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Urban built environment and depression: a multilevel analysis
Open accessAbstract
Study objective: To assess the relations between characteristics of the neighbourhood internal and external built environment and past six month and lifetime depression. Design and setting: Depression and sociodemographic information were assessed in a cross sectional survey of residents of New York City (NYC). All respondents were geocoded to neighbourhood of residence. Data on the quality of the built environment in 59 NYC neighbourhoods were collected from the United Status census, the New York City housing and vacancy survey, and the fiscal 2002 New York City mayor’s management report. Main results: Among 1355 respondents, residence in neighbourhoods characterised by a poor quality built environment was associated with greater individual likelihood of past six month and lifetime depression in multilevel models adjusting for individual age, race/ethnicity, sex, and income and for neighbourhood level income. In adjusted models, persons living in neighbourhoods characterised by poorer features of the built environment were 29%–58% more likely to report past six month depression and 36%–64% more likely to report lifetime depression than respondents living in neighbourhoods characterised by better features of the built environment. Conclusions: Living in neighbourhoods characterised by a poor quality built environment is associated with a greater likelihood of depression. Future prospective work designed to assess potential mechanisms underlying these associations may guide public health and urban planning efforts aimed at improving population mental health.
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“For example, Galeas et al. (2005) found that living in neighborhoods characterized by a poor quality built environment is associated with a greater likelihood of depression among residents of New York City.”
BackgroundMental Health and the Built Environment
SULLIVAN, W. C., & Chang, C. (2011) · Island Press/Center for Resource Economics eBooks · doi:10.5822/978-1-61091-036-1_7 · Cited by 73
“Living in a neighborhood characterized by a poorquality built environment has been shown to be associated with greater individual likelihood of depression during the previous six months and with lifetime depression (Galea et al. 2005).”
BackgroundGary‐Webb, T. L., Baptiste-Roberts, K., Pham, L. D., Wesche, J., Patricio, J., Pi-Sunyer, X., Brown, A. F., Jones‐Corneille, L. R., & Brancati, F. L. (2011) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-349 · Cited by 68
“Most previous studies have examined the perception of neighborhood problems with depression, anxiety, and health status [2-7], with only a few using objective measures of the neighborhood environment [8].”
BackgroundHealthy Cities of Tomorrow: the Case for Large Scale Built Environment–Health Studies
Sarkar, C., & Webster, C. J. (2017) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-016-0122-1 · Cited by 78
The urban public realm and adolescent mental health and wellbeing: A systematic review
Fleckney, P., & Bentley, R. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114242 · Cited by 73
Yue, Y., Dong-feng, Y., Owen, N. G., & Dyck, D. V. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115333 · Cited by 66
The impact of built environment on mental health: A COVID-19 lockdown perspective
Xiao, J., Zhao, J., Luo, Z., Liu, F., & Greenwood, D. J. (2022) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2022.102889 · Cited by 79
“First, it is imperative that the awareness of built environment design ’ s impact on mental health should be fostered (Galea et al., 2005).”
The built environment and depressive symptoms among urban youth: A spatial regression study
Duncan, D. T., Piras, G., Dunn, E. C., Johnson, R. M., Melly, S. J., & Molnar, B. E. (2013) · Spatial and Spatio-temporal Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.sste.2013.03.001 · Cited by 67
“Second, studies that examine the influence of objectively measured built environments on depression/depressive symptoms have focused on adults (Weich et al., 2002; Galea et al., 2005; Kubzansky et al., 2005; Araya et al., 2007; Berke et al., 2007; Schootman et al., 2007; Stockdale et al., 2007; Sallis et al., 2009; Wi…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialFirdaus, G. (2016) · Ageing International · doi:10.1007/s12126-016-9276-0 · Cited by 65
The Long-Term Effects of Moving to Opportunity on Adult Health and Economic Self-Sufficiency
Sanbonmatsu, L., Marvakov, J., Potter, N. A., Yang, F., Adam, E. K., Congdon, W. J., Duncan, G. J., Gennetian, L. A., Katz, L. F., Kling, J. R., et al. (2012) · Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) · Cited by 63
Domènech‐Abella, J., Switsers, L., Mundó, J., Dierckx, E., Dury, S., & Donder, L. D. (2020) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2020.1727853 · Cited by 64
A Systematic Review and Conceptual Framework of Biophilic Design Parameters in Clinical Environments
Tekin, B. H., Corcoran, R., & Gutiérrez, R. U. (2022) · HERD Health Environments Research & Design Journal · doi:10.1177/19375867221118675 · Cited by 63
“There is research evidence that corroborates that the physical qualities of the setting in which a patient receives healthcare positively influence health outcomes in those mental disorders (Evans, 2003; Galea et al., 2005; Laursen et al., 2014; Moore et al., 2018; Rao et al., 2007; Ulrich et al., 1991; Yadav et al.,…”
BackgroundSundling, C., & Jakobsson, M. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su151410817 · Cited by 56
Impact of the Built Environment on Mental and Sexual Health: Policy Implications and Recommendations
Satcher, D. S., Okafor, M., & Dill, L. J. (2012) · ISRN Public Health · doi:10.5402/2012/806792 · Cited by 61
“[22] S.”
