Self-taken pharyngeal and rectal swabs are appropriate for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in asymptomatic men who have sex with men.

Alexander, S; Ison, C; Parry, J; Llewellyn, C; Wayal, S; Richardson, D; Phillips, A; Smith, H; Fisher, M; on behalf of the Brighton Home Sampling Kits Steering Group

doi:10.1136/sti.2008.031443

Cited by 92Reproductive tract infections researchHIV/AIDS Research and InterventionsCervical Cancer and HPV Research

Self-taken pharyngeal and rectal swabs are appropriate for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in asymptomatic men who have sex with men.

Open access

Alexander, S, Ison, C, Parry, J, Llewellyn, C, Wayal, S, Richardson, D, Phillips, A, Smith, H +2 more·2008·Sexually Transmitted Infections

DOI 10.1136/sti.2008.031443

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Self-taken specimens from men who have sex with men (MSM) could be important in reducing high levels of demand on sexual health services. The performance of self-taken specimens for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) from both pharyngeal and rectal sites in asymptomatic MSM was assessed. METHODS: MSM were examined according to clinic protocol: a rectal and pharyngeal swab for GC culture and a rectal swab for the CT strand displacement assay. An extra set of nurse-taken and self-taken pharyngeal and rectal specimens were also requested and were tested using the Aptima Combo 2 assay and the result compared with the routine clinic result, which was considered the gold standard. RESULTS: A total of 272 MSM was recruited and the sensitivity and specificity of nurse-taken and patient-taken swabs, respectively, was as follows: rectal GC: 94.9% and 90.1% (nurse); 92.3% and 87.9% (patient); pharyngeal GC: 88.2% and 91.8% (nurse); 100% and 87.8% (patient); rectal CT: 80.0% and 99.6% (nurse); 91.4% and 98.2% (patient). No significant difference in sensitivity or specificity was observed between the nurse-taken and the patient-taken rectal swabs for either GC or CT. For the detection of GC from the pharynx, comparable sensitivities were achieved between nurse-taken and patient-taken swabs (p = 0.5); however, a significant difference in specificity was observed (p = 0.006). This was due to a higher number of false GC-positive self-taken pharyngeal swabs from patients with high rates (90.9%; 10/11) of confirmed concurrent GC infection in different anatomical sites. CONCLUSIONS: MSM are able to collect self-taken rectal and pharyngeal swabs that are comparable to those taken by clinicians.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1136/sti.2008.031443

Cites

13 of 13 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-collected swabs have been reported to be an acceptable means of collection for pharyngeal and rectal specimens, which can enhance patient comfort and reduce clinical workloads.
“Self-collected swabs have been reported to be an acceptable means of collection for pharyngeal and rectal specimens (217–219), which can enhance patient comfort and reduce clinical workloads.”
From Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021 (2021) · cites this paper as [218]

Vaginal Swabs Are the Specimens of Choice When Screening for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Results From a Multicenter Evaluation of the APTIMA Assays for Both Infections
Schachter, J., Chernesky, M., Willis, D. E., Fine, P. M., Martin, D. H., Fuller, D., Jordan, J. A., Janda, W. M., & Hook, E. W. (2005) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/01.olq.0000190092.59482.96 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing for Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Whiley, D. M., TAPSALL, J. W., & Sloots, T. P. (2006) · Journal of Molecular Diagnostics · doi:10.2353/jmoldx.2006.050045 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Comparison of Three Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in Urine Specimens
Gaydos, C. A., Theodore, M. L., Dalesio, N. M., Wood, B. J., & Quinn, T. C. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.42.7.3041-3045.2004 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Evaluation of the Specificities of Five DNA Amplification Methods for the Detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Palmer, H. M., Mallinson, H., Wood, R. L., & Herring, A. J. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.41.2.835-837.2003 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection and the sexual behaviour of men who have sex with men
Benn, P. D., Rooney, G., Carder, C., Brown, M., Stevenson, S., Copas, A. J., Robinson, A. J., & Ridgway, G. L. (2006) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sti.2006.021329 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
How much do delayed healthcare seeking, delayed care provision, and diversion from primary care contribute to the transmission of STIs?
