Cited by 120Sinusitis and nasal conditionsAsthma and respiratory diseasesMast cells and histamine

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 29 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.

Expression of oestrogen and progesterone receptors by mast cells alone, but not lymphocytes, macrophages or other immune cells in human upper airways

Open access

Zhao, X J·2001·Thorax

DOI 10.1136/thorax.56.3.205PMC PMC1758779

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Nasal polyposis often coexists with asthma in airway inflammatory conditions characterised by the infiltration of a range of immune cells. A potentially important role for ovarian hormones has been implicated in airway inflammation but the cellular target for such action is not known. METHODS: Expression of oestrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) was examined using immunohistochemistry in formalin fixed nasal polyp tissues from 47 subjects. The cells positive for ER or PR were confirmed by spatial location, dual immunolabelling, and histochemical staining. RESULTS: Consistent with the known features of nasal polyps, CD4+ (T helper/inducer), CD8+ (cytotoxic/suppressor), CD68+ (macrophages), mast cells, eosinophils and neutrophils were all clearly detected by their relevant monoclonal antibodies or appropriate histochemical staining, but only mast cells tested positive for ER/PR labelling with their polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. The frequencies for expression were 61.7% for ER positive and 59.6% for PR positive cells. The expression of ER/PR was independent of patient sex and age but was highly correlated with the numbers of mast cells (r = 0.973, p<0.001 for ER; r = 0.955, p<0.001 for PR). Fewer than 5% of mast cells were found to be negative for ER/PR expression. CONCLUSIONS: Mast cells alone, but not lymphocytes, macrophages, or other immune cells, express ER/PR in human upper airways. Numerous ER/PR positive mast cells exist in nasal polyps, indicating that this may be a major route for the involvement of sex hormones in airway inflammation when exposed to the higher and varying concentration of oestrogen and progesterone characteristic of females.

