CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 557Inhalation and Respiratory Drug DeliveryAir Quality and Health ImpactsOccupational and environmental lung diseases

Deposition, retention, and clearance of inhaled particles.

Open access
Lippmann, M, Yeates, D B, Albert, R E·1980·Occupational and Environmental Medicine
DOI 10.1136/oem.37.4.337PMC PMC1008751
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

The relation between the concentrations and characteristics of air contaminants in the work place and the resultant toxic doses and potential hazards after their inhalation depends greatly on their patterns of deposition and the rates and pathways for their clearance from the deposition sites. The distribution of the deposition sites of inhaled particles is strongly dependent on their aerodynamic diameters. For normal man, inhaled non-hygroscopic particles greater than or equal to 2 micrometers that deposit in the conducting airways by impaction are concentrated on to a small fraction of the surface. Cigarette smoking and bronchitis produce a proximal shift in the deposition pattern. The major factor affecting the deposition of smaller particles is their transfer from tidal to reserve air. For particles soluble in respiratory tract fluid, systemic uptake may be relatively complete for all deposition patterns, and there may be local toxic or irritant effects or both. On the other hand, slowly soluble particles depositing in the conducting airways are carried on the surface to the glottis and are swallowed within one day. Mucociliary transport rates are highly variable, both along the ciliated airways of a given individual and between individuals. The changes in clearance rates produced by drugs, cigarette smoke, and other environmental pollutants can greatly increase or decrease these rates. Particles deposited in non-ciliated airways have large surface-to-volume ratios, and clearance by dissolution can occur for materials generally considered insoluble. They may also be cleared as free particles either by passive transport along surface liquids or, after phagocytosis, by transport within alveolar macrophages. If the particles penetrate the epithelium, either bare or within macrophages, they may be sequestered within cells or enter the lymphatic circulation and be carried to pleural, hilar, and more distant lymph nodes. Non-toxic insoluble particles are cleared from the alveolar region in a series of temporal phases. The earliest, lasting several weeks, appears to include the clearance of phagocytosed particles via the bronchial tree. The terminal phases appear to be related to solubility at interstitial sites. While the mechanisms and dynamics of particle deposition and clearance are reasonably well established in broad outline, reliable quantitative data are lacking in many specific areas. More information is needed on: (1) normal behaviour, (2) the extent of the reserve capacity of the system to cope with occupational exposures, and (3) the role of compensatory changes in airway sizes and in secretory and transport rates in providing protection against occupational exposures, and in relation to the development and progression of dysfunction and disease.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1136/oem.37.4.337

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Following human inhalation, the greatest deposition of particles/fibers is in the 16th to 19th generations of airways, which includes the respiratory bronchioles.

    “Following human inhalation, the greatest deposition of particles/fibers is in the 16th to 19th generations of airways, which includes the respiratory bronchioles [85,86,87,88].”

    From Asbestos and Iron (2023) · cites this paper as [85]

    The Deposition Mechanisms section (page unavailable) says inhaled particles can deposit in bronchioles and alveolar spaces, supporting deposition in small airways generally. It does not identify the 16th–19th airway generations, establish that they include respiratory bronchioles, or say that they receive the greatest deposition of particles or fibers. (LLM, conf=0.78)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

No references could be resolved yet.

Research works printed but not linked: 146

  1. Hadfield ED. Damage to human nasal mucosa by wood dust. In: Walton WH. Inhaled particles 111, Part 2. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1971 :855-60.
  2. 2Acheson ED, Cowdell RH, Rang E. Adenocarcinoma of the nasal cavity and sinuses in England and Wales. Br J Ind Med 1972;29:21-30.
  3. Morgan A, Black A, Evans JC, Hadfield EH, MacBeth RG, Walsh M. Impairment of nasal mucociliary clear- ance in woodworkers in the furniture industry. Proceedings of First International Congress on Aerosols in Medicine. Baden, Austria: Internationale Gesellschaft fur Aerosole in der Medizin, 1973:335-8.
  4. I Andersen HC. Eksogene arsager til cancer cavi nasi. Ugeskr Laeger, Videnskob og Praksis 1975 ;137 :2567.
  5. Albert RE, Lippmann M, Briscoe W. The characteristics of bronchial clearance in humans and the effect of cigarette smoking. Arch Environ Health 1969;18:738-55.
