Trends in smoking behaviour between 1985 and 2000 in nine European countries by education
Open accessAbstract
Objective: To examine whether trends in smoking behaviour in Western Europe between 1985 and 2000 differed by education group. Design: Data of smoking behaviour and education level were obtained from national cross sectional surveys conducted between 1985 and 2000 (a period characterised by intense tobacco control policies) and analysed for countries combined and each country separately. Annual trends in smoking prevalence and the quantity of cigarettes consumed by smokers were summarised for each education level. Education inequalities in smoking were examined at four time points. Setting: Data were obtained from nine European countries: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, and Spain. Participants: 451 386 non-institutionalised men and women 25–79 years old. Main outcome measures: Smoking status, daily quantity of cigarettes consumed by smokers. Results: Combined country analyses showed greater declines in smoking and tobacco consumption among tertiary educated men and women compared with their less educated counterparts. In country specific analyses, elementary educated British men and women, and elementary educated Italian men showed greater declines in smoking than their more educated counterparts. Among Swedish, Finnish, Danish, German, Italian, and Spanish women, greater declines were seen among more educated groups. Conclusions: Widening education inequalities in smoking related diseases may be seen in several European countries in the future. More insight into effective strategies specifically targeting the smoking behaviour of low educated groups may be gained from examining the tobacco control policies of the UK and Italy over this period.
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Although the rate of smoking is declining in Europe, it is still very common among individuals who have received little education; and widening education-related inequalities in smoking-cessation rates have been observed in many European countries in recent years.
“Although the rate of smoking is declining in Europe, it is still very common among individuals who have received little education; and widening education-related inequalities in smoking-cessation rates have been observed in many European countries in recent years.214,216,217”
From European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012) (2012) · cites this paper as [217]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Giskes, K., Kunst, A. E., Benach, J., Borrell, C., Costa, G., Dahl, E., Dalstra, J. A. A., Federico, B., Helmert, U., Judge, K., Lahelma, E., Moussa, K., Ostergren, P. O., Platt, S., Prattala, R., Rasmussen, N. K., & Mackenbach, J. P.
- Affiliations
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (ES)
- Agencia de Salud Pública de Barcelona (ES)
- University of Turin (IT)
- Nasjonalt Kunnskapssenter for Helsetjenesten (NO)
- University of Bremen (DE)
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Lund University (SE)
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- Danish National Institute of Public Health (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Giskes, K
- Venue
- Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2005-04-14
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 395-401
- ISSN
- 0141-7681 (ISSN-L)
- 0143-005X
- 1470-2738
- PMC
- PMC1733079
- OpenAlex
- W1500698044
- Cited by
- 472
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 14.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università degli Studi di Cassino (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- STM:n Hallinnonalan avoin julkaisuarkisto (Julkari) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Public Health Policies and Education
- Keywords
- smoking behavior, educational inequality, smoking prevalence trends, tobacco use, cigarette consumption, tobacco control, Western Europe, gender differences in smoking
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Educational Status, Europe, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Residence Characteristics, Smoking, Prevalence, Smoking Cessation, Sex Distribution
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