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Urban built environment and depression: a multilevel analysis
Open accessAbstract
Study objective: To assess the relations between characteristics of the neighbourhood internal and external built environment and past six month and lifetime depression. Design and setting: Depression and sociodemographic information were assessed in a cross sectional survey of residents of New York City (NYC). All respondents were geocoded to neighbourhood of residence. Data on the quality of the built environment in 59 NYC neighbourhoods were collected from the United Status census, the New York City housing and vacancy survey, and the fiscal 2002 New York City mayor’s management report. Main results: Among 1355 respondents, residence in neighbourhoods characterised by a poor quality built environment was associated with greater individual likelihood of past six month and lifetime depression in multilevel models adjusting for individual age, race/ethnicity, sex, and income and for neighbourhood level income. In adjusted models, persons living in neighbourhoods characterised by poorer features of the built environment were 29%–58% more likely to report past six month depression and 36%–64% more likely to report lifetime depression than respondents living in neighbourhoods characterised by better features of the built environment. Conclusions: Living in neighbourhoods characterised by a poor quality built environment is associated with a greater likelihood of depression. Future prospective work designed to assess potential mechanisms underlying these associations may guide public health and urban planning efforts aimed at improving population mental health.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Galea, S., Ahern, J., Rudenstine, S., Wallace, Z., & Vlahov, D.
- Affiliations
- New York Academy of Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Galea, Sandro
- Venue
- Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2005-09-15
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 822-827
- ISSN
- 0141-7681 (ISSN-L)
- 0143-005X
- 1470-2738
- PMC
- PMC1732922
- OpenAlex
- W2092950181
- Cited by
- 409
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 11.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1r01mh066081-01)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH66081, R01MH066391, MH66391)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA013146, DA 13146-S2, DA 018061, R01DA017642, R01DA018061)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Transportation › Urban Transport and Accessibility
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban Green Space and Health
- Keywords
- urban built environment, depression, neighborhood characteristics, built environment quality, neighborhood income, housing conditions, vacant properties, urban planning, population mental health, New York City
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depressive Disorder, Environment, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, New York City, Residence Characteristics, Risk Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Urban Health, Logistic Models
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