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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Co-localisation for mast cell tryptase and ER or PR is further consolidated by use of dual immunofluorescence imaging (figs 7 and 8).”
- Also stated in: § DUAL LABELLING · plain
  “Tissue samples stained sequentially for mast cell tryptase followed by ER (fig 7) or for PR followed by mast cell tryptase (fig 8) (each reported by a diVerent fluorochrome) and imaged using interference filters show the two signals to coexist within the same cell.”
§ Expression of oestrogen and progesterone receptors by mast cells alone, but not lymphocytes, macrophages or other immune cells in human upper airways > DUAL LABELLING
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The frequencies for expression were 61.7% for ER positive and 59.6% for PR positive cells.”
- Also stated in: § NUMEROUS ER/PR POSITIVE MAST CELLS EXIST IN NASAL POLYPS INDEPENDENT OF SEX AND AGE · hedged
  “Approximately 62% of all samples examined (29 of 47 patients) were positive for ER and above the threshold for cell counts.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
  “The frequency of positive expression of ER and/or PR in nasal polyp tissues was 61.7% and/or 59.6%.”
§ Expression of oestrogen and progesterone receptors by mast cells alone, but not lymphocytes, macrophages or other immune cells in human upper airways > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 47
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The expression of ER/PR was independent of patient sex and age but was highly correlated with the numbers of mast cells (r = 0.973, p<0.001 for ER; r = 0.955, p<0.001 for PR).”
- Also stated in: § NUMEROUS ER/PR POSITIVE MAST CELLS EXIST IN NASAL POLYPS INDEPENDENT OF SEX AND AGE · plain
  “Again, the expression of ER or PR did not vary with patient age.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
  “It is noteworthy that the expression of ER and/or PR by mast cells was independent of patient sex and age and that fewer than 5% of the mast cells sampled in this study were negative for ER and/or PR.”
§ Expression of oestrogen and progesterone receptors by mast cells alone, but not lymphocytes, macrophages or other immune cells in human upper airways > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 47
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The expression of ER/PR was independent of patient sex and age but was highly correlated with the numbers of mast cells (r = 0.973, p<0.001 for ER; r = 0.955, p<0.001 for PR).”
- Also stated in: § MORE THAN 95% OF MAST CELLS EXPRESS ER/PR IN NASAL POLYPS · plain
  “When analysed using a two tailed Pearson bivariate correlation test, the correlation between ER or PR positive cells and mast cells was 0.973 (p<0.001) and 0.955 (p<0.001),respectively.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
  “Further correlation studies between the number of ER or PR positive cells and that of mast cells (coeYcient = 0.973, p<0.001 for ER; 0.955, p<0.001 for PR) showed that more than 95% of mast cells sampled in this study express ER and/or PR.”
§ Expression of oestrogen and progesterone receptors by mast cells alone, but not lymphocytes, macrophages or other immune cells in human upper airways > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedn = 47
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Co-localisation for mast cell tryptase and ER or PR is further consolidated by use of dual immunofluorescence imaging (figs 7 and 8).”
- Also stated in: § DUAL LABELLING · plain
  “Tissue samples stained sequentially for mast cell tryptase followed by ER (fig 7) or for PR followed by mast cell tryptase (fig 8) (each reported by a diVerent fluorochrome) and imaged using interference filters show the two signals to coexist within the same cell.”
§ Expression of oestrogen and progesterone receptors by mast cells alone, but not lymphocytes, macrophages or other immune cells in human upper airways > DUAL LABELLING
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The expression of ER/PR was independent of patient sex and age but was highly correlated with the numbers of mast cells (r = 0.973, p<0.001 for ER; r = 0.955, p<0.001 for PR).”
- Also stated in: § NUMEROUS ER/PR POSITIVE MAST CELLS EXIST IN NASAL POLYPS INDEPENDENT OF SEX AND AGE · plain
  “Neither ER (p=0.620)nor PR (p=0.517)expression was dependent on patient sex.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
  “It is noteworthy that the expression of ER and/or PR by mast cells was independent of patient sex and age and that fewer than 5% of the mast cells sampled in this study were negative for ER and/or PR.”
§ Expression of oestrogen and progesterone receptors by mast cells alone, but not lymphocytes, macrophages or other immune cells in human upper airways > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 18
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The frequencies for expression were 61.7% for ER positive and 59.6% for PR positive cells.”
- Also stated in: § NUMEROUS ER/PR POSITIVE MAST CELLS EXIST IN NASAL POLYPS INDEPENDENT OF SEX AND AGE · hedged
  “Positive expression for PR was recorded in approximately 60% of cases (28 of 47 patients).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
  “The frequency of positive expression of ER and/or PR in nasal polyp tissues was 61.7% and/or 59.6%.”
§ Expression of oestrogen and progesterone receptors by mast cells alone, but not lymphocytes, macrophages or other immune cells in human upper airways > Abstract
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 47
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fewer than 5% of mast cells were found to be negative for ER/PR expression.”
- Also stated in: § MORE THAN 95% OF MAST CELLS EXPRESS ER/PR IN NASAL POLYPS · plain
  “Here immuno-negative, toluidine blue positive mast cells (fig 6c) accounted for only 2.77 (1.6)% of cells (n=6).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
  “fewer than 5% of the mast cells sampled in this study were negative for ER and/or PR.”
§ Expression of oestrogen and progesterone receptors by mast cells alone, but not lymphocytes, macrophages or other immune cells in human upper airways > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 6
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Numerous ER/PR positive mast cells exist in nasal polyps,”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
  “Although this study provides compelling evidence that numerous ER and/or PR positive mast cells exist in nasal polyp tissues independent of patient sex and age, further study is indicated to determine whether the ER/PR positive cells are subject to the functional heterogeneity of human airway mast cells and whether there are diVerences in functional form of ER/PR between sexes, ages, or between”
§ Expression of oestrogen and progesterone receptors by mast cells alone, but not lymphocytes, macrophages or other immune cells in human upper airways > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedn = 47
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes

Show all 18 claims

It may state two separate claims as one. 12
Probably not a substantial claim. 25

A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but only mast cells tested positive for ER/PR labelling with their polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
  “Mast cells alone, but not lymphocytes, macrophages, or other immune cells, express ER/PR in human upper airways.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
  “These ER and/or PR positive cells were identified as being restricted to mast cells only by parallel toluidine blue staining for mast cells on serial sections and dual immunostaining using high aYnity antibodies for ER or PR and for CD4+, CD8+, CD68+, or mast cell tryptase.”
§ Expression of oestrogen and progesterone receptors by mast cells alone, but not lymphocytes, macrophages or other immune cells in human upper airways > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedn = 47
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“King et al 30 also reported that neither lymphocytes, macrophages, nor a distinctive population of natural killer cells express oestrogen receptors in uterine mucosa.”
§ Expression of oestrogen and progesterone receptors by mast cells alone, but not lymphocytes, macrophages or other immune cells in human upper airways > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] 30. King A, Gardner L, Loke YW. Evaluation of estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in uterine mucosal lymphocytes. Human Reprod 1996;11:1079-82. source
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, expression of oestrogen receptors within bladder mast cells has been demonstrated by immunohistochemical analysis.17”
§ Expression of oestrogen and progesterone receptors by mast cells alone, but not lymphocytes, macrophages or other immune cells in human upper airways > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] 17. Pang X, CotreauBibbo MM, Sant GR, et al. Bladder mast cell expression of high aYnity oestrogen receptors in patients with interstitial cystitis. Br J Urol 1995;75:154-61. source
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The distribution and numbers of mast cells within human nasal polyps can be altered by diVerent fixation.5”
§ Expression of oestrogen and progesterone receptors by mast cells alone, but not lymphocytes, macrophages or other immune cells in human upper airways > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Kawabori S, Denburg JA, Schwartz LB, et al. Histochemical and immunohistochemical characteristics of mast cells in nasal polyps. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1992;6:37-43. source
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Previous work has shown an accelerating eVect of exogenous oestrogens on the development of induced hypersensitivity within an animal model, 13”
§ Expression of oestrogen and progesterone receptors by mast cells alone, but not lymphocytes, macrophages or other immune cells in human upper airways > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [13] 13. Dong Z, Zhao XJ, Zhu JG. EVect of estrogen on experimen- tally induced nasal hypersensitivity. Chin J Otorhinolaryngol 1993;28:67-8.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the lung, oestradiol administration increased receptor density which was restored to control values by progesterone 14 ; however, withdrawal of progesterone may be associated with decreased smooth muscle relaxation.8”
§ Expression of oestrogen and progesterone receptors by mast cells alone, but not lymphocytes, macrophages or other immune cells in human upper airways > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] 14. Moawad AH, River LP, Kilpatrick SJ. The eVect of estrogen and progesterone on beta-adrenergic receptor activity in rabbit lung tissue. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982;144:608-13. source
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [8] 8. Benyon HLC, Garbett ND, Barnes PJ. Severe premenstrual exacerbations of asthma: eVect of intramuscular progester- one. Lancet 1988;ii:370-2.
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A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Likewise, nasal polyps are characterised by infiltration of a wide range of inflammatory cells including mast cells, eosinophils, activated T cells, and macrophages.[3][4][5]”
§ Expression of oestrogen and progesterone receptors by mast cells alone, but not lymphocytes, macrophages or other immune cells in human upper airways > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] 3. Larocca LM, Maggiano N, Capelli A, et al. Immunopathol- ogy of nasal polyps: an immunohistochemical approach. Ann Allergy 1989;63:508-12.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] 4. Stoop AE, Hameleers DM, v Run PE, et al. Lymphocytes and nonlymphoid cells in the nasal mucosa of patients with nasal polyps and of healthy subjects. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1989;84:734-41. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Kawabori S, Denburg JA, Schwartz LB, et al. Histochemical and immunohistochemical characteristics of mast cells in nasal polyps. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1992;6:37-43. source
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The latter technique is considered to be superior to others because it allows in situ demonstration of ER, so that the possibility of sample contamination by non-relevant cells or tissue, which is possible with DCC, is excluded.24”
§ Expression of oestrogen and progesterone receptors by mast cells alone, but not lymphocytes, macrophages or other immune cells in human upper airways > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [24] 24. Mink D, Hollaender M, Von Tongelen B, et al. Demonstra- tion of estrogen and progestrone receptors in breast cancers with monoclonal antibodies: diVerent results with enzyme-immunoassay and immunohistochemical meth- ods. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 1995;16:81-91.
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In the paper
“The more recent discovery that mast cells are sources of cytokines 26 which play key roles in signal transduction and communication between immune cells suggests that mast cell activation could influence the development of T and B cell responses.27”
§ Expression of oestrogen and progesterone receptors by mast cells alone, but not lymphocytes, macrophages or other immune cells in human upper airways > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] 26. Wodnar-Filipowicz A, Heusser CH, Moroni C. Production of the haemopoietic growth factors GM-CSF and interleukin-3 by mast cells in response to IgE receptor- mediated activation. Nature 1989;339:150-2. source
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [27] 27. Castells M. Update on mast cells and mast cell precursors and hypersensitivity responses. Allergy Asthma Proc 1997: 18:287-92.
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In the paper
“Pre-absorption of hormone receptors was omitted in favour of current control methodologies suggested by Burry.22”
§ Expression of oestrogen and progesterone receptors by mast cells alone, but not lymphocytes, macrophages or other immune cells in human upper airways > STAINING
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites Burry.22