  6. 7Yeates DB, Aspin N, Bryan AC, Levison H. Regional clearance of ions from the airways of the lung. Am Rev Respir Dis 1973;107:602-8.
  7. Stober W, Flachsbart H. Size-separating precipitation in a spinning spiral duct. Environmental Science and Technology 1969;3:1280-96.
  8. " Kotrappa P, Light ME. Design and performance of the Lovelace aerosol particle separator. Rev Sci Instrum 1972 ;43 :1106-12.
  9. Milburn RH, Crider WC, Morton SD. The retention of hygroscopic dusts in the human lungs. Arch Ind Health 1957;15:59-62.
  10. Porstendorfer J. Untersuchungen zur Frage des Wachstums von inhalierten Aerosolteilchen im Atem- trakt. Journal of Aerosol Science 1971 ;2:73-9.
  11. Matsuba K, Thurlbeck WM. The number and dimensions of small airways in non-emphysematous lungs. Am Rev Respir Dis 1971;104:516-24.
  12. Lapp NL, Hankinson JL, Amandus H, Palmes ED. Variability in the size of airspaces in normal human lungs as estimated by aerosols. Thorax 1975;30:293-9.
  13. Dalhamn T. Mucus flow and ciliary activity in the trachea of healthy cats and rats exposed to respiratory irritant gases. Acta Physiol Scand (suppl) 1956;123:9-161.
  14. Luchtel DL. Ultrastructural observations on the mucous layer in pulmonary airways. J Cell Biol 1976;70:350a.
  15. Lippmann M, Altshuler B. Regional deposition of aerosols. In: Aharonson EF, Ben-David A, Klingberg MA, eds. Air pollution and the lung. Jerusalem: Halsted Press-John Wiley, 1976:25-48.
  16. Palmes ED, Lippmann M. Influence of respiratory air space dimensions on aerosol deposition. In: Walton WH, ed. Inhaled particles and vapouirs IV. London: Pergamon Press, 1977:127-36.
  17. Thomson ML, Pavia D. Particle penetration and clearance in the human lung. Arch Environ Health 1974;29:214-9.
  18. ' Cohen VR. The effects of glyceryl guaiacolate on bronchial clearance in patients with chronic bronchitis. New York University, 1977. (MS Thesis.)
  19. Love RG, Muir DCF, Sweetland KF. Aerosol deposition in the lungs of coalworkers. In: Walton WH, ed. Inhaled particles III. Vol 1. Old Woking, Surrey: Unwin Brothers Ltd, 1971 :131-9. 358 on July 28, 2023 by guest. Protected by copyright. http://oem.bmj.com/ Br J Ind Med: first published as 10.1136/oem.37.4.337 on 1 November 1980. Downloaded from Depositioni, retentiton, and clearance of inhaled particles 26 Love RG, Muir DCF. Aerosol deposition and airway obstruction. Am Rev Respir Dix 1976;114:891-7.
  20. Heppleston AG. Deposition and disposal of inhaled dust. Arch Fnviron Health 1963 ;7:548-55.
  21. Hankinson JL, Palmes ED, Lapp NL. Pulmonary air space size in coal miners. Am Rev Respir Dis 1979; 119:391-7.
  22. Davies CN. Deposition and retention of dust in the human respiratory tract. Ann Occ up Hyg 1964;7:169-83.
  23. Hatch TF, Gross P. Puilmonarv deposition and retention of inhaled aerosols. New York: Academic Press, 1964.
  24. Stuart BO. Deposition of inhaled aerosols. Arch Int Med 1973;131 :60-73.
  25. Task Group on Lung Dynamics Committee 11-ICRP. Deposition and retention models for internal dosimetry of the human respiratory tract Health PhY's 1966; 12:173-208.
  26. Landahl HD, Tracewell TN, Lassen WH. On the retention of airborne particulates in the human lung. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Medicine 1951; 3:359-66.
  27. Altshuler B, Yarmus L, Palmes ED, Nelson N. Aerosol deposition in the human respiratory tract. Arch Ind Health 1957;15:293-303.