Mercer, C. H., Sutcliffe, L. J., Johnson, A. M., White, P. J., Brook, G., Ross, J. D. C., Dhar, J., Horner, P., Keane, F., Jungmann, E., et al. (2007) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sti.2006.024554 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
High Analytical Sensitivity and Low Rates of Inhibition May Contribute to Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in Significantly More Women by the APTIMA Combo 2 Assay
Chernesky, M., Jang, D., Luinstra, K., Chong, S., Smieja, M., Cai, W., Hayhoe, B., Portillo, E., MacRitchie, C., Main, C. L., et al. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.44.2.400-405.2006 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Validation of Roche COBAS Amplicor Assay for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis in Rectal and Pharyngeal Specimens by an omp1 PCR Assay
Lister, N. A., Tabrizi, S. N., Fairley, C. K., & Garland, S. M. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.42.1.239-241.2004 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Confirming the Chlamydia trachomatis status of referred rectal specimens
Alexander, S., Martín, I., & ISON, C. A. (2007) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sti.2006.024620 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citation
Chlamydia trachomatis RNA in the environment: is there potential for false-positive nucleic acid amplification test results?
Meader, E. J., Waters, J., & Sillis, M. (2007) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sti.2007.027862 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Non-cultural detection of rectal and pharyngeal gonorrhoea by the Gen-Probe PACE 2 assay.
Young, H.-K., Anderson, J., Moyes, A., & McMillan, A. (1997) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sti.73.1.59 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Data from UK genitourinary medicine clinics, 2006: a mixed picture
Hughes, G., Simms, I., & Leong, G. (2007) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sti.2007.028076 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Automation in clinical microbiology.
Woods, G. L. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021
Workowski, K. A., Bachmann, L. H., Chan, P. A., Johnston, C. M., Muzny, C. A., Park, I., Reno, H., Zenilman, J. M., & Bolan, G. A. (2021) · MMWR. Recommendations and Reports · doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr7004a1 · Cited by 2,759 · see citing works
Extragenital Infections Caused by<i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i>and<i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i>: A Review of the Literature
Chan, P. A., Robinette, A., Montgomery, M., Almonte, A., Cu-Uvin, S., Lonks, J. R., Chapin, K. C., Kojic, E. M., & Hardy, E. J. (2016) · Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1155/2016/5758387 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
2015 European guideline on the management of Chlamydia trachomatis infections
Lanjouw, E., Ouburg, S., de Vries, H., Stary, A., Radcliffe, K. W., & Unemo, M. (2015) · International Journal of STD & AIDS · doi:10.1177/0956462415618837 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Self-Collected versus Clinician-Collected Sampling for Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Screening: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis
Lunny, C., Taylor, D., Hoang, L., Wong, T., Gilbert, M., Lester, R. T., Krajden, M., & Ogilvie, G. S. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0132776 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Extragenital gonorrhea and chlamydia testing and infection among men who have sex with men—STD Surveillance Network, United States, 2010–2012.
Patton, M. E., Kidd, S., Llata, E., Stenger, M., Braxton, J., Asbel, L., Bernstein, K., Gratzer, B., Jespersen, M., Kerani, R., et al. (2014) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciu184 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
2015 UK national guideline for the management of infection with Chlamydia trachomatis
Nwokolo, N. C., Dragovic, B., Patel, S. A., Tong, C. Y. W., Barker, G., & Radcliffe, K. W. (2015) · International Journal of STD & AIDS · doi:10.1177/0956462415615443 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
High performance and acceptability of self-collected rectal swabs for diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in men who have sex with men and women.