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Pang et al demonstrated bladder mast cell expression of high aYnity oestrogen receptors in patients with interstitial cystitis.17”
§ Expression of oestrogen and progesterone receptors by mast cells alone, but not lymphocytes, macrophages or other immune cells in human upper airways > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] 17. Pang X, CotreauBibbo MM, Sant GR, et al. Bladder mast cell expression of high aYnity oestrogen receptors in patients with interstitial cystitis. Br J Urol 1995;75:154-61. source
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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In the paper
“Women constitute more than 70% of all adult hospital admissions for asthma.10 11”
§ Expression of oestrogen and progesterone receptors by mast cells alone, but not lymphocytes, macrophages or other immune cells in human upper airways > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [10] 10. SkobeloV EM, Spivey WH, St Clair SS, et al. The influence of age and sex on asthma admissions. JAMA 1992;268: 3437-40.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] 11. Singh AK, Cydulka RK, Stahmer SA, et al. Sex diVerences among adults presenting to the emergency department with acute asthma. Multicenter Asthma Research Collabo- ration Investigators. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:1237-43. source
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In the paper
“In contrast, earlier studies reported specific oestrogen binding sites, using whole cell assays or dextran coated charcoal adsorption (DCC) method, on human peripheral T suppressor/cytotoxic subsets 18 and on mouse peritoneal macrophages.19”
§ Expression of oestrogen and progesterone receptors by mast cells alone, but not lymphocytes, macrophages or other immune cells in human upper airways > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [18] 18. Cohen JHM, Danel L, Cordier G. Sex steroid receptors in peripheral T cells: absence of androgen receptors and restriction of estrogen receptors to OKT8-positive cells. J Immunol 1983;131:2767-71.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] 19. Gulshan S, McCruden AB, Stimson WH. Oestrogen recep- tors in macrophages. Scand J Immunol 1990;31:691-7. source
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In the paper
“Current literature suggests that both age and oscillations of sex hormone levels may exacerbate the clinical symptoms of asthma.[6][7][8][9][10][11]”
§ Expression of oestrogen and progesterone receptors by mast cells alone, but not lymphocytes, macrophages or other immune cells in human upper airways > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [6][7][8][9][10][11]
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In the paper
“It is well known that degranulation of mast cells leads to both microvascular and cellular responses, causing contractions and rapid oedema of smooth muscles and mobilising other inflammatory cells to enter the inflammatory site. 2 25”
§ Expression of oestrogen and progesterone receptors by mast cells alone, but not lymphocytes, macrophages or other immune cells in human upper airways > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] 2. Bingham CO, Austen KF. Mast-cell responses in the devel- opment of asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;105:S527- 34. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] 25. Longphre M, Zhang LY, Harkema JR, et al. Mast cells con- tribute to O3-induced epithelial damage and proliferation in nasal and bronchial airways of mice. J Appl Physiol 1996; 80:1322-30. source
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Functional heterogeneity of human airway mast cells has been reported from diVerent microenvironments within human nasal polyp tissue.23”
§ Expression of oestrogen and progesterone receptors by mast cells alone, but not lymphocytes, macrophages or other immune cells in human upper airways > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] 23. Finotto S, Dolovich J, Denburg JA, et al. Functional heterogeneity of mast cells isolated from diVerent microen- vironments within nasal polyp tissue. Clin Exp Immunol 1994;95:343-50. source
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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In the paper
“Mast cells may also be necessary for activation and regulation of eosinophil 28 and macrophage functions.29”
§ Expression of oestrogen and progesterone receptors by mast cells alone, but not lymphocytes, macrophages or other immune cells in human upper airways > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] 28. Oskéritzian C, Milon G, Braquet P, et al. Activated mast cells release biological activities able to support eosinophil production from mouse hemopoietic precursors. Cell Immunol 1996;167:205-15. source
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [29] 29. Rodgers K, Xiong S. Contribution of mast cell mediators to alterations in macrophage function after malathion admin- istration. Fund Appl Toxicol 1996;33:100-8.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Sudden death from premenstrual asthma has been observed in two sisters.12”
§ Expression of oestrogen and progesterone receptors by mast cells alone, but not lymphocytes, macrophages or other immune cells in human upper airways > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [12] 12. Barkman RP. Sudden death in asthma. Med J Aust 1981;1: 316-7.
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A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Most stromal mast cells are formalin resistant and contain both tryptase and chymase; on the other hand, most epithelial mast cells are formalin sensitive, tryptase positive, and chymase negative.5 23”
§ Expression of oestrogen and progesterone receptors by mast cells alone, but not lymphocytes, macrophages or other immune cells in human upper airways > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] 5. Kawabori S, Denburg JA, Schwartz LB, et al. Histochemical and immunohistochemical characteristics of mast cells in nasal polyps. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1992;6:37-43. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] 23. Finotto S, Dolovich J, Denburg JA, et al. Functional heterogeneity of mast cells isolated from diVerent microen- vironments within nasal polyp tissue. Clin Exp Immunol 1994;95:343-50. source
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In the paper
“The inflammatory basis for asthma is well established as being due to microvasculature constrictions causing resultant oedema and reduced respiratory function.1 2”
§ Expression of oestrogen and progesterone receptors by mast cells alone, but not lymphocytes, macrophages or other immune cells in human upper airways > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matched
  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
  cites [1] 1. Busse WW. Inflammation in asthma: the cornerstone of the disease and target of therapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998;102:S17-22.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] 2. Bingham CO, Austen KF. Mast-cell responses in the devel- opment of asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;105:S527- 34. source
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28 of 28