  28. 37Giacomelli-Maltoni G, Melandri C, Prodi V, Tarroni G. Deposition efficiency of monodisperse particles in human respiratory tract. Am Ind HYg Assoc J 1972; 33:603-10.
  29. Foord N, Black A, Walsh M. Regional deposition of 2 5-7-5 ,um diameter particles in healthy male non- smokers. Journal of Aerosol Science 1978;9:343-57.
  30. Muir DCF, Davies CN. The deposition of 0 5 ,um diameter aerosols in the lungs of man. Ann Occutp Hyg 1967;10:161-74.
  31. Davies CN, Heyder J, Subba Ramu MC. Breathing of half-micron aerosols. I Experimental. J Appl Physiol 1972 ;32 :591-600.
  32. Heyder J, Gebhart J, Heigwer G, Roth C, Stahlhofen W. Experimental studies of the total deposition of aerosol particles in the human respiratory tract. Journal of Aerosol Science 1973;4:191-208.
  33. ' Heyder J Gebhart J, Roth C, et al. Intercomparison of lung deposition data for aerosol particles. Jouirnal of Aerosol Science 1978;9:147-55.
  34. Chan TL, Lippmann M. Experimental measurements and empirical modelling of the regional deposition of inhaled particles in humans. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J (in press).
  35. ' Yu CP. A two component theory of aerosol deposition in human lung airways. Bull Math Biol 1978;40:693-706.
  36. Davies CN, Lever MJ, Rothenberg SJ. Experimental studies of the deposition of particles in the human lungs. In: Walton WH, ed. Inhaled particles IV. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1977:151-62.
  37. Heyder J, Armbruster L, Gebhart J, Grein E, Stahlhofen W. Total deposition of aerosol particles in the human respiratory tract for nose and mouth breathing. Joutrnal of Aerosol Science 1975;6:311-28.
  38. Lippmann M, Albert RE. The effect of particle size on the regional deposition of inhaled aerosols in the human respiratory tract. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1969;30:257-75.
  39. ' Schlesinger RB, Lippmann M. Particle deposition in casts of the human upper tracheobronchial tree. Am Ind HYg Assoc J 1972;33:237-51.
  40. Schlesinger RB, Lippmann M. Selective particle deposition and bronchogenic carcinoma. Environ Res 1978;15: 424-31.
  41. Davies CN. Dust sampling and lung disease. Br J Ind Med 1952;9:120-6.
  42. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values of Airborne Con- taminantsfor 1968. Cincinnati: ACGIH, 1968.
  43. Findeisen W. Uber das Absetzen kleiner, in der Luft suspendierten Teilchen in der menschlichen Lunge bei der Atmung. Pflugers Arch 1935;236:367-79.
  44. Landahl HD. On the removal of airborne droplets by the human respiratory tract: I The lung. Biulletin of Mathematical Biophysics 1950;12:43-56.
  45. Landahl HD. Particle removal by the respiratory system. Bulletin of Mathematical BiophYsics 1963 ;25 :29-39.
  46. Beeckmans JM. The deposition of aerosols in the res- piratory tract. I Mathematical analysis and comparison with experimental data. Can J PhYsiol Pharmacol 1965;43:157-72.
  47. Pattle RE. The retention of gases and particles in the human nose. In: Davies CN, ed. Inhaled particles and vapours. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1961:302-9.
  48. Albert RE, Lippmann M, Peterson HT Jr, Berger J, Sanborn K, Bohning D. Bronchial deposition and clearance of aerosols. Arch Int Med 1973;131:115-27.
  49. Brundelet PJ. Experimental study of the dust clearance mechanism of the lung. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1965;175:1-141.
  50. Tucker AD, Wyatt JH, Undery D. Clearance of inhaled particles from alveoli by normal interstitial drainage pathways. J Appl Physiol 1973;35:719-32.
  51. Wanner A. Clinical aspects of mucociliary transport Am Rev Respir Dis 1977;116:73-125.
  52. Horsfield K, Dart G. Olson DE, Filley GF, Cumming G Models of the human bronchial tree. J Appl Physio 1971 ;31 :207-17.
