15 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Evidence-based showed that perinatal loss significantly increases anxiety in a subsequent pregnancy and often produces feelings of guilt [1-3].”
BackgroundTektaş, P., & Çam, O. (2017) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2017.07.002 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“previous pregnancy loss continued in the period after a healthy pregnancy (Armstrong, 2007; Blackmore et al., 2011).”
InfluentialO’Leary, J. M., & Warland, J. (2013) · Journal of Family Nursing · doi:10.1177/1074840713495972 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Depression and anxiety after loss may continue for years, even after subsequently giving birth to a healthy infant (Blackmore et al., 2011).”
BackgroundLafarge, C., Mitchell, K., & Fox, P. (2013) · Prenatal Diagnosis · doi:10.1002/pd.4218 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Previous pregnancy outcomes and subsequent pregnancy anxiety in a Quebec prospective cohort
Shapiro, G. D., Séguin, J. R., Muckle, G., Monnier, P., & Fraser, W. D. (2017) · Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1080/0167482x.2016.1271979 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“We chose a cutoff of 20 weeks to delineate between miscarriage and stillbirth as this is the standard cutoff in Canada [32] and was the most commonly used cutoff in the literature to which we compared our results [19,22,25], though both earlier [21] and later [10,23,33,34] cutoffs also have been used.”
ResultMuchanga, S. M. J., Yasumitsu‐Lovell, K., Eitoku, M., Mbelambela, E. P., Ninomiya, H., Komori, K., Tozin, R. R., Maeda, N., Fujieda, M., & Suganuma, N. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.03.049 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Indeed, some reports had shown the previous miscarriage as risk factors of PPD at one month and even in the late postpartum (Blackmore et al., 2011; Giannandrea et al., 2013), while others did not show any association (Bicking Kinsey et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Association of Stillbirth with Depressive Symptoms 6–36 Months Post‐Delivery
HOGUE, C. J. R., Parker, C. B., Willinger, M., Temple, J. R., Bann, C., Silver, R. M., Dudley, D. J., Moore, J., Coustan, D. R., Stoll, B. J., et al. (2015) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/ppe.12176 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
McSpedden, M., Mullan, B., Sharpe, L., Breen, L. J., & Lobb, E. A. (2017) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2016.1210696 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“symptoms following subsequent live births (Blackmore et al., 2011).”
BackgroundNo. 369-Management of Pregnancy Subsequent to Stillbirth
Ladhani, N. N. N., Fockler, M. E., Stephens, L., Barrett, J. F. R., & Heazell, A. E. P. (2018) · Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada · doi:10.1016/j.jogc.2018.07.002 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Women’s Experiences of Miscarriage in the Emergency Department
Larivière‐Bastien, D., deMontigny, F., & Verdon, C. (2019) · Journal of Emergency Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jen.2019.06.008 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Challacombe, F. L., Nath, S., Trevillion, K., Pawlby, S. J., & Howard, L. M. (2020) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-020-01098-w · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Brooten, D. A., Youngblut, J. M., Caicedo, C., del Moral, T., Cantwell, G. P., & Totapally, B. (2016) · American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® · doi:10.1177/1049909116678597 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Kalmbach, D. A., Cheng, P., & Drake, C. L. (2021) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsab028 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Some factors are perinatal-specific, such as prior prenatal loss [6], pregnancy-related anxiety [7], and concerns about fetal health [8].”
BackgroundHuffman, C. S., Schwartz, T. A., & Swanson, K. M. (2015) · Women's Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2015.04.005 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Cecil (1994), in her interview of 27 women after miscarriage, found that although women generally found some comfort in living children: “their existence did not provide an alternative to the desire for a baby” (p.”
BackgroundAnxiety disorders and obsessive compulsive disorder 9 months after perinatal loss
Gold, K. J., Boggs, M. E., Muzik, M., & Sen, A. (2014) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.09.008 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Prior research on perinatal bereavement has focused primarily on depression and posttraumatic stress as well as the general construct of “anxiety,” without narrowing to specific anxiety disorders [10,12,14].”
BackgroundVijayaselvi, R. (2015) · JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH · doi:10.7860/jcdr/2015/13973.6580 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“[36] Blackmore ER, Côté-Arsenault D, Tang W, Glover V, Evans J, Golding J, et al.”