The paper relies on this without support.
No study has been carried out to demonstrate the presence of sex hormone receptors within airways.
“It would appear that no study has been carried out to demonstrate the presence of sex hormone receptors within airways.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The majority of mast cells sampled in this study are of the formalin resistant population.
“Since the specimens used in this study were formalin fixed tissues, the majority of mast cells sampled are assumed to be of the formalin resistant population.”

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Research works printed but not linked: 3

[13]13. Dong Z, Zhao XJ, Zhu JG. EVect of estrogen on experimen- tally induced nasal hypersensitivity. Chin J Otorhinolaryngol 1993;28:67-8.
[19]19. Gulshan S, McCruden AB, Stimson WH. Oestrogen recep- tors in macrophages. Scand J Immunol 1990;31:691-7.
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“Mast cells have been shown to express AR (114), ER a (115), and PR (115, 116).”

Authors: Zhao, X. J.
Affiliations: University of Ulster (GB)
Corresponding author: Zhao, X J
Venue: Thorax
Publisher: BMJ
Published: 2001-03-01
Volume: 56
Issue: 3
Pages: 205-211
ISSN: 0040-6376 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1136/thorax.56.3.205
PMC: PMC1758779
OpenAlex: W2170487877
Cited by: 120
References: 35
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 4
FWCI: 6.99
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Thorax (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Ulster University
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Otorhinolaryngology › Sinusitis and nasal conditions
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Asthma and respiratory diseases
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Mast cells and histamine
Keywords: oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, mast cells, nasal polyps, upper airway, airway inflammation, sex hormones, ovarian hormones, lymphocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, neutrophils, asthma
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Asthma, Child, Female, Humans, Immunity, Cellular, Immunohistochemistry, Macrophages, Male, Mast Cells, Middle Aged, Nasal Polyps, Receptors, Estrogen, Receptors, Progesterone, T-Lymphocytes, Sex Distribution

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Expression of oestrogen and progesterone receptors by mast cells alone, but not lymphocytes, macrophages or other immune cells in human upper airways

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