Housing standards and excess winter mortality: Table 1
Open accessAbstract
The winter peak in mortality has been shown to be related to cold stress in a number of countries.1 There are 30 000–60 000 excess winter deaths in the United Kingdom annually. In Ireland, the equivalent figure is 1500–2000 deaths. This winter surplus accounts for a rate of seasonal variation in mortality of 15%, among the highest in Europe.2 Paradoxically, Ireland has a relatively mild winter (mean temperature of 5°C) whereas countries with more severe winter conditions exhibit significantly lower variations in seasonal mortality (for example, Denmark and Norway have mean winter temperatures below freezing but 5% seasonal mortality variation).2 This paper hypothesises a link between poor housing standards (in terms of thermal efficiency and heating systems) and high rates of excess winter mortality in Ireland. Norway was chosen for comparison with Ireland. A comparative analysis of risk factors for cardiovascular3 and respiratory diseases4 and of housing standards was undertaken. Registered monthly mortality data from 1986–1995 were obtained from the Irish Central Statistics Office and Statistics Norway. Data on mortality …
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
People are more likely to die from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases during winter in temperate rather than colder climates.
“people are more likely to die from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases during winter in temperate rather than colder climates (25)”
From Review of the Impact of Housing Quality on Inequalities in Health and Well-Being (2023) · cites this paper as [25]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Smith, G. D., Hart, C., Watt, G. C. M., Hole, D. J., & Hawthorne, V. M. (1998) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.52.6.399 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Damp Housing and Childhood Respiratory Symptoms: The Role of Sensitization to Dust Mites and Molds
Verhoeff, A. P., Strien, R. T. V., Wijnen, J. H. V., & Brunekreef, B. (1995) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117398 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Winter Excess Mortality: A Comparison between Norway and England plus Wales
Laake, K., & Sverre, J. M. (1996) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/25.5.343 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Clinch JP, Healy JD. Alleviating fuel poverty in Ireland: A programme for the 21st century. Int J Housing Science 1999;23:203-15.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Review of the Impact of Housing Quality on Inequalities in Health and Well-Being
Howden-Chapman, P., Bennett, J., Edwards, R., Jacobs, D., Nathan, K., & Ormandy, D. (2023) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071521-111836 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Poor housing quality: Prevalence and health effects
Baker, E., Lester, L. H., Bentley, R., & Beer, A. (2016) · Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community · doi:10.1080/10852352.2016.1197714 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Sahu, S. K., Baffour, B., Harper, P. R., Minty, J. H., & Sarran, C. (2014) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A: Statistics in Society · doi:10.1111/rssa.12008 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
- Authors
- Clinch, J. P., & Healy, J. D.
- Affiliations
- University College Dublin (IE)
- Corresponding author
- Clinch, J Peter
- ORCID
- Clinch, J Peter
- Venue
- Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2000-09-01
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 719-720
- ISSN
- 0141-7681 (ISSN-L)
- 0143-005X
- 1470-2738
- PMC
- PMC1731747
- OpenAlex
- W2125038091
- Cited by
- 97
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 3.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Universitetet i Tromsø
- Queen Mary University of London
- University of Oxford
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Climate Change and Health Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Energy and Environment Impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Healthcare Systems and Public Health
- Keywords
- excess winter mortality, housing standards, cold stress, seasonal variation in mortality, thermal efficiency, heating systems, cardiovascular disease, respiratory diseases, winter temperature, Ireland, Norway
- MeSH terms
- Cardiovascular Diseases, Cold Temperature, Heating, Housing, Humans, Northern Ireland, Norway, Respiratory Tract Diseases, Risk Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