  53. Breeze RG, Wheeldon EB. The cells of the pulmonary airways. Am Rev Respir Dis 1975;116:705-77
  54. Reid L. The landing site in airborne transmission and airborne infection IV. International symposium. In: Vlers JFPk, Winkler KC, eds. International Symposium on Aerobiologyi'. Utrecht: Oostheoh Publishing Com- pany, 1973.
  55. Macklem PT, Proctor DF, Hogg TC. The stability of peripheral airways. Respir PhYsiol 1970 ;8:191-203. on July 28, 2023 by guest. Protected by copyright. http://oem.bmj.com/ Br J Ind Med: first published as 10.1136/oem.37.4.337 on 1 November 1980. Downloaded from '° Yeates DB, Aspin N. A mathematical description of the airways of the human lungs. Respir Phvsiol 1978;32: 91-104. 71
  56. Morrow PE, Gibb FR, Gazioglu KM. A study of particulate clearance from the human lungs. Am Rev Respir Di' 1967;96:1209-21.
  57. Ebert RV, Terracio MJ. Observations on the secretion of the bronchioles with the scanning electron microscope. Am Rev Respir Dis 1975;112:492-6.
  58. Sturgess JM. Mucous lining of major bronchi in the rabbit lung. Am Rev Respir Dis 1977;115:819-27.
  59. Van As A. Pulmonary airway clearance mechanisms: A reappraisal. Am Rev Respir Dis 1977;115:721-5.
  60. Gastineau RM, Walsh PJ, Underwood N. Thickness of bronchial epithelium with relations to exposure to radon. Health Phys 1972;23:857-60.
  61. Reid L. Measurement of the bronchial mucous gland layer: A diagnostic yardstick in chronic bronchitis. Thorax 1960;15:132-41.
  62. Yeates DB, Aspin N, Levison H, Jones MT, Byran AC. Mucociliary tracheal transport rates in man. J Appl Physiol 1975 ;39 :487-95.
  63. Foster WM, Bergofsky EH, Bohning DE, Lippmann M, Albert RE. Effect of adrenergic agents and their mode of action on mucociliary clearance in man. J Appl Physiol 1976;4: 146-52.
  64. Jones R, Reid L. Secretory cells and their glycoproteins in health and disease. Br Med Bull 1978;34:9-16.
  65. Last JA, Jennings MD, Schwartz LW, Cross LE. Glyco- protein secretion by tracheal explants cultured from rats exposed to ozone. Am Rev Respir Dis 1977;116: 695-703.
  66. Edwards PA. Is mucus a selective barrier to macro- molecules? Br Med B/ill 1978;34:55-6.
  67. Ross SM, Corrsin S. Results of an analytical model of mucociliary pumping. J Appl Physiol 1974;37:333-400.
  68. Camner P, Strandberg K, Philipson K. Increased muco- ciliary transport by cholinergic stimulation. Arch Environ Health 1974;29:220-4.
  69. Camner P, Strandberg K, Philipson K. Increased muco- ciliary transport by adrenergic stimulation. Arch Environ Health 1976;31:79-82.
  70. Pavia D, Thomson ML. Inhibition of mucociliary clearance from the human lung by hyoscine. Lancet 1971;1:449-50.
  71. Forbes AR. Halothane depresses mucociliary flow in the trachea. Anesthesiology 1976 ;45 :59-63.
  72. Landa J, Hirsch J, Lebeaux MI. Effects of topical and general anaesthetic agents on tracheal mucous velocity for sheep. J Appl Physiol 1975;38:946-8.
  73. Widdicombe JG. Control of secretion of tracheobronchial mucus. Br Med Bull 1978 ;34:57-61.
  74. Nadel JA. Autonomic control of airway smooth muscle and airway secretions. Am Rev Respir Dis 1977;115: 117-26.
  75. Albert RE, Spiegelman JR, Shatsky S, Lippmann M. The effect of acute exposure to cigarette smoke on bronchial clearance in the miniature donkey. Arch Environ Health 1969;18:30-41.
  76. Camner P, Philipson K, Arvidsson T. Cigarette smoking in man. Arch Environ Health 1971 ;23:421-6.
  77. Lourenco RV, Klimek MF, Borowski CJ. Deposition and clearance of 2 ,u particles in the tracheobronchial tree of normal subjects smokers and nonsmokers. J Clin Invest 1971 ;50:1411-9.
