Grandmother's smoking when pregnant with the mother and asthma in the grandchild: the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: A trans-generational influence of prenatal tobacco smoke exposure on asthma development has been proposed but the evidence remains sparse. METHODS: We examined the grandmother's smoking when pregnant with the mother in relation to asthma outcomes in the grandchild (current asthma at 36 months (N=53 169, cases=3013), current asthma at 7 years (N=25 394, cases=1265) and dispensed asthma medications at 7 years in the Norwegian Prescription Database (N=45 607, cases=1787)) within the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). We calculated adjusted RR (adj. RR) and 95% CIs using log binomial regression. RESULTS: A total of 23.5% of mothers reported that their mother smoked when pregnant with them. The grandmother's smoking when pregnant with the mother was positively associated with asthma at 36 months (adj. RR 1.15 (95% CI 1.06 to 1.24)), asthma at 7 years (adj. RR 1.21 (95% CI 1.07 to 1.37)) and dispensed asthma medications at 7 years (adj. RR 1.15 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.26)). This positive association did not differ significantly by the mother's smoking status when pregnant with the child (p values for multiplicative interaction >0.1). CONCLUSIONS: The grandmother's smoking when pregnant with the mother increased the risk of asthma in the grandchild independent of the mother's smoking status. However, given limited information on the grandmother's socioeconomic status, asthma status and other factors, unmeasured confounding may be present.
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The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study found a strong association between grandmaternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood asthma.
“The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study also found a strong association between grandmaternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood asthma.84”
From Impact of Tobacco Smoke and Nicotine Exposure on Lung Development (2016) · cites this paper as [84]
The Results report an association between the grandmother’s smoking while pregnant with the mother and asthma in the grandchild, but explicitly call it “modest” (adjusted risk ratios 1.15–1.21). Describing the association as strong overstates the finding. (LLM, conf=0.91)
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- Authors
- Magnus, M. C., Haberg, S. E., Karlstad, O., Nafstad, P., London, S. J., & Nystad, W.
- Affiliations
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NO)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Magnus, M. C.
- Venue
- Thorax
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2015-01-08
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 237-243
- ISSN
- 0040-6376 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5034931
- OpenAlex
- W2117150043
- Cited by
- 112
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 12
- FWCI
- 11.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Thorax (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (n01es75558-11-0-1)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (2UO1 NS047537-06A1, U01NS047537, 1 UO1 NS 047537‐01)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (N01 ES075558, Z01ES049019, Z01ES025045, ZIAES049019)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Asthma and respiratory diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Keywords
- transgenerational effects, smoking during pregnancy, prenatal tobacco exposure, childhood asthma, asthma treatment, asthma risk, multiplicative interaction, unmeasured confounding
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Asthma, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Mothers, Norway, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Drug Prescriptions, Risk Factors, Smoking, Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic, Cohort Effect, Databases, Factual
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