BackgroundKinsey, C. B., Baptiste-Roberts, K., Zhu, J., & Kjerulff, K. H. (2014) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-014-1521-0 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“[9] found higher rates of depression in women with a history of perinatal loss compared to controls at 2 months postpartum, while Hughes et al.”
InfluentialTeenage Mothers in Yaoundé, Cameroon—Risk Factors and Prevalence of Perinatal Depression Symptoms
Nicolet, L., Moayedoddin, A., Miafo, J. D., Nzebou, D., Stoll, B., & Jeannot, É. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10184164 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“This association remains constant across the pre- and postnatal periods, which means that depressive disorders and anxiety persist after childbirth, even if the child is healthy [31].”
BackgroundResultMorrison, C. L., McCook, J. G., & Bailey, B. A. (2015) · Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.3109/0167482x.2015.1106473 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“For example, there is research to suggest that previous miscarriages may lead to depression that extends into another pregnancy [28].”
BackgroundCôté‐Arsenault, D., Leerkes, E. M., & Zhou, N. (2019) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2019.1579897 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationThomas, S. L., Stephens, L., Mills, T., Hughes, C., Kerby, A., Smith, D. M., & Heazell, A. (2021) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-021-04289-0 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Furthermore, a longitudinal study reported that the negative psychological impacts of perinatal death persist beyond the next pregnancy despite the birth of a healthy child [9]; previous history of perinatal death has been reported to disrupt maternal attachment and negatively impact on parenting [10].”
BackgroundMarkin, R. D. (2016) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/pst0000062 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Consistent with this, research suggests that miscarriage is often a traumatic event in a woman’s life and that women experience severe and longlasting bereavement reactions (Blackmore et al., 2011; Lee, Slade, & Lygo, 1996).”
BackgroundResultParent Grief 1–13 Months After Death in Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care Units
Youngblut, J. M., Brooten, D. A., Glaze, J., Promise, T., & Yoo, C. (2016) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2016.1187049 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“…Li, Precht, Mortensen, & Olsen, 2003; Rostila, Saarela, & Kawachi, 2012) and negative long term morbidities in physical health and mental health (Blackmore et al., 2011; Fang et al., 2011; Li, Johansen, Hansen, & Olsen, 2002; Li, Laursen, Precht, Olsen, & Mortensen, 2005; O’Leary & Warland,…”
Hvidtjørn, D., Prinds, C., Bliddal, M., Henriksen, T. B., Cacciatore, J., & O’Connor, M. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024278 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“31 Explorations of subsequent pregnancy following the loss suggest that some mothers are at an increased risk of depression and anxiety.(32) 33 Patient-centred compassionate care is valued by the parents,(20) but we identified no studies assessing the long-term effect of the type of care provided at the hospital.”
BackgroundComplicated grief following the perinatal loss: a systematic review
Zhang, X., Chen, Y., Zhao, M., Yuan, M., Zeng, T., & Wu, M. (2024) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-024-06986-y · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“With medical advances, the incidence of perinatal loss has decreased in recent years, but 30% of women still experience perinatal loss [6].”
Dilemmas Related to Pregnancy Loss
Robinson, G. E. (2011) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e318225f31e · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Blackmore et al. (2011) found that anxiety and depression continued even after the birth of a subsequent healthy child.”
BackgroundChoi, C., Mersky, J. P., Janczewski, C. E., & Goyal, D. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.01.026 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Predicting Need for Follow-Up Due to Severe Anxiety and Depression Symptoms After Perinatal Loss
Hutti, M. H., Myers, J. A., Hall, L. A., Polivka, B. J., White, S., Hill, J., Grisanti, M., Hayden, J., & Kloenne, E. (2018) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jogn.2018.01.003 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“…care use (Hutti, Armstrong, Ziegler, & Myers, 2011), anxiety, and depression were common (Armstrong, Hutti, & Myers, 2009; Hutti, Armstrong, Myers, & Hall, 2015), and increased postpartum depression was found after the birth of subsequent healthy infants (Armstrong, 2007; Blackmore et al., 2011).”