  78. Thomson ML, Pavia D. Long-term tobacco smoking and mucociliary clearance from the human lung in health and respiratory impairment. Arch Environ Health 1973; 26:86-9.
  79. Pavia D, Short MD, Thomson ML. No demonstrable long-term effects of cigarette smoking on the muco- ciliary mechanism of the human lung. Nature 1970; 226:1228-37.
  80. Sanchis J, Dolovich M, Rossman C, Wilson W, New- house M. Pulmonary mucociliary clearance in cystic fibrosis. N Engl J Med 1973;288:651-4.
  81. 98Wolff RK, Dolovich M, Rossman C, Newhouse MT. Sulfur dioxide and tracheobronchial clearance in man. Arch Environ Health 1975;30:521-7.
  82. Pavia D, Thomson ML, Clarke SW, Shannon HS. Effect of lung function and mode of inhalation on penetration of aerosol into the human lung. Thorax 1977;32:144-97. 188
  83. Pavia D, Thomson M, Shannon HS. Aerosol inhalation and depth of deposition in the human lung. Arch Environ Health 1977;32:131-7. 181
  84. Pavia D, Thomson ML, Clarke SW. Enhanced clearance of secretions from the human after the administration of hypertonic saline aerosol. Am Rev Respir Dis 1978; 117:199-203. 102
  85. Yeates DB, Pitt BR, Spektor D, Karron GA, Albert RE. Tracheal mucociliary transport and its relationship to bronchial clearance in man. (Abstract) Am Rev Respir Dis 1978;117:267. 103
  86. Lopez-Vidriero M, Reid L. Bronchial mucus in health and disease. Br Med Bull 1978;34:63-74. 104
  87. Albert RE, Berger J, Sanborn K, Lippmann M. Effects of cigarette smoke components on bronchial clearance in the donkey. Arch Environ Health 1974;29:96-101. 106
  88. Albert RE, Peterson HT Jr, Bohning DE, Lippmann M. Short-term effect of cigarette smoking on bronchial clearance in humans. Arch Environ Health 1975;30: 361-7. 107
  89. Bohning DW, Albert RE, Lippmann M, Foster WM. Tracheobronchial particle deposition and clearance. A study of the effects of cigarette smoking in mono- zygotic twins. Arch Environ Health 1975;30:457-62. 208
  90. Camner P, Philipson K. Tracheobronchial clearance in smoking-discordant twins. Arch Environ Health 1972; 25:60-3. 109
  91. Camner P, Philipson K, Arvidss6n T. Withdrawal of cigarette smoking. Arch Environ Health 1973 ;26 :90-2.
  92. Albert RE, Alessandro D, Lippmann M, Berger J. Long-term smoking in the donkey. Arch Environ Health 1971;22:12-9.
  93. I Wolff RK, Dolovich M, Obminski G, Newhouse MT. Effect of sulfur dioxide on tracheobronchial clearance at rest and during exercise. In: Walton WH, ed. Inhaled particles IV. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1977:321-30. 112
  94. Spiegelman JR, Hanson GD, Lazarus A, Bennett R, Lippmann M, Albert RE. Effect of sulfur dioxide exposure on bronchial clearance in the donkey. Arch Environ Health 1968;17:321-6. 113
  95. Fairchild GA, Kane P, Adams B, Coffin D. Sulfuric acid and streptococci clearance from respiratory tracts of mice. Arch Environ Health 1975 ;30:538-45. 115
  96. Leikauf G, Yeates DB, Wales K, Lippmann M. Effect of inhaled sulfuric acid mist on tracheobronchial muco- ciliary clearance and respiratory mechanics in healthy nonsmokers. Am Rev Respir Dis 1979;119:227 (Abstract).