BackgroundAhern, J., Margerison-Zilko, C. E., Hubbard, A., & Galea, S. (2013) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2012.301203 · Cited by 61
Self-citationFleury, M., Grenier, G., Bamvita, J., Perreault, M., Kestens, Y., & Caron, J. (2012) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/1475-9276-11-20 · Cited by 64
Association Between Structural Housing Repairs for Low-Income Homeowners and Neighborhood Crime
South, E. C., MacDonald, J. M., & Reina, V. J. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.17067 · Cited by 60
“5 (18-98) years, were predominantly Black (10 952 [78.”
Tao, Y., Yang, J., & Chai, Y. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17010013 · Cited by 60
“Neighborhoods with well-connected streets and diverse land use enabled residents to have more route or destination choices for leisure activities and to build close community ties, which proved beneficial in reducing the risk of depression [20,21].”
BackgroundGaia meets Asclepius: Creating healthy places
Sullivan, W. C., Frumkin, H., Jackson, R. J., & Chang, C.-Y. (2014) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.03.005 · Cited by 58
Hatch, S. L., Woodhead, C., Frissa, S., Fear, N. T., Verdecchia, M., Stewart, R., Reichenberg, A., Morgan, C., Bebbington, P., McManus, S., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048012 · Cited by 57
“Moreover, differences in prevalence of mental ill health and related needs may change in the face of changes in the distribution of economic resources and the availability of social services; in demography as a result of shifting migration patterns; and in the built environment, particularly in urban settings [4–9].”
BackgroundXiao, Y., Miao, S., Sarkar, C., Geng, H., & Lü, Y. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15020225 · Cited by 58
“Furthermore, because of the lower socioeconomic status and prominent liquidity characteristics of migrants, their residential environment had a temporary characteristic, resulting in significantly poorer housing quality as compared to non-migrant residents [31].”
BackgroundWang, L., Zhou, Y., Wang, F., Ding, L., Love, P. E. D., & Li, S. (2021) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2021.103185 · Cited by 68
McCormack, G. R., Cabaj, J., Orpana, H., Lukic, R., Blackstaffe, A., Goopy, S. E., Hagel, B. E., Keough, N., Martinson, R., Chapman, J., et al. (2019) · Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada · doi:10.24095/hpcdp.39.5.03 · Cited by 62
Improving Mental Health Through the Regeneration of Deprived Neighborhoods: A Natural Experiment
White, J., Greene, G., Farewell, D. M., Dunstan, F., Rodgers, S., Lyons, R. A., Humphreys, I., John, A. M., Webster, C. J., Phillips, C. J., et al. (2017) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwx086 · Cited by 56
Collins, P., Hayes, M. V., & Oliver, L. (2008) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2008.03.008 · Cited by 55
Metadata
- Authors
- Galea, S., Ahern, J., Rudenstine, S., Wallace, Z., & Vlahov, D.
- Affiliations
- New York Academy of Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Galea, Sandro
- Venue
- Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2005-09-15
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 822-827
- ISSN
- 0141-7681 (ISSN-L)
- 0143-005X
- 1470-2738
- PMC
- PMC1732922
- OpenAlex
- W2092950181
- Cited by
- 409
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 11.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1r01mh066081-01)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH66081, R01MH066391, MH66391)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA013146, DA 13146-S2, DA 018061, R01DA017642, R01DA018061)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Transportation › Urban Transport and Accessibility
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban Green Space and Health
- Keywords
- urban built environment, depression, neighborhood characteristics, built environment quality, neighborhood income, housing conditions, vacant properties, urban planning, population mental health, New York City
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depressive Disorder, Environment, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, New York City, Residence Characteristics, Risk Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Urban Health, Logistic Models
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