van der Helm, J. J., Hoebe, C. J. P. A., van Rooijen, M. S., Brouwers, E. E. H. G., Fennema, H. S. A., Thiesbrummel, H. F. J., & Dukers-Muijrers, N. H. T. M. (2009) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/olq.0b013e3181a44b8c · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Diagnosis and Management of Uncomplicated Chlamydia trachomatis Infections in Adolescents and Adults: Summary of Evidence Reviewed for the 2010 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines
Geisler, W. M. (2011) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/cir698 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Screening for Gonorrhea and Chlamydia: A Systematic Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
Zakher, B., Cantor, A. G., Pappas, M., Daeges, M., & Nelson, H. D. (2014) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m14-1022 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Use of Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing for Diagnosis of Anorectal Sexually Transmitted Infections
Cosentino, L. A., Campbell, T. E., Jett, A., Macio, I. S., Zamborsky, T., Cranston, R., & Hillier, S. L. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.00185-12 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Mycoplasma genitalium: a review
Daley, G. M., Russell, D., Tabrizi, S., & McBride, J. (2014) · International Journal of STD & AIDS · doi:10.1177/0956462413515196 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Incarcerated Women: Findings From a Decade of Screening in a Los Angeles County Jail, 2002–2012
Javanbakht, M., Boudov, M. R., Anderson, L., Malek, M. A., Smith, L. V., Chien, M., & Guerry, S. L. (2014) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2014.302186 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-sampling for oropharyngeal and rectal specimens to screen for sexually transmitted infections: acceptability among men who have sex with men
Wayal, S., Llewellyn, C. D., Smith, H. E., Hankins, M. C., Phillips, A., Richardson, D., Fisher, M., & on behalf of the Home Sampling Kit Project Steering Group (2008) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sti.2008.032193 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citation
The “3 in 1” Study: Pooling Self-Taken Pharyngeal, Urethral, and Rectal Samples into a Single Sample for Analysis for Detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis in Men Who Have Sex with Men
Sultan, B., White, J. A., Fish, R., Carrick, G., Brima, N., Copas, A. J., Robinson, A. J., Gilson, R. J. C., Mercey, D., & Benn, P. D. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.02460-15 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
2025 European guideline on the management of Chlamydia trachomatis infections
White, J. A., Dukers–Muijrers, N. H. T. M., Hoebe, C. J. P. A., Kenyon, C. R., Ross, J. D. C., & Unemo, M. (2025) · International Journal of STD & AIDS · doi:10.1177/09564624251323678 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Evaluation of self-collected versus clinician-collected swabs for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae pharyngeal infection among men who have sex with men.
Freeman, A. H., Bernstein, K. T., Kohn, R. P., Philip, S., Rauch, L. M., & Klausner, J. D. (2011) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/olq.0b013e318227713e · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Implementation and Operational Research
Barbee, L. A., Tat, S. A., Dhanireddy, S., & Marrazzo, J. M. (2016) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000000979 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Monitoring the emergence of community transmission of influenza A/H1N1 2009 in England: a cross sectional opportunistic survey of self sampled telephone callers to NHS Direct
Elliot, A. J., Powers, C., Thornton, A., Obi, C., Hill, C., Simms, I., Waight, P., Maguire, H., Foord, D., Povey, E., et al. (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b3403 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-Screening for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Clinic—High Yields and High Acceptability
Soni, S., & White, J. A. (2011) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/olq.0b013e31822e6136 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Syphilis incidence in men who have sex with men with human immunodeficiency virus comorbidity and the importance of integrating sexually transmitted infection prevention into HIV care
Refugio, O. N., & Klausner, J. D. (2018) · Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy · doi:10.1080/14787210.2018.1446828 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Diagnosis and Management of UncomplicatedChlamydia trachomatisInfections in Adolescents and Adults: Summary of Evidence Reviewed for the 2015 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines
Geisler, W. M. (2015) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/civ694 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
A review of the epidemiology, diagnosis and evidence-based management of Mycoplasma genitalium
Weinstein, S. A., & Stiles, B. G. (2011) · Sexual Health · doi:10.1071/sh10065 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Home Sampling for Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV in Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Prospective Observational Study
Fisher, M., Wayal, S., Smith, H. E., Llewellyn, C. D., Alexander, S., ISON, C. A., Parry, J. V., Singleton, G., Perry, N., Richardson, D., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0120810 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citation
Rectal Chlamydia in heterosexual women: more questions than answers
Ding, A., & Challenor, R. (2013) · International Journal of STD & AIDS · doi:10.1177/0956462413515637 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The challenges of detecting gonorrhoea and chlamydia in rectal and pharyngeal sites: could we, should we, be doing more?