  97. Camner P, Helstrom PA, Philipson K. Carbon dust and mucociliary transport. Arch Environ Health 1973;26: 294-6. 117 Andersen 1, Lundqvist GR, Proctor DF, Swift DL. Human response to controlled levels of inert dust. Am Rev Respir Dis 1979;119:619-27. 118
  98. Hilding AC. Experimental studies on some little under- stood aspects of the physiology of the respiratory tract and their clinical importance. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 1961 ;65:475-95. 119
  99. Bell KA. Aerosol deposition in models of a human lung bifurcation. Pasadena, Calif: California Institute of Technology, 1974. (PhD thesis.) 120
  100. Camner P, Mossberg B, Philipson K. Tracheobronchial clearance and chronic obstructive lung disease. Scand J Respir Dis 1973;54:272-81. 121
  101. Luchsinger PC, LaGarde B, Kilfeather JE. Particle clearance from the human tracheobronchial tree. Am Rev Respir Dis 1968;97:1046-50. 122
  102. Sturgess J M, Palfrey AJ, Reid L. The viscosity of bronchial secretion. Clin Sci Mol Med 1970 ;38:145-56. 124
  103. Wagner HN, Lopez-Majano V, Langan JK. Clearance of particulate matter from the tracheobronchial tree in patients with tuberculosis. Natuire 1965;205:252-4. 125
  104. Yeates DB, Sturgess JM, Khan SR, Levison H, Aspin N. Mucociliary transport in the trachea of patients with cystic fibrosis. Arch Dis Child 1976;51:28-33. 126
  105. Camner P, Jarstrand C, Philipson K. Tracheobronchial clearance in patients with influenza. Am Rev Respir Dis 1973 ;108:131-5. 128
  106. Sakakura Y, Sasaki Y, Togo Y, et al. Mucociliary function during experimentally induced rhinovirus infection in man. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1973 ;82:203-1 1. 129
  107. Hoorn B, Tyrrel DAJ. A new virus cultivated in organ cultures of human ciliated epithelium. Archiv Gesamte Virus Forschung 1966;18:210-25. 130
  108. Yeates DB. The clearance of soluble and particulate aerosols deposited in the human lung. Ontario: University of Toronto, 1974. (PhD thesis.) 131
  109. Reid L. Evaluation of model systems for study of airway epithelium, cilia and mucus. Arch Intern MJed 1970; 126:428-34. 133
  110. Reid L. The bronchitic component in airways obstruction. Bulletin of PhYsiopathological Respiration 1973;9: 913-23. 134
  111. Bedrossian CW, Greenbert SD, Duran BS. Bronchial gland measurements: a continuing search for a yard- stick. Exp MolPathol 1973;18:219-24. 131
  112. Morrow PE. Alveolar clearance of aerosols. Arch Intern Med 1973;131:101-8. 136 Chinard FP. The permeability characteristics of the pulmonary blood-gas barrier. In: Caro CG, ed. 361 Advances in respiratorY phYsiology. London: Edward Arnold Ltd, 1966. 137 Morrow PE. Lymphatic drainage of the lung in dust clearance. Ann NY Acad Sci 1972;200:45-65. 138 Brain DD. Free cells in the lungs-some aspects of their role, quantitation and regulatory. Arch Intern Med 1970;126:477-87. 139
  113. Ferin J. Lung clearance of particles. In: Aharonson EF, Ben-David A, Klingberg MA, eds. Air pollution and the lung. Jerusalem: Halsted Press-John Wiley, 1976: 64-78. 140
  114. Fisher MV, Morrow PE, Yuile CL. Effect of Freund's complete adjuvant upon clearance of iron-59 oxide from rat lungs. J Reticuloendothel Soc 1973;13:536-56.
