The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 5 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Smoking and mental illness in the US population
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: Those with any psychiatric diagnosis have substantially greater rates of smoking and are less likely to quit smoking than those with no diagnosis. Using nationally representative data, we sought to provide estimates of smoking and longitudinal cessation rates by specific psychiatric diagnoses and mental health service use. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: Data were analysed from a two-wave cohort survey of a U.S. nationally representative sample (non-institutionalised adults): the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC; 2001-2002, n=43,093; 2004-2005, n=34,653). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We examined smoking rates (lifetime, past year and past year heavy) and cross-sectional quit rates among those with any lifetime or past year psychiatric diagnosis (DSM-IV). Importantly, we examined longitudinal quit rates and conducted analyses by gender and age categories. RESULTS: Those with any current psychiatric diagnosis had 3.23 (95% CI 3.11 to 3.35) times greater odds of currently smoking than those with no diagnosis, and were 25% less likely to have quit by follow-up (95% CI 20% to 30%). Prevalence varied by specific diagnoses (32.4% to 66.7%) as did cessation rates (10.3% to 17.9%). Comorbid disorders were associated with higher proportions of heavy smoking. Treatment use was associated with greater prevalence of smoking and lower likelihood of cessation. CONCLUSIONS: Those with psychiatric diagnoses remained much more likely to smoke and less likely to quit, with rates varying by specific diagnosis. Our findings highlight the need to improve our ability to address smoking and psychiatric comorbidity both within and outside of healthcare settings. Such advancements will be vital to reducing mental illness-related disparities in smoking and continuing to decrease tobacco use globally.
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Claims the paper makes
9 Own result · 3 Sources not found · 2 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Those with a current diagnosis had 3.23 times greater odds of being a current smoker than those with no diagnosis (OR = 3.23, 95% CI = 3.11, 3.35)”
§ Smoking and mental illness in the US population > RESULTS > Prevalence of smoking and cessation rates by any lifetime or past year diagnoses
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“those with psychiatric diagnoses were substantially more likely to smoke cigarettes, and among those who smoked, were less likely to stop using tobacco compared to those with no disorders. This was particularly true for those with co-morbid lifetime disorders”
§ Smoking and mental illness in the US population > DISCUSSION
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Treatment utilization was associated with greater prevalence of smoking and lower likelihood of cessation.”
§ Smoking and mental illness in the US population > Abstract > Results
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prevalence varied by specific diagnoses (32.4% to 66.7%) as did cessation rates (10.3% to 17.9%).”
§ Smoking and mental illness in the US population > Abstract > Results
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lifetime smokers who ever sought help were less likely to have quit smoking by Wave 1 (33.0% vs. 38.9%; OR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.82, 0.87) or by Wave 2 (16.3% vs. 19.7%; RR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.76, 0.90).”
§ Smoking and mental illness in the US population > RESULTS > Mental health treatment utilization
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“current smokers with a diagnosis at Wave 1 were 25% less likely to stop using tobacco by Wave 2 (RR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.70, 0.80)”
§ Smoking and mental illness in the US population > RESULTS > Prevalence of smoking and cessation rates by any lifetime or past year diagnoses
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among those who ever sought help, there was a lifetime smoking prevalence of 60.2%, compared to 54.1% among those who had never sought help (OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.24, 1.34).”
§ Smoking and mental illness in the US population > RESULTS > Mental health treatment utilization
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Smoking prevalence (both lifetime and current) was significantly higher for those with each lifetime disorder than for those with no diagnosis (p < 0.001), and cross-sectionally and longitudinally assessed quit rates were significantly lower (p < 0.001) (Table 3).”
§ Smoking and mental illness in the US population > RESULTS > Prevalence of smoking among those with specific lifetime or past year psychiatric diagnoses
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Co-morbid disorders were associated with higher proportions of heavy smoking.”
§ Smoking and mental illness in the US population > Abstract > Results
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We examined smoking rates (lifetime, past year, and past year heavy) and cross-sectional quit rates among those with any lifetime or past-year psychiatric diagnosis (DSM-IV). Importantly, we examined longitudinal quit rates and conducted analyses by gender and age categories.”
§ Smoking and mental illness in the US population > Abstract > Main outcome measures
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In fact, in the US, individuals with mental health disorders are nearly twice as likely to report cigarette smoking when compared to those without mental health disorders (28.2% vs. 15.8% for past-month cigarette smoking) [4, 5].”
From Can an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy-Based Smartphone App Help Individuals with Mental Health Disorders Quit Smoking? (2024) · cites this paper as [5]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“A substantial proportion of all smokers have a history of depression”
From Depression and smoking cessation: evidence from a smoking cessation clinic with 1-year follow-up (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“Smoking is more prevalent among people with depression.”
From Depression and smoking cessation: evidence from a smoking cessation clinic with 1-year follow-up (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Smoking and mental illness in the US population > Abstract > Results
“Prevalence varied by specific diagnoses (32.4% to 66.7%) as did cessation rates (10.3% to 17.9%).”
§ Smoking and mental illness in the US population > DISCUSSION
“Prevalence was higher and quit rates were lower among those who had ever sought help for their disorder. Prevalence varied widely across specific disorders (23.4% to 66.7%), while there was somewhat less variation in quit rates (10.3% to 17.9%).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Smoking and mental illness in the US population > RESULTS > Mental health treatment utilization
“Lifetime smokers with a past year diagnosis who ever sought help were slightly less likely to quit smoking by Wave 1”
§ Smoking and mental illness in the US population > RESULTS > Mental health treatment utilization
“(29.0% vs. 27.6%; OR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.91, 1.00)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Smoking and mental illness in the US population > RESULTS > Mental health treatment utilization
“those who sought help had a prevalence of 38.7%”
§ Smoking and mental illness in the US population > RESULTS > Mental health treatment utilization
“compared to 30.5% among those who ever sought help”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Smoking and mental illness in the US population > Abstract > Results
“Prevalence varied by specific diagnoses (32.4% to 66.7%)”
§ Smoking and mental illness in the US population > DISCUSSION
“Prevalence varied widely across specific disorders (23.4% to 66.7%)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Smoking and mental illness in the US population > DISCUSSION
“These differences in smoking prevalence and cessation rates between those with and without diagnoses were consistent across sociodemographic sub-groups (e.g., income, education, and race/ethnicity), and remained significant after accounting for these sociodemographic variables as covariates.”
§ Smoking and mental illness in the US population > METHODS > Analyses
“We used logistic regression to estimate associations between psychiatric diagnoses and lifetime smoking, current smoking, and cross-sectional quit rates, adjusting for age, gender, and education.”
Citations
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Quality Improvement Initiatives
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Cited by
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Metadata
- Authors
- Smith, P. H., Mazure, C. M., & McKee, S. A.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- McKee, Sherry A
- Venue
- Tobacco Control
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2014-04-12
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- e2
- Pages
- e147-e153
- ISSN
- 0964-4563 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-3318
- PMC
- PMC4201650
- OpenAlex
- W2141831357
- Cited by
- 323
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 17.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Tobacco Control (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH014235)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (P50DA033945)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- smoking, mental illness, smoking cessation, tobacco use, psychiatric comorbidity, mental health service utilization, heavy smoking, tobacco use disparities, gender differences, age differences
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Mental Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Mental Health Services, Middle Aged, Smoking, Socioeconomic Factors, Tobacco Use Disorder, Prevalence, Smoking Cessation, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Health Status Disparities, Young Adult
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