Alexander, S. (2009) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sti.2008.035469 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citation
Seven days of doxycycline is an effective treatment for asymptomatic rectal Chlamydia trachomatis infection
Elgalib, A., Alexander, S., Tong, C. Y. W., & White, J. A. (2011) · International Journal of STD & AIDS · doi:10.1258/ijsa.2011.011134 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citation
Feasibility of Incorporating Self-Collected Rectal Swabs Into a Community Venue-Based Survey to Measure the Prevalence of HPV Infection in Men Who Have Sex With Men
Gilbert, M., Kwag, M., Mei, W., Rank, C., Kropp, R. Y., Severini, A., van Niekerk, D., Zhou, C., Press, N., Ogilvie, G. S., et al. (2011) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/olq.0b013e318222899d · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Performance of cobas® 4800 and m2000 real-time™ assays for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in rectal and self-collected vaginal specimen
Geelen, T. H., Rossen, J. W. A., Beerens, A. M., Poort, L., Morré, S. A., Ritmeester, W. S., van Kruchten, H. E., van de Pas, M. M., & Savelkoul, P. H. M. (2013) · Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease · doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.06.020 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Home sampling kits for sexually transmitted infections: preferences and concerns of men who have sex with men
Wayal, S., Llewellyn, C. D., Smith, H. E., & Fisher, M. (2010) · Culture Health & Sexuality · doi:10.1080/13691058.2010.535018 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citation
Where do young men want to access STI screening? A stratified random probability sample survey of young men in Great Britain
Saunders, J., Mercer, C. H., Sutcliffe, L. J., Hart, G. J., Cassell, J., & Estcourt, C. S. (2012) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sextrans-2011-050406 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Advances in Sampling and Screening for Chlamydia
Hocking, J. S., Guy, R., Walker, J., & Tabrizi, S. N. (2013) · Future Microbiology · doi:10.2217/fmb.13.3 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Background review for the ‘2015 European guideline on the management of Chlamydia trachomatis infections’
Lanjouw, E., Ouburg, S., de Vries, H., Stary, A., Radcliffe, K. W., & Unemo, M. (2015) · International Journal of STD & AIDS · doi:10.1177/0956462415618838 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Culture of Non-Genital Sites Increases the Detection of Gonorrhea in Women
Giannini, C. M., Kim, H. K., Mortensen, J., Mortensen, J. E., Marsolo, K. A., & Huppert, J. S. (2010) · Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2010.02.003 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Evaluation of the Versant CT/GC DNA 1.0 Assay (kPCR) for the Detection of Extra-Genital Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infections
Marangoni, A., Foschi, C., Nardini, P., Compri, M., & Cevenini, R. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0120979 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Control of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the Era of Evolving Antimicrobial Resistance
Barbee, L. A., & Dombrowski, J. C. (2013) · Infectious Disease Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.idc.2013.08.001 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
High prevalence of asymptomatic sexually transmitted infections in HIV-infected men who have sex with men: A stimulus to improve screening
Keaveney, S., Sadlier, C., O’Dea, S., Delamere, S., & Bergin, C. J. (2014) · International Journal of STD & AIDS · doi:10.1177/0956462414521165 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
European guideline for the organization of a consultation for sexually transmitted infections, 2012
Radcliffe, K. W., Flew, S., Põder, A., & Cusini, M. (2012) · International Journal of STD & AIDS · doi:10.1258/ijsa.2012.012115 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Swab-yourself Trial With Economic Monitoring and Testing for Infections Collectively (SYSTEMATIC): Part 1. A Diagnostic Accuracy and Cost-effectiveness Study Comparing Clinician-taken vs Self-taken Rectal and Pharyngeal Samples for the Diagnosis of Gonorrhea and Chlamydia
Wilson, J., Wallace, H. E., Loftus-Keeling, M., Ward, H., Davies, B., Vargas‐Palacios, A., Hulme, C. T., & Wilcox, M. H. (2020) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa1266 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Les infections génitales hautes : bases microbiologiques du diagnostic et du traitement
Quentin, R., & Verdon, R. (2012) · Journal de gynécologie, obstétrique et biologie de la reproduction. Supplément/Journal de gynécologie obstétrique et biologie de la reproduction · doi:10.1016/j.jgyn.2012.09.015 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-collected nasal swabs to detect infection and colonization: a useful tool for population-based epidemiological studies?