  115. 141Green GM, Jakab GJ, Low RB, Davis GS. Defense mechanisms of the respiratory membrane. Am Rev Respir Dis 1977;115:479-514. 142 Green GM. Integrated defense mechanisms in models of chronic pulmonary disease. Arch Intern Med 1970; 126:500-3. 143
  116. LaBelle CW, Brieger H. Synergistic effects of aerosols. II Effects on rate of clearance from the lung. Arch Ind Health 1959 ;20 :100-5. 144
  117. LaBelle CW, Brieger H. The fate of inhaled particles in the early postexposure period. II The role of pulmonary phagocytosis. Arch Environ Health 1960;1:423-7. 145
  118. Holma B. Short-term lung clearance in rabbits exposed to a radioactive bi-disperse (6 and 3 tLrm) polystyrene aerosol. In: Davies CN, ed. Inhaled particles and vapours II. London: Pergamon Press, 1966:189-201. 146
  119. Hahn FF, Newton GJ, Bryant PL. In vitro phagocytosis of respirable-sized monodisperse particles by alveolar macrophages. In: Sanders CL, Schneider RP, Dagle GE, Ragan HA, eds. Pulmonary macrophages and epithelial cells. Springfield, Va: National Technical Information Service, 1977:424-35. (CONF-760927.) 147 Green GM. Alveolobronchiolar transport mechanisms. Arch Intern Med 1973;131:109-14. 148
  120. Macklin CC. Pulmonary sumps, dust accumulations, alveolar fluid and lymph vessels. Acta Anatomy 1955; 23:1-23. 149
  121. Sorokin SP, Brain JD. Pathways of clearance in mouse lungs exposed to iron oxide aerosols. Anat Rec 1975; 181:581-625. 150
  122. Ferin J. Effect of particle content of lung on clearance pathways. In: Sanders CL, Schneider RP, Dagle GE, Ragan HA, eds. Pulmonar.v macrophages and epithelial cells. Springfield, Va: National Technical Information Service, 1977:414-28. (CONF-760927.) 151 Brain JD, Corkery GC. The effect of increased particles on the endocytosis of radiocolloids by pulmonary macro- phages in vivo: competitive and toxic effects. In: Walton WH, ed. Inhaled particles IV. Part 2. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1977:551-64. 152
  123. Bingham E, Barkley W, Murthy R, Vassalo C. Investi- gation of alveolar macrophages from rats exposed to coal dust. In: Walton WH, ed. Inhaled particles IV. Part 2. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1977:543-50. 153
  124. Strecker FJ. Tissue reactions in rat lungs after dust inhalation with special regard to the penetration of dust into the lung lymphatics and lymphatic nodes. In: Davies CN, ed. Inhaledparticlesandvapours II. London: Pergamon Press, 1966. 154
  125. Taylor CE, Guyton AC, Bishop VS. Permeability of the alveolar membrane to solutes. Circ Res 1965;16:353-62. 155
  126. Liebow AA. Effects of transcapillary fluid and protein exchange in the lung. In: Fishman AP, Hecht HH, eds. The pulmonary circulation and interstitial space. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969. 156
  127. Bensch KG, Dominguez EAM. Studies of the pulmonary on July 28, 2023 by guest. Protected by copyright. http://oem.bmj.com/ Br J Ind Med: first published as 10.1136/oem.37.4.337 on 1 November 1980. Downloaded from air-tissue barrier. Part IV Cytochemical tracing of macromolecules during absorption. Yale J Biol Med 1971 ;43:236-41. 157
  128. Morrow PE, Gibb FR, Davies H, Fisher M. Dust removal from the lung parenchyma: an investigation of clearance simulants. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1968;12:372-96. 158
  129. Davis JMG, Ottery J, LeRoux A. The effect of quartz and other non-coal dusts in coalworkers' pneumoconiosis. Part II Lung autopsy study. In: Walton WH, ed. Inhaled particles IV. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1977: 691-702. 159
  130. Simson FW. Reconstruction models showing the moder- ately early simple silicotic process and how it affects definite parts of the primary unit of the lung. Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology 1935;40:37-44. 161 Heppleston AG. Pathological anatomy of simple pneumo- koniosis in coal workers. Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology 1953;66:235-46. 162
  131. Morgan A, Evans JC, Holmes A. Deposition and clear- ance of inhaled fibrous minerals in the rat. Studies using radioactive tracer techniques. In: Walton WH, ed. Inhaled particles IV. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1977:259-74. 163
  132. Wright GW, Kuschner M. The influence of varying lengths of glass and asbestos fibers on tissue response in guinea pigs. In: Walton WH, ed. Inhaledparticles IV. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1977:455-74. 165