BackgroundLazarides, C., Moog, N. K., Verner, G., Voelkle, M. C., Henrich, W., Heim, C. C., Braun, T., Wadhwa, P. D., Buß, C., & Entringer, S. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721002221 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“First, the majority of these studies have focused on clinical diagnoses of psychiatric disorders (Blackmore et al., 2011; Gong et al., 2013; Turton, Hughes, Evans, & Fainman, 2001), thereby precluding the ascertainment of whether this relationship is evident with variation in maternal psychosocial distress and affecti…”
BackgroundInfluentialDolan, N., Grealish, A., Tuohy, T., & Bright, A. (2022) · Journal of midwifery & women's health · doi:10.1111/jmwh.13335 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
James, W. H. (2014) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.09.027 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Markin, R. D. (2018) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/pst0000186 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Giesbrecht, G. F., Granger, D. A., Campbell, T. S., Kaplan, B. J., & the APrON Study Team (2012) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21008 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Women with a history of miscarriage tend to also display higher levels of anxiety and depression during a subsequent pregnancy (Blackmore et al., 2011) therefore the effects of miscarriage may be related to increases in psychological distress.”
BackgroundPregnancy subsequent to stillbirth: Medical and psychosocial aspects of care.
Fockler, M. E., Ladhani, N., Watson, J., & Barrett, J. (2017) · Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.siny.2017.02.004 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Easing Maternal Anxiety: An Update
Zelkowitz, P., & Papageorgiou, A. N. (2012) · Women s Health · doi:10.2217/whe.11.96 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
A qualitative study exploring women’s beliefs about physical activity after stillbirth
Huberty, J., Coleman, J. D., Rolfsmeyer, K., & Wu, S. S. (2014) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/1471-2393-14-26 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“, perceived stress, anxiety, and sleep quality) may last for years or decades [1,4,6].”
Physical activity and depressive symptoms after stillbirth: informing future interventions
Huberty, J., Leiferman, J. A., Gold, K. J., Rowedder, L., Cacciatore, J., & McClain, D. B. (2014) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-014-0391-1 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Gold, K. J., Normandin, M. M., & Boggs, M. E. (2016) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-016-0657-x · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Smorti, M., Ponti, L., Simoncini, T., Mannella, P., Bottone, P., Pancetti, F., Marzetti, F., Mauri, G., & Gemignani, A. (2020) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2020.1728524 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“…regarding the persistence of general anxiety (not related to pregnancy) and depression during this pregnancy and after the birth of the baby (Armstrong, Hutti, & Myers, 2009; Blackmore et al., 2011; Chojenta et al., 2014; Geller et al., 2004; Warland, O’Leary, McCutcheon, & Williamson, 2011).”
BackgroundQu, J., Weng, X., & Gao, L. (2021) · International Journal of Nursing Practice · doi:10.1111/ijn.12997 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Lin, Y.-H., Chen, C., Sun, F., & Chen, C. (2022) · Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.tjog.2022.08.004 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Impact of a Neonatal-Bereavement-Support DVD on Parental Grief: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Rosenbaum, J. L., Smith, J. R., Yan, Y., Abram, N., & Jeffe, D. B. (2014) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2014.946628 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Bereaved parents are not only at increased risk for hospitalization for psychiatric hospitalization (Li, Laursen, Precht, Olsen, & Mortensen, 2005), but depression and anxiety associated with a previous prenatal loss may persist into subsequent pregnancies and after, even with the birth of a healthy child (Blackmore e…”
BackgroundAntenatal and intrapartum care of pregnancy complicated by lethal fetal anomaly
McNamara, K., O’Donoghue, K., O’Connell, O., & Greene, R. A. (2013) · The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist · doi:10.1111/tog.12028 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Job loss during pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage and stillbirth
Nallo, A. D., & Köksal, S. (2023) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dead183 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Pregnancy losses are consequential for women and their partners ’ health and well-being as they are associated with an increased risk of long-term depression and anxiety-related symptoms (Blackmore et al. , 2011; Hogue, 2016).”
Silver, R. M., & Reddy, U. M. (2024) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2024.05.042 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Cena, L., Lazzaroni, S., & Stefana, A. (2021) · Zeitschrift für psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie · doi:10.13109/zptm.2021.67.3.329 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Altered autonomic nervous system activity in women with unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss
Kataoka, K., Tomiya, Y., Sakamoto, A., Kamada, Y., Hiramatsu, Y., & Nakatsuka, M. (2014) · Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research · doi:10.1111/jog.12653 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Anxiety and depression, which is often observed in women with RPL, is also suggested to be an independent predictor of adverse cardiovascular events.(5,10,11) Heart rate variability (HRV) is a measure of beatto-beat temporal changes in heart rate and provides indirect insight into autonomic nervous system tone.”
BackgroundAdult attachment styles and the psychological response to infant bereavement
Shevlin, M. E., Boyda, D., Elklit, A., & Murphy, S. (2014) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v5.23295 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Measuring the Meaning of Miscarriage: Revision of the Impact of Miscarriage Scale
Huffman, C., Swanson, K. M., & Lynn, M. R. (2014) · Journal of Nursing Measurement · doi:10.1891/1061-3749.22.1.29 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Pregnancy subsequent to perinatal loss may be associated with greater anxiety and stress than pregnancies in women with no loss history (Blackmore et al., 2011; Cóté-Arsenault, 2007; Fertl, Bergner, Beyer, Klapp, & Rauchfuss, 2009; WoodsGiscombé, Lobel, & Crandell, 2010), leading to more interactions with the health c…”
BackgroundXie, J., Hunter, A., Biesty, L., & Grealish, A. (2024) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2024.104814 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Luo, X., Chen, B., & Shen, Q. (2023) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2023.103845 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Less‐invasive autopsy for early pregnancy loss
Simcock, I. C., Lamouroux, A., Sebire, N. J., Shelmerdine, S. C., & Arthurs, O. J. (2023) · Prenatal Diagnosis · doi:10.1002/pd.6361 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Pregnancy-specific health anxiety: symptom or diagnosis?
Rathbone, A. L., & Prescott, J. (2019) · British Journal of Midwifery · doi:10.12968/bjom.2019.27.5.288 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Psychiatric Morbidity and Correlates in Postpartum Women in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Kumar, N., Nagaraj, A. K. M., Koudike, U., & Majgi, S. M. (2016) · Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.4103/0253-7176.185956 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“It also infers that the depression persists beyond the current pregnancy even though it resulted in a healthy baby.[24]”
BackgroundAnxiety and stress in miscarriage
Kicia, M., Skurzak, A., Wiktor, K., et al. (2015) · Polish Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1515/pjph-2015-0046 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“in case of trauma associated with miscarriage, anxiety can disaptative and harmful effect to health [22-24].”
BackgroundFaleschini, S., Aubuchon, O., Champeau, L., & Matte‐Gagné, C. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.016 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Côté‐Arsenault, D., Denney‐Koelsch, E. M., McCoy, T. P., & Kavanaugh, K. L. (2019) · Applied Nursing Research · doi:10.1016/j.apnr.2019.151200 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationAbortion rights are health care rights
Xing, E., Owda, R., Loder, C., et al. (2023) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.171798 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Pregnancy loss significantly traumatizes women physically and emotionally, and women undergoing miscarriage crucially need the care and support of their health care providers (21).”
Krishnamurti, T., Rodriguez, S. N., Wilder, B., Gopalan, P., & Simhan, H. N. (2024) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-024-01474-w · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…early pregnancy include having an unplanned pregnancy (Abajobir et al. 2016; Cheng et al. 2009; Orr et al. 2008), previous pregnancy complications (Blackmore et al. 2011; Egan et al. 2017; Silverman et al. 2017; Zhang et al. 2020), other concurrent mental health conditions, such as anxiety,…”
- Authors
- Blackmore, E. R., Côté-Arsenault, D., Tang, W., Glover, V., Evans, J., Golding, J., & O'Connor, T. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Rochester Medicine (US)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Blackmore, Emma Robertson
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2011-05
- Volume
- 198
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 373-378
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- PMC
- PMC3084335
- OpenAlex
- W2117946497
- Cited by
- 290
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 15.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (submittedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Family Support in Illness
- Keywords
- miscarriage, stillbirth, perinatal depression, perinatal anxiety, subsequent pregnancy, maternal mental health, Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children
- MeSH terms
- Abortion, Spontaneous, Adolescent, Adult, Alcohol Drinking
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-09-28.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-09-28.
Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