Akmatov, M. K., & Peßler, F. (2011) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2011.04.009 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae co-infections among patients with newly diagnosed syphilis: a single-centre, cross-sectional study
Rob, F., Jůzlová, K., Kružicová, Z., Vaňousová, D., Lásiková, Š., Sýkorová, B., Machala, L., Rozsypal, H., Veselý, D., Zákoucká, H., et al. (2019) · Central European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.21101/cejph.a5142 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Sampling Technique and Detection Rates for Pharyngeal Gonorrhea Using Culture
Razali, M. F., Fairley, C. K., Hocking, J. S., Bradshaw, C. S., & Chen, M. Y. (2010) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/olq.0b013e3181d73cc7 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Outreach sexual infection screening and postal tests in men who have sex with men: are they comparable to clinic screening?
Wood, M., Ellks, R., & Grobicki, M. (2014) · International Journal of STD & AIDS · doi:10.1177/0956462414539668 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Evaluation of Gonorrhea Test of Cure at 1 Week in a Los Angeles Community-Based Clinic Serving Men Who Have Sex With Men
Beymer, M. R., Llata, E., Stirland, A., Weinstock, H., Wigen, C. L., Guerry, S. L., Mejia, E., & Bolan, R. (2014) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/olq.0000000000000190 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
To pool or not to pool? Screening of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in female sex workers: pooled versus single-site testing
Verougstraete, N., Verbeke, V., Cannière, A.-S. D., Simons, C., Padalko, E. Y., & Coorevits, L. (2020) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sextrans-2019-054357 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Evaluating the Impact of Housing Status on Gonorrhea and Chlamydia Screening in an HIV Primary Care Setting
Clemenzi-Allen, A., Hartogensis, W., Cohen, S. E., Gandhi, M., Geng, E. H., & Christopoulos, K. (2018) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/olq.0000000000000939 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Client Feedback and Satisfaction With an Express Sexually Transmissible Infection Screening Service at an Inner-City Sexual Health Center
Martin, L., Knight, V. M., Ryder, N., Lu, H., Read, P. J., & McNulty, A. M. (2012) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/olq.0b013e318275343b · Cited by 16 · see citing works
2018 European guideline on the organization of a consultation for sexually transmitted infections
Gamoudi, D., Flew, S., Cusini, M., Benardon, S., Põder, A., & Radcliffe, K. W. (2019) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.15577 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Recent perspectives in the diagnosis and evidence-based treatment ofMycoplasma genitalium
Weinstein, S. A., & Stiles, B. G. (2012) · Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy · doi:10.1586/eri.12.20 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Comparative effectiveness of two self-collected sample kit distribution systems for chlamydia screening on a university campus
Jenkins, W. D., Weis, R., Campbell, P., Barnes, M., Barnes, P., & Gaydos, C. A. (2012) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sextrans-2011-050379 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
College students’ comfort with and intention to use self-collection services for STI testing
Lindley, L. L., Sharif, A. M., & Chowdhury, T. (2020) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2020.1820511 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Online self-sampling kits for human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually transmitted infections: Feasibility, positivity rates, and factors associated with infections in France
Rahib, D., Berçot, B., Delagreverie, H. M., Gabassi, A., Delaugerre, C., Salord, H., Icard, V., Thi, T.-T. L., Leveau, B., Khiri, H., et al. (2022) · International Journal of STD & AIDS · doi:10.1177/09564624211066447 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The Ballseye programme: a mixed-methods programme of research in traditional sexual health and alternative community settings to improve the sexual health of men in the UK
Estcourt, C. S., Sutcliffe, L. J., Mercer, C. H., Copas, A. J., Saunders, J., Roberts, T. E., Fuller, S., Jackson, L. J., Sutton, A. J., White, P. J., et al. (2016) · Programme Grants for Applied Research · doi:10.3310/pgfar04200 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Acceptability of testing for anorectal sexually transmitted infections and self-collected anal swabs in female sex workers, men who have sex with men and transgender women in Papua New Guinea