  133. Middleton AP, Beckett ST, Davis JMG. A study of the short-term retention and clearance of inhaled asbestos by rats, using UICC standard reference samples. In: Walton WH, ed. Inhaled particles IV. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1977:247-58. 168
  134. Gross R, Pfitzer EA, Hatch TF. Alveolar clearance: Its relation to lesions of the respiratory bronchiole. In: Davies CN, ed. Inhaled particles and vapours II. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966:169-77. 169 Heppleston AG. The disposal of coal and haematite dusts inhaled successively. Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology 1958;75:113. 170 Civil GW, Heppleston AG, Casswell C. The influence of Lippmann, Yeates, and Albert exposure duration and intermittency upon the pul- monary retention and elimination of dusts from,, high and low rank coal mines. Ann Occup Hyg 1975;17: 173-85. 171
  135. Mercer TT. On the role of particle size in the dissolution of lung burdens. Health Phys 1967;13:121 1-21. 173
  136. Casarett LT. The vital sacs: alveolar clearance mechanisms in inhalation toxicology. In: Hayes WJ, ed. Essays in toxicology. Vol III. New York: Academic Press, 1972. 174
  137. Jammet H, Lafuma J, Nenot JC, et al. Lung clearance: Silicosis and anthracosis. In: Shapiro HA, ed. Pneumo- coniosis-proceedings of an international conference- Johannesburg, 1969. Capetown: Oxford University Press, 1970:435-7. 175
  138. Bair WJ, Dilley JV. Pulmonary clearance of 58Fe203 and 51Cr203 in rats and dogs exposed to cigarette smoke. In: Davies CN, ed. Inhaled particles and vapoiurs II. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966:251-68.
  139. 1768Cuddihy RG, Boecker BB. Controlled administration of respiratory tract burdens of inhaled radioactive aerosols in beagle dogs. ToxicolApplPharmacol 1973 ;25:597-605.
  140. " Fish BR. Inhalation of uranium aerosols by mouse, rat, dog and man. In: Davies CN, ed. Inhaled particles and vapours. London: Pergamon Press, 1961:151-65. 180
  141. Morrow PE, Gibb FR, Johnson L. Clearance of insoluble dust from the lower respiratory tract. Health Phys 1964;10:543-55. 181
  142. Albert RE, Arnett LC. Clearance of radioactive dust from the lung. Arch Ind Health 1955;12:99-106. 182
  143. Morrow PE, Gibb FR, Gazioglu K. The clearance of dust from the lower respiratory tract of man: An experimental study. In: Davies CN, ed. Inhaled par- ticles and vapours II. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966: 351-8. 183
  144. Cohen D, Arai SF, Brain JD. Smoking impairs long term dust clearance from the lung. Science 1979;204:514-6. 184
  145. Rundo J. A case of accidental inhalation of irradiated uranium. Br J Radiol 1965;38:39-50. 186
  146. Gupton ED, Brown PE. Chest clearance of inhaled cobalt-60 oxide. Health Phys 1972;23:767-9. 187 National Research Council. Measurement and control of respirable dust in mines. Washington: National Academy of Sciences, 1980. (NMAB-363.) on July 28, 2023 by guest. Protected by copyright. http://oem.bmj.com/ Br J Ind Med: first published as 10.1136/oem.37.4.337 on 1 November 1980. Downloaded from

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Lippmann, M., Yeates, D. B., & Albert, R. E.
Affiliations
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
ORCID
Venue
Occupational and Environmental Medicine
Publisher
BMJ
Published
1980-11-01
Volume
37
Issue
4
Pages
337-362
ISSN
  • 0007-1072 (ISSN-L)
  • 1351-0711
DOI
10.1136/oem.37.4.337
PMC
PMC1008751
OpenAlex
W1986524556
Cited by
557
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 9
FWCI
11.49
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Occupational and Environmental Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
  • National Cancer Institute
  • National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (ES00260)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Inhalation and Respiratory Drug Delivery
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Air Quality and Health Impacts
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Occupational and environmental lung diseases
Keywords
inhaled particles, particle deposition, particle clearance, aerodynamic diameter, mucociliary clearance, cigarette smoking, bronchitis, alveolar macrophages, phagocytosis, lymphatic clearance, occupational exposure
MeSH terms
Aerosols, Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants, Occupational, Cilia, Humans, Lung, Lung Diseases, Models, Biological, Mucus, Particle Size, Pulmonary Alveoli, Respiratory System, Respiratory Physiological Phenomena, Sulfur Oxides

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review