Bell, S. A., Wapling, J., Ase, S., Boli‐Neo, R., Vallely, A. J., Kaldor, J. M., Nightingale, C. E., & Kelly‐Hanku, A. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5684-2 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Biology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and the Clinical Picture of Infection
ISON, C. A. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14663-3_6 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citation
The effect of introducing routine self-taken extra-genital swabs in a genitourinary medicine clinic cohort: a before and after study
Nyatsanza, F., Trivedy, A., & Brook, G. (2015) · International Journal of STD & AIDS · doi:10.1177/0956462415621833 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Community perspectives on ideal bacterial STI testing services for gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men in Toronto, Canada: a qualitative study
Rana, J., Burchell, A. N., Wang, S., Logie, C. H., Lisk, R., & Gesink, D. (2022) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-022-08529-7 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Health Care Provider Perceptions of a Sexually Transmitted Infection Self-testing Program in an HIV Care Clinic
Tat, S. A., Dhanireddy, S., Marrazzo, J. M., & Barbee, L. A. (2017) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/olq.0000000000000769 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-Collection of Specimens for Nucleic Acid-Based Diagnosis of Pharyngeal, Cervicovaginal, Urethral, and Rectal Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis Infections
Levy, V., Blackmore, C. S., & Klausner, J. D. (2012) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-937-2_28 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Sampling technique and detection rates of oropharyngeal and anorectal gonorrhoea using nucleic acid amplification tests in men who have sex with men
Yang, T. Z. T., Chen, M. Y., Read, T. R. H., Needleman, R., Bradshaw, C. S., Fortune, R., Fairley, C. K., & Chow, E. P. F. (2017) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sextrans-2017-053339 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Adolescents may accurately self-collect pharyngeal and rectal clinical specimens for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection
Vavala, G., Goldbeck, C. S., Bristow, C., Stafylis, C., Adamson, P. C., Polanco, D., Ocasio, M. A., Fournier, J., Romero-Espinoza, A., Flynn, R. P., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255878 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Patients May Accurately Self-collect Pharyngeal and Rectal Specimens for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis Infection: But Is There Benefit?
Kojima, N., & Klausner, J. D. (2020) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa1272 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The continuing evolution of research on sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men
Stall, R. D., & Hart, G. J. (2008) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sti.2008.034546 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-collected anal swabs in men who have sex with men: minimal benefit of routine peri-anal examination
Templeton, D. J., Wang, Y., Higgins, A. N., & Manokaran, N. (2011) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sti.2011.049346 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Gonorrhea
Zenilman, J. M., & Deal, C. D. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-391059-2.00016-4 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Triple site sexually transmitted infection testing as a crucial component of surveillance for men who have sex with men: A prospective cohort study
Zucker, R., Gaisa, M. M., Sigel, K. M., Singer, I., Adler, A., Turner, D., Ben‐Ami, R., Nissan, I., Chan, C. A., & Halperin, T. (2021) · International Journal of STD & AIDS · doi:10.1177/09564624211047477 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Test of cure study: a feasibility study to estimate the time to test of cure (TOC) for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infections
Sultan, B., Benn, P. D., Schembri, G., Patel, H., Brima, N., Alexander, S., & ISON, C. A. (2020) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sextrans-2019-054302 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citation
Performance and acceptability of self-collected specimens for diagnosis of rectal and pharyngeal Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections among men who have sex with men in China: a randomized controlled trial
Jiang, T., Cao, N., Luo, W., Zheng, L., Huang, Z.-Q., Jia, T.-J., Li, Y., Shi, M.-Q., Han, Y., Yin, Y.-P., et al. (2024) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-024-10273-8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Can an asymptomatic screening pathway for men who have sex with men be introduced safely at a level 3 sexual health service in the UK?
Collister, A., Bains, M., Jackson, R., Clarke, E., & Patel, R. (2014) · International Journal of STD & AIDS · doi:10.1177/0956462414532449 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Extragenital Testing for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis in a Large HIV Clinic in the US South: Implementation and Epidemiology
Pottorff, A. E., Duarte, P., Chow, J. Y., Luque, A. E., & Nijhawan, A. E. (2021) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/olq.0000000000001349 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Assessment for sexually transmitted infections in men who have sex with men attending a nurse-run HIV preexposure prophylaxis clinic
Stockton, J. M. (2021) · Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1097/jxx.0000000000000569 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Urine and extragenital gonococcal andChlamydiainfections in HIV positive young men who have sex with men (YMSM): enhanced detection of rectalChlamydiawhen screening with nucleic acid amplified tests versus cultures
Neu, N. M., NELSON, J. A., Ranson, E. L., Whittier, S., Shaw, A., & COHALL, A. T. (2012) · Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1016/j.jomh.2012.02.002 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Next-Generation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Antimicrobial Resistance Testing
Potter, R. F., Ransom, E. M., & Burnham, C. D. (2021) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/hvab026 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sexually transmitted infections in men: history and examination
Radcliffe, K. W., & Flew, S. (2014) · Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mpmed.2014.03.008 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-sampling with oral rinse to detect oropharyngeal Neisseria gonorrhoeae among men who have sex with men: results from an exploratory study in Belgium (the SSONG Study)
Vanbaelen, T., van Petersen, L., Frankenhuijsen, M. V., Cuylaerts, V., den Bossche, D. V., Kenyon, C. R., & Baetselier, I. D. (2024) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sextrans-2023-056059 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Impact of education and clinic site champion on extragenital testing for sexually transmitted infections
Cunningham, V. C., Hurdelbrink, J. R., Smith, H. L., Sittig, K. R., & Veach, L. A. (2024) · International Journal of STD & AIDS · doi:10.1177/09564624241254875 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
Infecciones por Mycoplasma y Chlamydia
Martínez, M. P. G., Sáiz, E. B., & Imbroda, A. J. G. (2010) · Medicine - Programa de Formación Médica Continuada Acreditado · doi:10.1016/s0304-5412(10)70122-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gonococcie rectale: mise au point à l’heure de la résistance aux antibiotiques
Bord, C. (2009) · Côlon & Rectum · doi:10.1007/s11725-009-0167-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Secrezione uretrale maschile
Chaine, B., & Janier, M. (2015) · EMC - AKOS - Trattato di Medicina · doi:10.1016/s1634-7358(15)69857-6
Secreción uretral en el varón
Chaine, B., & Janier, M. (2015) · EMC - Tratado de Medicina · doi:10.1016/s1636-5410(15)69766-5
Reflection on care in recurrent sexually transmitted co-infections
Paparello, J. Z., Beyers, C. Z., & Por, J. (2011) · British Journal of Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjon.2011.20.18.1078
Molecular Methods for Identification of Cultured Microorganisms
(2010) · doi:10.1128/9781555817435.ch12.3
Office-Based STI Management: A Practical Approach to Sexual History Taking and Syndromic Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections
Bachmann, L. H., & McNeil, C. J. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56694-8_1
Chlamydiae
Pol, B. J. V. D., & Gaydos, C. A. (2016) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555819156.ch38
Molecular Methods for Identification of Cultured Microorganisms
Leber, A. L. (2016) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555818814.ch12.3
Epidemiology and clinical significance of extragenital forms of sexually transmitted infections in women
Kisina, V. I., Musakova, M. V., Romanova, I. V., Леонидовна, К. Г., & Guschin, A. E. (2023) · Russian Journal of Clinical Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.17116/klinderma202322031236
Acceptability and implementation considerations of the patient-collected rectal swab for sexually transmitted infections testing among men who have sex with men and transgender women in Kigali, RwandaPreprint
Rwema, J. O. T., Okonkwo, N. E., Hamill, M. M., Lyons, C. E., Menezes, N. P., Makuza, J. D., Nyombayire, J. M., Rwibasira, G. N., Kagaba, A., Sullivan, P. S., et al. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.09.30.24314599
Molecular Methods for Identification of Microorganisms
Greninger, A. L., Hillyard, D. R., Reimer, L. G., Mehta, N., Mallory, M. A., Schlaberg, R., Pettengill, M. A., Tang, Y., Nguyen, N. L., Pinsky, B. A., et al. (2023) · ClinMicroNow · doi:10.1002/9781683670438.cmph0154
Prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infections in the United Kingdom from Home-Collected Samples: A Cross-Sectional Laboratory Analysis of over 6000 Cases
Jo, K. M., Joanne, W., Katie, C., Laura, M., Gary, S., Lamont John, V., Peter, F., & Mark, W. R. (2026) · International Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.14302/issn.2994-6743.ijstd-25-5899
British association for sexual health and HIV UK national guideline for the management of infection with Chlamydia trachomatis , 2026
Saunders, J., Burley, N., Brice, S., Cannon, L., Cochrane, S., Milligan, A. L., Pitt, R., Sellors, V., & Saxon, C. (2026) · International Journal of STD & AIDS · doi:10.1177/09564624261475950

Evaluation of Self-Collected Glans and Rectal Swabs from Men Who Have Sex with Men for Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae by Use of Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests
Moncada, J., Schachter, J., Liska, S., Shayevich, C., & Klausner, J. D. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.02269-08 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Performance and acceptability of self-collected specimens for diagnosis of rectal and pharyngeal Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections among men who have sex with men in China: a randomized controlled trial
Jiang, T., Cao, N., Luo, W., Zheng, L., Huang, Z.-Q., Jia, T.-J., Li, Y., Shi, M.-Q., Han, Y., Yin, Y.-P., et al. (2024) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-024-10273-8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Evaluation of self-collected versus clinician-collected swabs for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae pharyngeal infection among men who have sex with men.
Freeman, A. H., Bernstein, K. T., Kohn, R. P., Philip, S., Rauch, L. M., & Klausner, J. D. (2011) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/olq.0b013e318227713e · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Comparison of self-collected meatal swabs with urine specimens for the diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in men
Berry, L., & Stanley, B. (2017) · Journal of Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1099/jmm.0.000428 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
High performance and acceptability of self-collected rectal swabs for diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in men who have sex with men and women.
van der Helm, J. J., Hoebe, C. J. P. A., van Rooijen, M. S., Brouwers, E. E. H. G., Fennema, H. S. A., Thiesbrummel, H. F. J., & Dukers-Muijrers, N. H. T. M. (2009) · Sexually Transmitted Diseases · doi:10.1097/olq.0b013e3181a44b8c · Cited by 138 · see citing works

Authors: Alexander, S., Ison, C., Parry, J., Llewellyn, C., Wayal, S., Richardson, D., Phillips, A., Smith, H., Fisher, M., & on behalf of the Brighton Home Sampling Kits Steering Group
Affiliations: Health Protection Agency (GB)
Brighton and Sussex Medical School (GB)
Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust (GB)
Corresponding author: Alexander, S
ORCID: Alexander, S
Ison, C
Parry, J
Llewellyn, C
Wayal, S
Richardson, D
Smith, H
Fisher, M
Venue: Sexually Transmitted Infections
Publisher: BMJ
Published: 2008-11-01
Volume: 84
Issue: 6
Pages: 488-492
ISSN: 0007-134X (ISSN-L)
1368-4973
DOI: 10.1136/sti.2008.031443
OpenAlex: W2130274858
Cited by: 92
References: 13
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 6.69
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
figshare.com
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Sexually Transmitted Infections (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Sussex Research Online (University of Sussex) (submittedVersion)
ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Reproductive tract infections research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Cervical Cancer and HPV Research
Keywords: Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, men who have sex with men, asymptomatic infection, throat swabs, rectal swabs, Aptima Combo 2, sensitivity and specificity, co-infection
MeSH terms: Chlamydia Infections, Chlamydia trachomatis, Gonorrhea, Humans, Male, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Pharyngeal Diseases, Pharynx, Rectal Diseases, Rectum, Self Care, Sensitivity and Specificity, Specimen Handling, Observer Variation, Homosexuality, Male, Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Self-taken pharyngeal and rectal swabs are appropriate for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in asymptomatic men who have sex with men.

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks